The chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Vol. 12 [of 13]

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 65721 *** THE CHRONICLES OF ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET. _H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-Street, Blackfriars, London._ THE CHRONICLES OF ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET; CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF THE CRUEL CIVIL WARS BETWEEN THE HOUSES OF ORLEANS AND BURGUNDY; OF THE POSSESSION OF PARIS AND NORMANDY BY THE ENGLISH; _THEIR EXPULSION THENCE_; AND OF OTHER MEMORABLE EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE, AS WELL AS IN OTHER COUNTRIES. _A HISTORY OF FAIR EXAMPLE, AND OF GREAT PROFIT TO THE FRENCH_, _Beginning at the Year_ MCCCC. _where that of Sir JOHN FROISSART finishes, and ending at the Year_ MCCCCLXVII. _and continued by others to the Year_ MDXVI. TRANSLATED BY THOMAS JOHNES, ESQ. IN THIRTEEN VOLUMES VOL. XII. LONDON: PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW; AND J. WHITE AND CO. FLEET-STREET. 1810. CONTENTS OF _THE TWELFTH VOLUME._ PAGE CHAP. I. The king of France enters the city of Naples in triumph. The attack and capture of the Castel Nuovo and the Castel del Ovo. Of the events that passed in Naples 1 CHAP. II. King Charles makes his public entry into Naples, as king of that country and monarch of all Italy 15 CHAP. III. King Charles makes dispositions to return to France, and takes leave of his subjects in Naples 18 CHAP. IV. King Charles returns from Naples to France 19 CHAP. V. The battle of Foronuovo, where the king of France gains a complete victory over the confederated princes of Italy 24 CHAP. VI. The king decamps from Foronuovo, to return to France 30 CHAP. VII. The king of France goes to St Denis. He returns to Amboise, and there suddenly dies of a fit of apoplexy 36 CHAP. VIII. Of the funeral services performed for king Charles VIII, of France, at Amboise, Paris, and St Denis 39 CHAP. IX. Of king Louis the Twelfth 41 CHAP. X. Duke Ludovico Sforza is made prisoner before Novara, and carried to France 47 CHAP. XI. The cardinal Ascanius, brother to the duke of Milan, is taken prisoner, and carried to France 51 CHAP. XII. The inhabitants of Milan are bribed into subjection 53 CHAP. XIII. The king of France sends troops to reconquer Naples, which in a short time is won, and Frederick, styling himself king thereof, comes to France 74 CHAP. XIV. The cardinal of Amboise makes his public entry into Lyon, as legate to France 76 CHAP. XV. The French, after the capture of Naples, make war on the Turks 77 CHAP. XVI. The archduke makes his entry into Lyon. Another heretic 82 CHAP. XVII. The cardinal of St Pietro ad vincula elected pope 88 CHAP. XVIII. The Sophi of Persia makes war on the Turk Usson Cassan 92 CHAP. XIX. A great mortality from the unwholesomeness of the season. Of the deaths of many persons of note 97 CHAP. XX. The deaths of the archduke and of the queen of Hungary 105 CHAP. XXI. The pope, by the assistance of the French, gains Bologna 106 CHAP. XXII. Of the damsel Trivulce 108 CHAP. XXIII. Of the league of Cambray, formed by the cardinal of Amboise, between the pope, the emperor Maximilian, the king of France, and the king of Spain, against the Venetians. The king of France defeats the Venetians at Agnadello 112 CHAP. XXIV. A war between Pope Julius and the king of France, on account of the duke of Ferrara. A council of the church assembled at the instance of the emperor Maximilian and the king of France, to the dissatisfaction of the pope. Bologna taken by the French 118 CHAP. XXV. The duke of Nemours marches his army against Brescia. On taking the town, a great slaughter ensues 124 CHAP. XXVI. The duke of Nemours defeats the united armies of the pope, the Venetians, and the Spaniards, near to Ravenna, but is himself slain, after he had gained the victory, and totally repulsed the enemy 129 CHAP. XXVII. On the departure of the French from Italy, the Swiss take the town of Milan and other places held by the king of France 138 CHAP. XXVIII. Of the war in Guienne. The king of France sends succours to the king of Navarre. The king of England makes preparations to invade France. A sea fight between two large English and French ships 143 CHAP. XXIX. The king of England disembarks with his whole army at Calais. The French are defeated by the Swiss, at Novara 147 CHAP. XXX. A body of French on their return from victualling Therouenne, besieged by the English and Hainaulters, are attacked and put to flight 151 CHAP. XXXI. The king of Scotland enters England with a powerful army. He is slain. Peace concluded between the king of France and the Venetians 154 CHAP. XXXII. The towns of Therouenne and Tournay surrender to the English on capitulation 156 CHAP. XXXIII. Of the death and interment of the most Christian queen of France, Anne of Brittany 161 CHAP. XXXIV. The king of France marries the princess Mary, sister to king Henry of England. Francis duke of Valois and count of Angoulesme marries the princess Claude, daughter to the king of France. The new queen makes her public entry into France 162 CHAP. XXXV. Of the tilts performed at Paris. The death and interment of Louis XI. king of France 168 CHAP. XXXVI. Francis I. king of France, is consecrated at Rheims. He makes his public entry into Paris. He leaves France to attack the Swiss, in the Milanese, who have taken possession of that duchy 171 CHAP. XXXVII. The king of France pursues the Swiss with his whole army. The town and castle of Novara surrender to the king 179 CHAP. XXXVIII. The king of France defeats the Swiss army at Marignano, on the feast day of the exaltation of the cross. Of the cruel battle and slaughter of the French and Swiss 182 CHAP. XXXIX. Milan surrenders to the king of France. The castle, besieged by the French, surrenders on capitulation 191 CHAP. XL. Pope Leo X. and the king of France meet at Bologna, to confer on the state of affairs. The king returns to France 194 CHAP. XLI. The emperor Maximilian assembles a large army, to attempt the conquest of the Milanese, and to drive the French out of Italy. The constable of Bourbon, lieutenant-general for the king in Italy, marches against him 198 CHAP. XLII. The emperor Maximilian, finding that he could not succeed in his attempt on Milan, marches away 202 CHAP. XLIII. The king of France goes on a pilgrimage to the church of the Holy Handkerchief in Chambery. A treaty of peace concluded between him and the archduke king of Spain 204 HERE BEGINNETH THE TWELFTH VOLUME OF THE CHRONICLES OF _ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET._ CHAP. I. THE KING OF FRANCE ENTERS THE CITY OF NAPLES IN TRIUMPH.--THE ATTACK AND CAPTURE OF THE CASTEL NUOVO AND THE CASTEL DEL OVO.--OF THE EVENTS THAT PASSED IN NAPLES. On Sunday, the 22d day of February, in the year 1494, king Charles dressed himself in his royal robes, and triumphantly entered the city of Naples. Although he afterwards made another entry, as shall be more fully detailed, he, however, showed himself this day the true king and potent lord of Naples, and went thence to the castle of Capua. As some of the partisans of king Alphonso still held the citadel of Naples, the Castel Nuovo, and the Castel del Ovo, king Charles ordered them to be instantly attacked, although one side of the citadel was washed by the sea. He had his battering artillery pointed against the Castel Nuovo; and the captains of the guard for the king were sir Gabriel de Montfaucon, Jean de la Grange, and others of rank. Not to prolong matters, the citadel was gained after a very severe attack; and the Germans, Neapolitans, and Spaniards, of the party adverse to the king of France, burnt the outworks and hastily retreated to join their associates in the Castel Nuovo. In the citadel were found the largest cannons that had ever been seen, with such quantities of other things of an extraordinary appearance that it was more than eight days before the place could be cleared, by employing numbers of people and carts. Wednesday, the 25th day of February, the king, after hearing mass in the church of the Annonciada went to dine with the lord de Montpensier, and thence, accompanied by his lords, repaired to the citadel to examine how it had been battered, and to consult on the best means of conquering the Castel Nuovo. The next day the garrison demanded a parley, on which the artillery ceased firing,--and the lord Angilbert of Cleves, the lord of Ligny, the bailiff of Dijon, and the great chamberlain to the queen advanced to confer with them. The first demand of the garrison was, that the king would grant them a truce for twenty-four hours, which was cheerfully acceded to: the next, that they might, on the morrow, march away with arms and baggage, which was refused. On the twenty-four hours being expired, the artillery played more fiercely than before,--and it was a pitiful sight to view the ruins of this Castel Nuovo, which was exceedingly strong. The besieged fired a piece of artillery against the church of the Franciscans of the observantine order, which broke through the roof, but did not the least mischief to crowds of persons, of both sexes, then in the church. The incessant firing of the batteries lasted from Thursday to the Monday following,--and there were so many breaches, for the king was there in person, that the garrison again demanded a cessation of arms for another parley. The lord Angilbert of Cleves and the bailiff of Dijon, who spoke German, met the deputies from the castle. They demanded permission to march away in safety with their baggage, to receive three months pay to serve the king, if it should be agreeable to him; otherwise, to receive passports for them to go whither-soever they pleased. The cessation of arms was renewed from day to day, as the parley was prolonged by the garrison until the 3d of March, in expectation of being relieved by king Alphonso. But when they found all hopes of relief vain, and that the batteries were about to recommence with more violence than ever, they were forced to abandon themselves to the mercy of the king, into whose hands they surrendered themselves. He allowed them to keep their baggage; but all artillery, stores, and provisions, were to remain in the castle, which he immediately re-garrisoned with his troops, and with able captains, for its defence. During the king's stay at that pleasant place Poggio-Réalé, the daughter of the duchess of Melfy[1], in company with her mother, came thither, mounted on a superb courser of La Puglia, and throwing the bridle on his neck, made him gallop four or five long courses; after which she made him curvet and bound, as well as the most excellent rider could have done, which pleased the king very much,--and he made her a handsome present. Monday, the 4th of March, the king had the Castel del Ovo besieged, and strongly battered on the land side; the others were surrounded by the sea. This day, the king heard mass at the carthusian convent, and dined with the lord of Clerieux[2]: he afterwards visited the siege of the Castel del Ovo, of which the artillery had already destroyed great part,--for the canoniers had performed their duty wonderfully well, insomuch that about five o'clock in the afternoon the garrison demanded a parley. The king being there in person, consented to it, and sent thither the lords de Foix and de Miolan, who having heard their proposals, carried them to the king while at supper. Thursday, the 5th of March, the king again returned to the siege, after his dinner; and while he was in the trenches with his artillery, the prince of Tarentum waited on him. The lord de Guise, the lord de Ligny, the master of the household Brillac, had advanced to meet the prince, and remained as hostages for his safe return after the conference. The king and prince were both sumptuously dressed, and conversed by themselves for some time, in a garden adjoining to the park of artillery, to all appearance with great politeness. When the conversation was ended, the king called to him the lord de Montpensier, the lord de Foix, the lord de la Trimouille, the lord de Miolan, the mareschal de Gie, and several others, with whom he talked for a considerable time, surrounded by his guards. When it was over, the prince took leave of the king, and returned to his galley, which was anchored off the shore, attended by many of the french lords, according to the king's orders. On his arrival at the shore, he took leave of these lords, commending himself to the good graces of their king; and when he had embarked in his galley they went back to relate to the king all that had passed, and his praises of the reception he had had. On this day the artillery did not play on either side. Friday, the 6th of March, the king, having heard mass, went to dine with the lord de Clerieux,--and this day many of the garrison (among whom were several of the wounded) left the Castel del Ovo. The Spaniards went to the prince of Tarentum, and the Germans surrendered themselves to the king, having passports for the purpose. The lord de Cressol, sir Gabriel de Montfaucon, by the king's command, entered the castle with a body of men under arms, and archers, to take charge of it, and the numberless stores within it. Saturday, the 7th of March, the king went to examine the Castel del Ovo, and then departed to lay siege to the opposite castle. Towards evening, the prince of Tarentum paid another visit to the king, near to the park of artillery,--and the lords de Guise and de Ligny were hostages for his safe return. This conference was short, for it was late; and when the prince returned to his galley the above lords rejoined the king. It is worthy of remark, that on this day the prince of Salernum, who had been, five years a fugitive from Naples, through fear of king Alphonso, returned thither, and recovered a young son who had been, by Alphonso, confined in prison,--for the cardinal of San Pietro ad vincula had paid a very large sum for his ransom. On Sunday, the 8th of March, the king having heard mass, and dined, went to amuse himself at the siege, and sent the governor of Paris, and the esquire Galiot, to summon the garrison to surrender, otherwise he would shortly batter the walls about their ears. They refused to comply; and, in consequence, the batteries were played with such effect that, on the Thursday following, the 12th, they knew not where to shelter themselves,--and the governor was constrained to come from the castle to speak with the king, then in the trenches. The governor, bareheaded and on his knees, besought the king, with uplifted hands, to grant a truce until the morrow, and to receive the garrison mercifully, which was granted. The governor was a handsome, tall figure, with white hairs; and, on having this answer, he returned by sea to the castle, accompanied by the prince of Salernum and the mareschal de Gie, to parley with the garrison in the castle. Shortly after, the captains Claude de Rabaudanges and the lord de la Vernade were appointed governors of this castle,--and nothing was taken out of it. The king, on the following sunday, after hearing mass, returned to the castle of Capua, and remained some days, to receive the homages of the princes and princesses of the realm, together with those of the nobles and inhabitants as well of Naples as of the Terra di Lavora, Calabria, La Puglia, and of other parts subjected to the crown of Naples. He had there established his chancery, and courts of justice and finance, with presidents like as in France. The president Guennay was the chancellor, having the king's secretaries under him, with great and smaller seals for all requisite acts. He ordered money to be coined of gold and silver, and other metal; such as crowns, ducats, and various pieces, both double and single, having the arms of France impressed on one side, and on the reverse the arms of Sicily, quartered with the small crosses of Jerusalem. The king now appointed many new officers for the city of Naples, and in other towns,--namely, judges, masters of the mint, and of various descriptions. During this interval, he visited the different churches in Naples, and every thing worth seeing there and in its neighbourhood. While thus employed, he had many very fine entertainments given him by the nobility in Naples, and others,--but it would be tiresome to detail them all. News arrived on the Wednesday, that Gaieta was taken by the french troops: in consequence of which, the king sent the seneschal of Beaucaire on the morrow to take the government of it. During the month of April, the king inspected his artillery, and that which had been found in the castles of Naples: the greater part of the last was transported to France. The lord d'Aubigny left Naples this month for Calabria, accompanied by his men at arms and a large body of Germans. The 15th of April, the king, after hearing mass in the church of the Annonciada, was confessed, and then touched and cured great numbers that were afflicted with the evil,--a disorder that abounded much all over Italy,--when the spectators were greatly edified at the powers of such an extraordinary gift. This day the lord Virgilio Orsini and the count of Petilano waited on the king for the first time since they had been made prisoners. The next day, which was Maunday-Thursday, the 16th of April, the king heard divine service in the church of St John, a handsome building, and attended (as if in France) on thirteen poor persons, who were washed and waited on at dinner, and presented with thirteen crowns. The sermon was preached on that and the two following days by master Pinelli, a doctor of divinity in the university of Paris. On Easter-day, the 19th of April, the king was confessed in the church of St Peter, adjoining to his lodgings, and then touched for the evil a second time; after which he heard mass in the church of St John, and in the evening a sermon by doctor Pinelli.--Wednesday, the 22d, the king went to see the tiltings, the lists for which had been erected near to a church founded by the Anjou-race of kings of Sicily, where were many of the nobility and ladies of Italy. These justings lasted from Wednesday until the first of May: the holders of them were Châtillon and Bourdillon, and the assailants were very numerous,--and excellent deeds of arms were done on each side. On Sunday, being the feast of St Januarius, the king heard mass in the cathedral or church of St Januarius, where many cardinals, bishops, and prelates attended. The head of St Januarius was publicly displayed to the king, and some of his blood in a glass bottle: it was congealed like a stone, as the king proved by touching it with a small rod of silver; but no sooner was it placed near to the head than it began instantly to melt and become liquid, to the astonishment of many who viewed this miracle. The prelates of the church said, that by means of this miraculous head and blood of St Januarius, they were made acquainted with the success of their petitions to God; for when their prayers had been propitious, the blood became liquid,--but when otherwise, it remained hard. They were likewise by this means informed as to the dispositions of their prince, and whether he was to reign over them or not, which seemed very extraordinary. On Monday, the 4th of May, the king sent Jean du Bois, Fontaines, and the master of the household de Bresse, to make an inventory of all the stores, and other effects, in the Castel del Ovo,--for there appeared to be such quantities of provision, and of other things, that the value seemed inestimable. During this time, the king visited several places in the neighbourhood of Naples; such as the grotto which Virgil had pierced with such subtile art through a high mountain on the seashore of Naples, which is a wonderful thing, as there is no other road but through this subterraneous passage, as all who have seen it can testify. A little further on is the Solfaterra, where sulphur is made,--and there are natural fires beneath the surface that are always burning: the king saw them make sulphur. There are, likewise near, many springs of hot water as well as of cold; and in a valley of this mountain is a hole through which comes such an impetuous wind that it supports in the air stones, and pieces of wood, that are thrown into it,--and it is said that the heat is very great within this hole. The king visited another remarkable spot where alum is made, and saw the whole process. Near to this last place is a cavern having a deadly quality; for whatever is thrown in perishes instantly, as was proved before the king on an ass and cat, which, on being thrown in, were suddenly killed[3]. The king, having seen all that was most curious, returned to Naples for the night. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 1: Melfy. Q. Amelfi?] [Footnote 2: Clerieux. William of Poitiers, lord of Clerieux, governor of Paris.] [Footnote 3: This must be the Grotto del Cane, not far from the Solfaterra. Although small animals perish, yet I doubt whether an ass could be thrown in, or would be so suddenly killed.] CHAP. II. KING CHARLES MAKES HIS PUBLIC ENTRY INTO NAPLES, AS KING OF THAT COUNTRY AND MONARCH OF ALL ITALY. Tuesday, the 12th of May, the king, having heard mass in the church of the Annonciada, left Naples after dinner for Poggio-Réalé,--where all the princes and nobles of France and Italy were assembled, to accompany him in his public entry into Naples, as king of France, Sicily, and Jerusalem. He was dressed in royal robes, and made a most splendid and triumphant entry, and thenceforward was called Charles Cæsar Augustus. In his right hand was the globe, and his sceptre in the left,--and his mantle was of fine scarlet trimmed with ermine, having a deep fall-down collar, ornamented with ermines' tails also, with a brilliant crown on his head. The horse he rode was as grandly caparisoned as possible, to suit his state: and over his head was borne a splendid canopy by the highest nobility of Naples, who were surrounded by the king's valets richly dressed in cloth of gold: the provost of the household with his archers on foot attended on him on each side. The seneschal of Beaucaire represented the constable of Naples,--and the lord de Montpensier preceded him, handsomely mounted, and dressed as viceroy and lieutenant-general of Naples. The prince of Salernum was present, together with the great lords of France, of the blood royal, and knights-companions of the king's order; such as, the lord de Bresse, the lord de Foix, the lord de Luxembourg, the lord de Vendôme, and others without number, all dressed in mantles like to what the king wore. In short, the entry was most magnificent; and the nobility of Naples, with their ladies, presented to the king their children of ten, twelve, and fifteen years of age, requesting of him to make them knights, which he did with his own hand,--and it was a splendid spectacle. The prelates and clergy came out to meet him in the richest copes, bearing relics, and conducted him to the cathedral, where on the high altar were displayed, as before, the head and blood of St Januarius. In front of the altar, the king swore to protect his new subjects, and to preserve them in their liberties and privileges, which gave universal satisfaction,--and great rejoicings were made on this occasion, and also for his happy arrival, and the great good he had promised them. The king was, after this, conducted to his palace, where, during several days, he received embassies from different parts of his kingdom; such as Calabria, La Puglia, L'Abruzzo, to do homage, and to inquire respecting the manner in which they were to be governed by a viceroy when the king should be absent, as was natural for them. On Monday, the 18th of May, the king ordered a grand supper to be prepared at the Castel Nuovo, where he gave a sumptuous banquet, to his princes and nobles, seated at two tables, in the great hall of the castle, to which was an ascent by several stone steps. The grand seneschal of Naples served the whole of the supper, superbly mounted, and clothed in white, with abundance of trumpets and clarions sounding. After supper, the king received the homage of all the lords, and then returned to sleep at his palace. CHAP. III. KING CHARLES MAKES DISPOSITIONS TO RETURN TO FRANCE,--AND TAKES LEAVE OF HIS SUBJECTS IN NAPLES. Wednesday, the 20th of May, the king, having heard mass with great solemnity at the church of the Annonciada, dined at the palace; after which, the nobility of Naples waited on him to take leave. They were assembled in the great hall, where the king received them graciously, and kindly bade them adieu! at the same time, he presented to them the lord de Montpensier, as their viceroy and governor during his absence. When this was done, the king departed from Naples, attended by a gallant company of lords and gentlemen, men at arms, Swiss and Germans, and slept that night at Aversa, on his return to France. CHAP. IV. KING CHARLES RETURNS, FROM NAPLES TO FRANCE. The king, as I have said, left Naples on the 20th of May, and halted at Aversa. On the 21st, he marched from Aversa to Capua. On the morrow, he dined and slept at the bishop's palace in Sezza[4]; and on the Saturday, as he was about to enter Gaieta to refresh himself, the castle fell down and obstructed the road, so that he returned to Sezza,--but on the Sunday, when the damages had been repaired, he proceeded and lay at Monte Cassino. Thence he passed to Ponte-corvo, to Cyprienne, and to Fiorentino, a small city, then under an interdict from pope Alexander, because the inhabitants had murdered and cut off the arms of their bishop, who was a Spaniard, for having been obstinate in supporting king Alphonso against the king of France. This latter would not have been able to have heard mass that day, if he had not before had full powers given him to order the celebration of the mass in all places, according to his good pleasure. On Friday, the 29th, the king advanced for the night to Valmontone, wherein were many who hated the French, because they had destroyed and burnt Monte-Fortino: nevertheless, he proceeded to Marina the next day, and halted there till Sunday. On Monday the first of June, the king re-entered Rome, on his return to France, and was lodged in the palace of the cardinal de St Clement, near to St Peter's. He was grandly accompanied by his nobles, gentlemen pensioners, men at arms, cross-bowmen, Swiss and Germans; and because pope Alexander was absent[5], he posted his men in different parts of the town, to check any insolence of the Romans. Having done this, he went to St Peter's, to return his thanksgivings to God. On Wednesday, he left Rome, dined at Isola, and lay at Campanolle. Friday he advanced to Ronciglione, and the same day entered Viterbo with his whole army, where he was as well received as before. He remained in Viterbo until Whitsunday was passed, to perform his devotions, and visit the body of St Rosa. On the 8th of June, the king supped and lay in the town of Monte Fiascone, celebrated for its muscadine wines,--and thence, continuing his march through La Paille and other places, arrived at Sienna, the inhabitants of which came out to welcome him, magnificently dressed, and with the same ceremonies as at the first of his coming thither. The king marched from Sienna on the 17th of June for Poggiobondi, where he lay, and staid the following morning, on account of its being the feast of the holy sacrament, and attended the procession to high mass with great devotion. After dinner he advanced to Château Florentin,--and on the morrow he dined at Campane, near to Florence; but he did not enter Florence on his return, for, under pretence of being in the french interest, the town of Pont-Velle had been taken. Saturday, the 20th of June, the king entered Pisa, where he was received with every honour and submission. He staid there two days, and on the Tuesday following dined at Pommart, and slept at Lucca, where, in return for his handsome reception, he took the town under his protection. He marched through Pietra Santa, and arrived, on the Saturday, at Sarsaigne[6], where he had intelligence of the junction of the duke of Milan with the Venetians. For this reason, he would not sleep at Villa Franca, but encamped his army on the other side of the river, where he supped, and waited for the arrival of his artillery, and the rear of his army. The king left his camp, at Villa Franca, on the 30th of June, to hear mass at a large monastery near to Pontremoli; for the Germans had burnt that town, in revenge for the murders of some of their countrymen by the inhabitants, on their march to Naples. After dinner, the king encamped at the foot of the Appenines, and there remained until his artillery had passed the mountains. The lord de la Trimouille and Jean de la Grange were charged with this business,--and although there were plenty of hands they had great difficulties, on account of the rocks. On the 3d of July, and the following day, the king crossed the Appenines, and passed through Verceil and Cassano, and encamped his army near to Borgo de Taro, where he lay, under the security of strong guards. Sunday, the 5th of July, the king heard mass in his camp, and dined at Foronuovo[7], where he formed his plan for the order of battle, with a main body, a van and reserve, and having the usual guards established. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 4: Sezza,--29 miles NNW. of Naples.] [Footnote 5: The pope had fled to Orvieto, conscious of having deceived the king, and fearful of consequences.] [Footnote 6: Sarsaigne. Q. Sarsana?] [Footnote 7: Foronuovo,--eight miles from Parma.] CHAP. V. THE BATTLE OF FORONUOVO, WHERE THE KING OF FRANCE GAINS A COMPLETE VICTORY OVER THE CONFEDERATED PRINCES OF ITALY. On Monday the 6th of July, in the year 1495, the french army was encamped adjoining to the valley of Taro, about two miles from Foronuovo, and four from Parma. Thence marched that gallant prince, Charles VIII. of the name, king of France, accompanied by those valiant captains before mentioned, and about eight or nine thousand courageous men at arms, to meet from fifty to sixty thousand Lombards, Venetians, Estradiots[8], and others, his enemies. The marquis of Mantua was commander of the Venetians: count Galeas Sforza was the representative of his brother, Ludovico duke of Milan, and the lord of Ferrara commanded the rest of the traitors, in company with other captains. The king was armed from head to foot in a manner becoming so great a prince. Over his armour he wore a jacket, with short sleeves, of a white and violet colour, besprinkled with crosses of Jerusalem. His helmet was magnificently ornamented with feathers,--and he was accoutred like a good man at arms, with sword, dagger, spear and battle-axe. He was mounted on a powerful black horse, called Savoy, whose caparison was of the same colours with the king's jacket, and besprinkled with similar small crosses. The king was surrounded by very able and trusty advisers to direct him, having under them about two thousand men, who afterwards gave good proofs of their valour. When the french army had been properly arranged, and the artillery was ready, they began to advance toward the enemy in such wise as the ground served them. The Italians not knowing in what division of the army the king had posted himself, sent a herald, under pretence of asking something from him,--and the herald, on his return, told them the manner in which the king was accoutred. They now began to move, and taking advantage of a favourable situation, discharged a heavy piece of artillery at the van of the french, which wounded and killed several, although it did not break their ranks, nor cause any great confusion. A sharp cannonading followed; but the king's artillery did great mischief to the enemy, and killed one of their principal cannoniers, as was known from a trumpeter that was soon after made prisoner. The king's artillery was so well served that the Italians were forced to retreat, having noticed the excellent order in which the French were formed. It was wonderful to observe the cool and determined valour of the gallant king, both in actions, and in speeches to those about his person: 'How say you, my lords and friends? Are you not resolved to serve me well to-day? and will you not live and die with me?' Then having heard their answers, he continued, 'Be of good courage, and not afraid; for although they be ten times our number,--which is the case, as I know for certain,--yet we have justice on our side, for which I put my confidence in God, that he will be pleased to give us the victory over our enemies. I have also hopes that he will fight this day on our side, and that, through his gracious favour, we shall again triumph, as we have done throughout the whole of this expedition, and return to France with honour to ourselves, through his merciful kindness.' Such, or nearly similar, were the words with which this valorous king consoled and encouraged all around him. The enemy were much surprised at the good order of the French; and to endeavour to break it, they sent a detachment of Estradiots, and some Albanians, across a hill, to fall on the baggage. Those who had the guard of it had been very negligent in not keeping themselves in readiness to resist an attack, by reason of some dispute among themselves, for which they suffered; but it was not much, as shall be told hereafter,--and the army remained unbroken. The Italians, seeing this, sent a herald to the king to demand a truce. The king replied,--'If they wish for a truce, let them meet me between the two armies.' But he afterward sent to them, to say, that if they would, through friendship, allow him and his army a free passage to France, it was all he wanted, otherwise he would force his passage in spite of them. The Lombards and Venetians, hearing this message from the king's herald, detained him, and resolved instantly to charge the French, like madmen. They were particularly desirous to attack the division where the king was, to put him to death,--but God was that day his Protector. The advanced guard, perceiving the enemy thus hastily marching, informed the king of their gaining the woods and bushes; on which he crossed the bed of the Taro, and each army was in sight of the other. In fact, the Italians were handsomely equipped and mounted, and advanced with the appearance of a determined courage, as they were far superior in numbers to the French. Their best men were placed in front,--and the first onset was very severe on both sides. As they had been informed by their herald how the king was dressed, their chief attack was made on his division, and with such success that they advanced to his person; but he displayed great valour, and was so heartily seconded by those near him that the enemies were completely repulsed, with immense slaughter; even the boldest among them attributed their highest honour to him who could fly the fastest; for when they saw the day was lost, the best piece of all their armour was the point of their spurs. Only one man of rank was made prisoner on the side of the French, namely, Matthew bastard of Bourbon, who had most valiantly defended the king, and he was taken when pursuing the enemy up to their lines. Not more than nine or ten french gentlemen were killed, although their enemies were ten to one against them, the greater part of whom saved themselves by flight. This proves, beyond a doubt, that Divine Providence assisted the French, and gave them the victory over their disloyal enemies, who were conquered in so very short a space of time. The king remained the whole of the day armed and on horseback, and until the whole of his army had retired within their camp. Thither came ambassadors to him from the Italians, to demand the prisoners; but they were answered, that they should not be restored,--which astonished them greatly, as they feared that some of their first nobility had been either killed or made prisoners. The king and his nobles, in sign of triumph and victory, supped and lay on the field of battle,--where they ate and drank what they could find, and as it pleased God, to whom they gave their most humble thanksgivings and praises for their success, as indeed they were bounden to do. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 8: Estradiots,--a sort of light horse, or a militia.] CHAP. VI. THE KING DECAMPS FROM FORONUOVO, TO RETURN TO FRANCE. On the morrow of the battle of Foronuovo, the 7th of July, the king, after hearing early mass, decamped from before Foronuovo, and posted his army on an elevated situation called Magdelan, about half a french league from his late camp, where he remained the whole day. The commanders of the artillery made such diligence in bringing up the cannon that they were placed round the king, as was usual in such cases. The king marched away, on the Wednesday, with his army and artillery, and repassed several towns wherein he had halted on his advance to Naples, notwithstanding the attempts of the enemy to prevent it. He came at length to Novara, and delivered the duke of Orleans, who had been shut up in that town, with a party of his men, by the traitor Ludovico of Milan. Thence the king proceeded to Asti and to Vercelli, where the duke of Orleans came to meet him. The king received him with much friendship, and they supped together. On Friday, the 2d of October in this year, the lord de Vendôme died in the town of Vercelli. His death was much lamented by the king and his nobles, for he was a notable prince. The following Tuesday, the king had a funeral service performed with much solemnity in the cathedral-church dedicated to St Eusebius, where great grief was manifested by all the assistants; and afterward his body was transported to France, to be interred among his ancestors. On Wednesday, the 7th of October, the bishop of Sion arrived at Vercelli, with a body of Swiss, horse and foot, and others from the german allies of the king, for his better security. The king thanked the bishop for his friendship, and grandly feasted him and the troops he had brought. The next day, ambassadors came to the king from Ludovico of Milan and the Venetians, and earnestly demanded a treaty, having witnessed the strength of the king, and the enterprising courage of his troops,--when a treaty was agreed to, on much better terms than they deserved. On Saturday, the 10th of October, the king heard mass in the church of the Cordeliers in Vercelli, adjoining his lodgings; and after his dinner, he proceeded to Trino, where he halted until the 15th of October, when he went to Crescentino, and from this place, by many days march, arrived at Grenoble, passing through the following towns; Sillans, Sessia[9], Turin, Quiers, Rivoli, Suza, Briançon, Nôtre Dame d'Embrun, Savines, Saint Eusebe, La Meure[10], and Tault near to Grenoble. He arrived at Grenoble about vespers, on the 27th of October; and all ranks of people went out in procession, and made another public entry for him on his return from the campaign of Italy. The king, being unwell, remained in Grenoble until the 3d of November, when he set out for Lyon, passing through the towns of St Rambert, where he staid some days, Sillans, La Côte St André, and Chatonay,--from which last place he advanced nearer to Lyon, where he slept. On Saturday, the 7th of November, having dined at Venisseu, he proceeded to Lyon, whence all the churchmen came out in grand procession, dressed in their robes, and bearing relics, to meet and welcome him on his return from Italy. He made a public entry into Lyon, as king of Jerusalem, Naples, and Sicily, attended by all the municipal officers, and persons of rank in that town, handsomely dressed. He was conducted triumphantly through the streets, accompanied by the nobles and captains, who were looked at with pleasure in consequence of the noble victory they had gained over such superior numbers. The streets and squares were hung with tapestries: bonfires and mysteries were exhibited in all the open spaces through which the king passed, in his way to the archbishop's palace, that had been prepared for his lodgings. Here the queen and the duchess of Bourbon his sister were waiting, with many noble ladies and damsels, impatient to receive him; and indeed he was deserving of such eagerness. The king held most sumptuous justs at three different places in Lyon: at La Grenette in front of the convent of Cordeliers, in the Juerie, and before the palace: at all of them, he was foremost to offer himself, and performed many gallant feats with lance and sword, on horseback and on foot, as did several others of the french lords. In memory of these justs, three stone columns were erected,--and to this day there exist the latin verses that were inscribed on them, for king Charles was the principal tenant of the lists. Prior to the expedition to Naples, the king had the body of the seraphic doctor, St Bonaventure, raised with great pomp from his tomb in the church of the Cordeliers,--and the duke and duchess of Bourbon had his shrine afterward covered with plates of silver. The king, at the same time, founded the convent of the Cordeliers of the Observance in the city of Lyon, which is become a place of much devotion. When the king had staid some days in Lyon, he resolved to pursue his journey, to pay his devotions at the abbey of St Denis, and return thence to Amboise,--which he did, as shall be hereafter related. In the year 1496, the son of the king of Spain died,--and the same year died the duke of Savoy, who was said, by those lately returned from Italy, to have poisoned the whole country of Piedmont. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 9: Sessia. Q. Borgo de Sessia?] [Footnote 10: La Meure. Q. La Meyrie? in the election of Grenoble.] CHAP. VII. THE KING OF FRANCE GOES TO ST DENIS.--HE RETURNS TO AMBOISE, AND THERE SUDDENLY DIES, OF A FIT OF APOPLEXY. When king Charles had made some stay in Lyon, and had witnessed the tilts and tournaments that had been performed at Moulins, in the Bourbonnois, he proceeded to the abbey of St Denis, to accomplish the vow of pilgrimage he had made, and to offer up his thanksgivings to God for the brilliant victories he had obtained over his enemies, and for the successful issue of his expedition to Naples. He went likewise to St Denis, to replace the blessed bodies of the holy martyrs, who repose there, that had been taken down from their niches when the king set out on his italian expedition. It is an ancient and praiseworthy custom, that when the most Christian kings of France undertake any foreign expedition in person, they supplicate the aid and intercession of the glorious martyr St Denis, and his companions Saint Rusticus and Saint Eleutherus. The shrines of these saints are, in consequence, taken down from their niches on the king's quitting his kingdom, and deposited in a private part of the church. These holy bodies, thus deposited, cannot be replaced in their former situations until the king shall return to St Denis from his foreign expedition, whether it had been for conquest or pleasure. King Charles, therefore, having been victorious throughout Italy, followed the pious custom of his ancestors the kings of France. He made a devout pilgrimage, to St Denis,--and the shrines of the martyrs were, by him, replaced in their several niches, in the presence of the great barons of France. The king would neither pass nor repass through Paris on this pilgrimage, for reasons that moved him so to do, but which I omit, to avoid prolixity. For this cause, when he left St Denis, he took his road through St Antoine des Champs, thence over Le Pont-de-Chalenton[11], and through Beauce, strait to the castle of Amboise, where he found the queen and many lords and ladies of his noble blood. He was received there by the inhabitants with the utmost joy and honour. He had not been long at Amboise before he heard of the treachery of the Neapolitans, and the death of the noble Gilbert lord of Montpensier. The remaining captains, unable to support themselves in Naples after his loss, returned home as well as they could; for those traitors of Lombardy and Naples had suddenly risen in rebellion,--and they could not possibly receive succours in time from France, had they attempted to hold out against them, from the great distance. King Charles made preparations to avenge himself on them for their treachery and infidelity,--but he had over-exerted himself in his late expedition. His constitution, which was naturally feeble, became daily worse: whence it happened, that as he was walking one day in a gallery of the castle of Amboise with the queen, and amusing himself by looking at some tennis-players, he was suddenly seized with a fit, and died shortly after, in the twenty-eighth year of his age, and in the month of April in the year 1497. May God have mercy on his soul! FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 11: Pont de Chalenton. Q. Charenton?] CHAP. VIII. OF THE FUNERAL SERVICES PERFORMED FOR KING CHARLES VIII. OF FRANCE, AT AMBOISE, PARIS, AND ST DENIS. After the decease of king Charles VIII. whose soul may God pardon! a very solemn funeral service was performed at Amboise, in the church of St Florent, by the reverend cardinal the lord John Peraule, assisted by many prelates, great lords, and other persons. There were immense numbers of tapers and torches, and great alms were distributed. When this service was over, the king's heart was carried for interment to the church of Nôtre Dame de Clery, near to that of his late father. The body, with the representation of his figure over it, was borne in sorrowful pomp to the church of our Lady in the fields, in the suburbs of Paris, where it was watched all night by some of his most confidential friends. On the morrow morning, a grand procession came out of Paris, consisting of all the clergy with their crosses, the four orders of mendicant friars, the members of the court of parliament and of the other courts of justice, the provosts, sheriffs, and inhabitants dressed in mourning, to the church of our Lady in the Fields,--where were waiting the great lords, officers, pages of honour, and others, to the number of more than seven thousand persons, clad in mourning, with hoods,--and, according to the usual ceremony, conducted the body to the cathedral-church of our Lady in Paris. There were four hundred torches, ornamented with escutcheons of three flowers de luce, carried by four hundred poor men, dressed in black cloaks and hoods. A solemn funeral service was performed in the church of Nôtre Dame; after which, the body was carried with the same ceremonies through Paris to the abbey of St Denis, where another service was solemnly performed for the deceased, and presents of money given to all the assistants in making the offerings at the mass, and great alms distributed to the poor. When the accustomed ceremonies had been finished, the body of king Charles was interred in the sepulchre that had been prepared for him; after which there was a grand dinner given to all the assistants in honour of the late king, to whose soul may God graciously grant his pardon! Amen. CHAP. IX. OF KING LOUIS THE TWELFTH. On the 23d of May, in the year 1498, Louis duke of Orleans, son to the late duke Charles, was consecrated king of France, in the same manner as his predecessors had been, in the cathedral of Rheims. He was the twelfth who had borne the name of Louis, and the fifty-fifth king of France. At this ceremony at Rheims were the twelve peers of France, or their substitutes. For the duke of Burgundy appeared the duke of Alençon; for the duke of Normandy, the duke of Lorraine; for the duke of Guienne, the duke of Bourbon; for the earl of Flanders, the lord de Ravenstein; for the earl of Champagne, the lord Angillebert of Cleves; for the earl of Toulouse, the lord of Foix. Almost the whole of the french nobility were present at the ceremony, which was solemnized in the usual mode to that of former kings, by the cardinal of St Malo, archbishop of Rheims. Immediately after, the king made knights of his order of St Michael the lord de Taillebourg, the lord des Pierres, lord de la Gruture, the lord de Clerieux. He created also knights to the amount of four score; among whom were the lord de Myolans, sir Claude de Mont-l'Or lord of Château-neuf, de Salazuit, and others, too numerous to name. When these things were done, the king ordered preparations for his entry into Paris. On the 1st of July, the king was crowned in the church of St Denis, after the manner of his predecessors, kings of France. On the morrow he made a triumphant entry into Paris, and supped at the palace. When all these solemnities were ended, each person withdrew to different places, as ordered by the king. The first who made any opposition to him was the lord de Vergy,--but the war was soon ended in Burgundy. The duke de Valentinois, said to be the son of pope Alexander VII.[12] arrived at Lyon on the 18th of October, and made his public entry into that city. The king had given him the county of Valentinois[13],--and he was now come to France to conclude his marriage with the daughter of the lord d'Albret. This duke was also a cardinal; but he had left that dignity behind him, and appeared in secular clothes with the utmost pomp and grandeur. The 2d and 3d of December, the wind was so high at Lyon that the greatest alarm was caused by it; and the custodium, in which the hosts were kept, on the high altar, in the church of the Cordeliers, was burst open, owing to a broken pane in the window, and the sacred wafers blown all about the church, to the great scandal of devout persons. It happened somewhat before eight o'clock in the morning. This year, the king gave the princess Jane of France the duchy of Berry; and, for the benefit of the realm, he espoused, by a dispensation from pope Alexander VII. the widowed queen of France, Anne of Brittany,[14] which was of the greatest public utility. In the course of this year 1499, the head of St Bonaventure was deposited, in a very rich shrine of silver, in the church of the Cordeliers at Lyon,--and a most solemn procession was made on the occasion by the friars of the convent. On the 10th of June, in this year, the king made his public entry into Lyon, which was very magnificent. The streets were hung with tapestries,--and many fine mysteries were represented in the squares. He was very anxious to recover possession of the Milanese, and had sent thither a large army, which, within fifteen days, reconquered Milan, on the 4th of September. Duke Ludovico was in the town, and narrowly escaped being taken, by quitting the place in disguise. The town of Alexandria della Paglia[15], having shown much hatred to the French, was plundered, and the greater part of it destroyed. When the king heard of the capture of Milan, he left Lyon, giving orders to the lord de Bersac to destroy all the benches and awnings before the doors in that city. He made his public entry into Milan, and regulated its government. On the Friday before All-souls-day, in this year, the bridge of Nôtre Dame, at Paris, fell down, which was a heavy loss; and the king sent thither John de Doyac to superintend the immediate construction of another. The year 1500 was a grand year of jubilee at Rome, celebrated by pope Alexander VII. and attended by great numbers. There would have been more, if, on the 3d of January, duke Ludovico Sforza had not, in person, regained Milan, by the aid of a considerable body of Germans. He won the town through the treason of the inhabitants, who surrendered themselves to him; but the French fought valiantly, and kept possession of the castle, whence they battered the town. Several Frenchmen, going to the jubilee at Rome, were murdered at the inns on the road,--which being discovered, justice was done on the perpetrators by burning their houses, with their inhabitants, to serve for examples to all others. The duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, gave a ducat to every one who brought him the head of a Frenchman. The count Gayache and his wife now came to France; he was brother to the late Galeas Visconti. On the 19th of March in this year, the queen of France made a second public entry into Lyon, the streets being hung with tapestry, and several beautiful mysteries represented. About eight days after, a number of prisoners of war were brought before the king, at Lyon, for having broken their oaths, at which the public greatly murmured. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 12: This was the notorious Cæsar Borgia,--a worthy son of so worthy a father!] [Footnote 13: Valentinois,--a county on the Rhône: Valence is the capital.] [Footnote 14: Her fate seems to have destined her to marry those who, to obtain her, were forced to be divorced. Charles VIII. was betrothed to Margaret of Flanders, and Louis XII. was married to the daughter of Louis XI.] [Footnote 15: Alexandria della Paglia--is about 38 miles from Milan.] CHAP. X. DUKE LUDOVICO SFORZA IS MADE PRISONER BEFORE NOVARA, AND CARRIED TO FRANCE. On Thursday before Palm-Sunday, the French in Italy acted with such vigour that duke Ludovico fled from Novara with one hundred horse, abandoning his army and artillery in that town. When the french captains approached, a burgundian leader, called the captain of the Yotiers, came out of Novara and surrendered himself and men to them. The bailiff of Dijon went into Novara to practise with the Swiss in the pay of the duke of Milan (about four thousand in all), who only asked for payment of what was due to them. In regard to the Lansquenets, they knew not how to act; for the Swiss in the king's service would not show them any mercy, although their captains did all they could that matters might be settled without effusion of blood. There were in Novara twenty thousand combatants; eight thousand Lansquenets, four thousand Swiss, eight hundred Burgundians, and the rest Lombards. In addition to these, a reinforcement of fifteen hundred men were on their march to join them, and within a mile of Vercelli, not including those in Vigeue.[16] Shortly after, Ludovico returned and marched his army out of Novara, and encamped them near to the French; but God, knowing the usurpation and wickedness of Ludovico, inspired the French with courage to defend themselves, when attacked by him. Notwithstanding the duke of Milan thought himself certain of destroying the French, the matter ended without blood being spilt, and without a battle. It was said, that the Lansquenets, refused to fight against their countrymen; and likewise, that the duke had not paid his men their arrears, which made them unwilling to serve him. On the other hand, the French were determined on battle; but when they marched to charge the milanese army, it surrendered to them without striking a blow. The duke of Milan, observing this, disguised himself in the frock of a cordelier monk, and, by mixing with his men, thought to escape; but the lord de Ligny and the lord de la Trimouille made such good arrangements with their army, it was impossible; for they ordered the whole of the milanese force to pass under the pikes, so that the duke was discovered, made prisoner, and put under the guard of the French in Novara, which place had thrown open its gates. The lord Jean Jacques[17] was present at this conquest, for he had always been faithful to the king. The duke had in his pay an astrologer or necromancer, in whom he put great confidence; but his astrology was of no avail to prevent him being made prisoner. According to agreements entered into with the milanese army, they were allowed to depart in safety with their arms and baggage,--but the duke and his artillery remained with the French. The lord-cardinal of Amboise was then at Vercelli, and vowed the king under the protection of our Lady des bonnes nouvelles. Intelligence of this success came to the king at Lyon, the vigil of Palm-Sunday, which rejoiced him exceedingly; and bonfires were made in the streets, for joy that the French had been victorious. Immediately after, news was brought that the duke of Milan was a prisoner, which caused the rejoicings to be repeated by all ranks of persons in Lyon. The children of the duke were sent into Germany. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 16: Vigeue. Q. Vigevano.] [Footnote 17: The lord Jean Jacques. Trivulce, a Milanese, marquis of Vigevano, governor of Milan, captain of one hundred lombardy men at arms and of two hundred archers, king's lieutenant of the french armies in Italy. He was present at the battles of Foronuovo and Aignadello, and held great and honourable employments under Charles VIII., Louis XII., and François I. He was made marshal of France in 1500, died in 1518. He was uncle to Theodore Trivulce, governor also of Milan, and marshal of France. See Brantome, vol. ii. des Vies des Hommes illustres étrangers.] CHAP. XI. THE CARDINAL ASCANIUS, BROTHER TO THE DUKE OF MILAN, IS TAKEN PRISONER, AND CARRIED TO FRANCE. The cardinal Ascanius, brother to the duke of Milan, was in that city when he heard of the duke being a prisoner: he instantly departed thence, with six hundred horse and some artillery, accompanied by the higher nobility of Milan. He had also with him a considerable body of Estradiots; and the commander of the whole was count John, brother to the marquis of Mantua, who intended to march for the Bolognese,--but it was said, that he was met by a venetian captain, of the name of Soucin Bienson[18], with a body of troops, who attacked the cardinal. At this unexpected onset, the cardinal cried out, 'Qui vive?' and was answered, 'St Mark and France!' The battle lasted four hours,--and the venetian captain was severely wounded, with many of his men,--but when the cardinal, who was in armour, saw the fortune of the day was against him, he fled to a castle called Rivoli, which was immediately besieged by the Venetian. To make short of this matter,--the cardinal lost many of his men, and the brother to the marquis of Mantua was ransomed. With this venetian captain was another called Charles des Ursins. A milanese captain, of the name of Badin, was made prisoner, with the abbot of Senselles, and four viscounts,--and upwards of a hundred thousand ducats were taken, without including the baggage. The cardinal, astonished to find himself besieged in this castle without provision or money, entreated the captain to ransom him, which he refused,--so that he surrendered himself on the sole conditions of having his life spared, and of being given up to the king of France. The captain would have carried him a prisoner to Venice,--but the seneschal of Beaucaire, the lord de Montoison, and the chief justice of Provence, who had gone thither to receive the cardinal, prevented it. The Venetians also, knowing that the cardinal was an enemy to the king, that he had been taken on the king's territories near Piacenza, and wishing likewise to be on good terms with France, had the cardinal delivered into the hands of the before-named persons. The inhabitants of Milan, on their duke and his brother the cardinal being made prisoners, opened a negotiation, for the surrender of their town, with the cardinal of Amboise, lieutenant for the king. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 18: Soucin Bienson. Q.] CHAP. XII. THE INHABITANTS OF MILAN ARE BRIBED INTO SUBJECTION. On the 17th of April, which was Good Friday, in this same year, the inhabitants of Milan, acknowledging the great crimes they had committed against the king of France, their duke, most humbly besought the reverend father in God the lord George d'Amboise, cardinal-priest of the apostolical see, lieutenant-general for the said king, that he would be pleased (after having granted some small sums for their relief, to assist them in paying their fine, and also to save them from the pillage and destruction which the army was ready to inflict on them) to come to the duke's palace in the city of Milan to receive their submissions, which they were determined to make publicly in acknowledgment of their misconduct, and to entreat the clemency of the king, on payment of such a fine as their means would admit of. This reverend cardinal acceded to their request, and came to the palace called La Court-vieille, whither arrived in procession all the nobles, burghers, tradesmen and inhabitants, preceded by little children dressed in white linen, and bareheaded, having a large crucifix, and the great banner of our Lady, borne before them. The lord-cardinal being seated on the throne prepared for him in the great court of this palace, and surrounded by many of the king's counsellors and captains, master Michael Touse, doctor of laws, and town-advocate, ascended a rostrum that had been there erected, and made the following harangue: 'Unworthy as I am to ascend this rostrum, my most reverend and most illustrious lord-cardinal, I am very anxious to have it remembered, and thus publicly to express the complete submission and devotion my countrymen, the people of Milan, as well as myself, feel toward our sovereign lord and duke, the most Christian king of France; and although I know my own incapacity to express their wishes, notwithstanding my earnest desire so to do, yet, as a good citizen, I could not refuse their requests to undertake it,--and I will accomplish it to the best of my abilities. 'Among all the cities and towns of Italy, Milan, without doubt, must be considered as the principal, when governed with justice by an upright lord, as all good and loyal citizens have desired. Since God the Creator, has been pleased to place them in the hands of the most Christian king, their legitimate lord, they cannot wish for a better nor a more powerful prince: their duty is to persevere in the fidelity and loyalty which they have sworn to him when he received them with such benignity and humanity. It may be said, that he had reintegrated the citizens to their country, and their country to the founder; for the French had founded and built the city of Milan,--and the country, to this day, retains the name of Gallia Cisalpina. But, alas! we have sadly displayed the instability of our tempers, and committed the crimes of treason and rebellion without any reason for so doing; for neither the king our lord nor the deputies he sent to govern us, have done any things that ought to have displeased us, or make us discontented. In regard to our lord himself, we have always found him full of humanity, affection, and clemency; and in regard to the lord de Luson, who had been appointed our chief justice, we cannot accuse him of any improper acts,--for he ever received us kindly, and heard our complaints attentively, doing justice to all parties, like as a good father would to his children. 'In like manner, the lord Jean Jacques, who has ruled us without distinction of persons, or the smallest partiality, punishing rather his own people than ours, just as those excellent Romans, Brutus and Torquatus, put to death their children for the good of their country. He also has afforded us all necessary support. The lord-bishop of Como and others of the family of Trivulce have acted in a similar kind manner to us. We feel the more beholden to the lord Jean Jacques, because knowing, as he did, the wicked intentions of many of the chief exciters to the late rebellion, he attempted to gain them over from their intentions by gratuities and honours, rather than dip his hands in the blood of his countrymen. He preferred also retiring into the castle to destroying the town by fire and sword, as perhaps strict duty would have forced him to,--and from thence he departed, to return with so much the greater glory. The preservation of the town from ruin is solely owing to his prudent conduct: a superior victory to any achieved by arms, seeing that Ludovico Sforza and almost all the king's enemies are become prisoners. The cardinal Ascanius and others attached to his party were, by God's merciful providence, induced to leave the town, when they might otherwise have injured it by obstinately holding out against the troops of our legitimate lord. The inhabitants, therefore, are greatly indebted to God and the king, who has kindly overlooked their faults, and not punished them according to their deserts. 'To check the fury of his victorious army, the king has been pleased to send you, my lord cardinal, hither, with full powers to act according to your discretion; and this you have done with such prudence that you have saved the town to the king,--for which we, our children, and our successors, shall be ever beholden to you. 'We also thank my aforesaid lord the bishop of Como for his good recommendations of us to you, and for the means he has taken for the preservation of his country. 'Since, most reverend father in God, you have been pleased, out of your bounty and clemency, following the kind will of our lord the king, to grant to us, the inhabitants of Milan, this public audience, they have commissioned me to make, in their name, the following requests. 'In the first place, that it may be your good pleasure, when you shall return to the king, to recommend us most humbly to his good graces,--and to assure his majesty that the people of Milan will never again rise in rebellion to his power and authority. They somewhat resemble St Peter, who, having denied God the Redeemer, had afterwards such grief for his sin that he was more ardent and determined in his service than ever, continually supplicating mercy for his crime. In like manner, most reverend father in God, and in the name of the king our lord, do I, on my bended knees, for myself, the nobles, burghers, and the inhabitants of Milan, beseech you to pardon the rebellion perpetrated by us, which was contrary to the usual custom of the Milanese, celebrated for their fidelity and loyalty. 'Secondly, most reverend father, in respect to the expenses the king our lord has been put to in countermanding the troops sent hither to punish us for our ill conduct, we have promised to pay the sum of three hundred thousand crowns: fifty thousand on the 12th of this month, fifty thousand on the 1st day of May, and the remaining two hundred thousand at his pleasure. We beseech you to intercede for us to his majesty, that he would be graciously inclined to remit payment of the balance of the two hundred thousand crowns,--for it will be impossible to raise so large a sum without totally ruining the town. Its whole wealth consists in merchandize, and in cloths of silk and woollen,--and should so large a sum be withdrawn from trade, all these works must stop, to the utter ruin of the city and duchy of Milan, which depends so much upon it. The duty of a king is to enrich and not impoverish his subjects. 'Thirdly, we most humbly supplicate, that you would dismiss all the men at arms from the duchy as speedily as possible, that the fruits of the coming harvest may be preserved for the use of our lord's subjects. 'Fourthly, we beseech you, that all persons may be restored to the offices they before enjoyed. 'And, lastly, that since, out of your great mercy and wisdom, you have been pleased to separate the principal instigators of the late rebellion from the more peaceable inhabitants of the town,--and that, through the mercy of God, the cardinal Ascanius and the chiefs of that party are now, for the welfare of the country, detained prisoners,--we beseech you to use your interest with the king our lord, that such provisions be made to prevent them henceforth from troubling the city and duchy, as they have lately done, and put us again in danger of losing our lives and fortunes, whence we have been relieved by the merciful bounty of the king our lord. 'We assure you, most reverend father in God, and most noble lord, that we are determined to remain faithful to our sovereign prince in body and soul; and, by granting us our requests, you will never again hear of any disturbances or factions in this town,--for the inhabitants will, henceforward, be united in his service, as experience shall prove. We have full confidence that your benignant goodness will do every thing, in regard to us, becoming the race whence you descend, which will be agreeable to God, and worthy to be engraved on marble, as a perpetual memorial of your wisdom, and to the glory of your name: all of which I and the people of Milan now assembled here, again on our bended knees, beseech you to grant.' Master Michael having finished his harangue, the lord-cardinal of Amboise consulted the marshal of Trivulce, the bishop of Luson[19], chancellor of Milan, the lord de Neufchatel, and others of the king's counsellors, and ordered master Michael Ris, doctor of civil and canon law, and counsellor to the king in his court of parliament of Burgundy, and in the senate of Milan, to make a reply, which he did in manner following. 'Misertus est Dominus super Ninevem civitatem; eo quod pænitentiam egit in cinere et cilicio.' My lords and gentlemen of the Milanese, the very reverend father in God and most noble cardinal here present, as lieutenant general for the king in this duchy, has more attentively listened to your humble propositions and requests than your demerits deserved. That his bounty and mercy may be more manifest, he has ordered me to lay before you your great and inexcusable rebellion, which his excellency would willingly have done himself could he have addressed you in your own language. I am, therefore, employed to do it by his command. I must, therefore, remind you, that on the day when you swore fidelity to the most Christian king, I then addressed you by his orders, and exhorted you to remain firm in your loyalty to him, whence you would derive great honour, and by acting contrary inevitable evils and disgrace would follow. I am now commanded by the most noble lord-cardinal, here present, to explain your great disloyalty and infidelity, that the exceeding clemency and pity of the king, our lord, may be the more apparent. 'Your crimes and your demerits are so enormous, O Milanese! that no punishments can be adequate to them,--and they are deserving of a similar punishment from the king as the Romans inflicted upon the Samiens, as related to us by historians: 'Ita ruinas urbis diruerunt ut hodie Samus in ipsa Samo requiratur.' Or one equal to what Archila[20] king of the Goths inflicted on the Romans, whose marks are now visible on the walls and buildings of Rome. Or what Alexander did to the Thebans. It may be seen in numerous histories, that for much smaller crimes, Charles the great, king of France, and the emperor Frederick I. punished most severely this city of Milan. 'To make your ingratitude more public, you have allowed that the most Christian king is your true and legitimate lord, to whom you owe love and obedience, according to the laws of God and man; for the wise regulation of the Spartans says, 'Populum in obsequia principum, principes ad justitiam imperatorum infirmabit.' In addition to the most Christian king being your natural and lawful lord, he has conferred upon you numberless benefits: he came in person to deliver you from slavery,--not out of a disorderly ambition to gain kingdoms, but from the pity he felt for you as subjects of duke John Galeazzo, your first duke, whose most excellent daughter, the princess Valentina, was his grandmother. He recalled Justice to your country, which had been banished thence. He secured to you your lives and properties, which before no one could call his own. He allowed you the liberty to marry your children as you should please, which before this could not be done; for a father could not marry a daughter, nor a mother a sister, but according to the will and appetite of the lord. Offices which were temporary he made perpetual. He abolished all pillories, concussions, and exactions. 'Besides these and numberless other benefits that he showered upon you, you were bounden by your oaths of allegiance to be faithful unto him: nevertheless, many of you, even when taking these oaths, were plotting to deceive him. All of you, ye Milanese! forgetful of the salvation of your souls and honour, and regardless of the danger into which you threw your wives, your children, and your town, have conspired against your true lord in favour of a tyrant, quitting the first of kings in Christendom for a mean fellow of low birth,--a most potent prince for one as poor in courage as in wealth and friends. Had I the powers of language to display the extent of such a crime, I should be incapable to do it under two days; but your own consciences will make you more sensible of it than I can,--and you may apply to yourselves what is written, 'Populus dure cervicis,' when you committed that base act of recalling your Ludovico in opposition to your true lord. 'What was the consequence? Did he not instantly seize all the effects of private persons, and not only their wealth but even the crosses, chalices, and jewels from the churches? What was said of Cambyses, king of Persia, may be said of him, 'Difficile enim erat ut parceret suis, qui contempta religione grassatus etiam in Deos fuerat.' Although from so great a crime many may attempt to exculpate themselves, yet I do not see how they can well do so, for it would have been easy at first to have resisted such treason: nor can one in Milan excuse himself for the joyous reception given to Ludovico, as if he had been a god descended from heaven on earth. The people of Milan assisted the lord Ludovico with money and men. Feasts and entertainments were every where displayed to welcome his arrival, and for his short-lived victories when he gained Novara. 'Observe now, O Milanese! how strongly the justice of God, the Creator, has been made manifest, and the great power that it has pleased Him to invest the king our lord with: for when you thought that you had done every thing by gaining Novara, at that moment you lost the whole, and your idol, the lord Ludovico, carried away a prisoner,--so that what was said of the Persians may be applied to him, 'Servit alteri cui nuper mediolanum serviebat.' 'O Milanese! notwithstanding your enormous offences, the great fountain of mercy of our good king has not been dried up by your ingratitude to him: and the uncommon benignity of his lieutenant general, my lord cardinal, has been fully shown to you, from his respect and reverence to this day, on which it pleased our Lord to suffer an ignominious death on the cross for our salvation. He, in the king's name, pardons your lives, your honours, and your property, exhorting you, at the same time, to be more careful, henceforward, not only to avoid committing similar offences but to avoid even the being suspected of them: for should you ever relapse again into rebellion, you will be punished with such severity the remembrance thereof shall endure to the latest ages of the world. By acting as loyal subjects towards your lord, your town and country will be daily improved, and you will live happy and contented; for it must be a great satisfaction to live under a true and legitimate prince. 'With regard to the requests you have made to my lord cardinal, you will deliver them to him in writing, and he will return you such answers as shall content you. It must, however, be understood, that from this pardon all the principal actors and instigators of the late rebellion are excepted.' When this harangue was ended, all the children passed the cardinal in procession, crying out 'France, France! France and mercy!' On St George's day, the queen of France set out from Lyon, to go to St Claude, with a very handsome company. Before she returned, she stood godmother with the prince of Orange,--for the princess had, at that time, been brought to bed of a son. On the 2d of May, the lord Ludovico was brought to Lyon. He wore a robe of black camlet, after the fashion of Lombardy, and was mounted on a small mule. The provost of the royal household, and the seneschal of Lyon, went out to meet him, made him a prisoner in the king's name, and confined him in the castle of Pierre-en-Cise. Great numbers of people were collected in the streets to see him pass. The king was then in Lyon. The 12th of May, the marriage of the lord de la Roche, a baron of Brittany, was announced in Lyon, with the princess of Tarente, daughter to don Frederic of Naples. On this occasion were many justs, and other entertainments, at which were present the queen, her ladies and damsels,--and the wife of count Galeazzo was with the queen; but the marriage did not take place until the 18th of May, at the church of St Croix, near to that of St John. Tournaments again were exhibited on the Grenette, and gave great satisfaction[21]. The lord Ludovico was, by orders from the king and council transferred from the castle of Pierre-en-Cise, on the 14th of May, to the castle of Loches, near Bourges. On the 24th of the same month, the lord de Ligny returned from Lombardy to Lyon, when the king sent out a large party to meet and welcome him. The cardinal Ascanius Sforza was on the 17th of June, the vigil of Corpus-Christi-day, brought prisoner to Lyon, and confined, where his brother had before been, in the castle of Pierre-en-Cise; but he afterwards found such favour with the king that he had all France for his prison. The lord-cardinal of Amboise and the lord de la Trimouille arrived at Lyon, the 21st of June, from Lombardy, and brought with them the lord Jean Jacques de Trivulce and his lady to France. About the end of July, pope Alexander VII. was struck by lightning, at Rome, and much hurt; but, recommending himself to God and our lady, he was cured, and ordered a solemn procession, which he attended in person, and granted a full absolution to all who assisted. This happened, as said, on the vigil, or on the day preceding it, of the feast of St Peter. The same day the king and queen of France left Lyon for Troyes in Champagne, to meet an embassy from Germany that was expected there. On St Anne's day, the 26th of July, the king of Yvetot[22] died at Lyon: he was buried in the church of Sainte Croix, near to that of St John. The 28th, on a Sunday Morning, the last arch but one of the bridge over the Rhône, at Lyon, near to Bechevelain, fell down: the wall and the other arch remained,--but it could not be crossed without great danger, and by going along the top of the wall. This year, the Swiss made war on the king's territories,--on which account his Swiss-guards returned home, but the war was soon put an end to.--About St Simon and St Jude's day, M. de Bordeaux, archbishop of Lyon, died, and was succeeded by François de Rohan, son to the marshal de Gié. The king of France, about this period, sent a doctor of divinity from Paris to La Vaupute[23], to convert the inhabitants from some fantastical opinions they had imbibed,--but he failed of success. Near Christmas, the river Saone was frozen as high as Mâcon, which prevented any corn and other victual coming to Lyon, and raised the price of bread very high. On St Thomas's day, the Rhône suddenly rose in the afternoon, and higher than was ever known in so short a time. In the year 1501, the bishop of Amiens, a native of Burgundy, died at a place called Arbois[24], and was succeeded by the bishop of Nevers. A jubilee took place, this year, in France, for the support of a war against the Turks,--and a tenth was raised, from all benefices, for the same purpose.--The archduke Philip and his consort came, in the course of the year, to Paris, and declared themselves friends to the king. They went thence into Spain, where the archduchess was brought to bed of a son. A large body of infantry, with great stores of salted provision, were ordered to Naples; and the king and queen went to Lyon, to see these troops march through that city. The wife of duke Réné of Lorraine came to Sainte Claude, with her son, and thence proceeded to wait on the king and queen at Lyon. Her son remained at the court, and had a pension; and on the mother's returning to Lorraine, the king presented her with a white palfrey, most richly caparisoned in crimson velvet, with knotted cord-work in embroidery. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 19: Luson. Q. Lausanne?] [Footnote 20: Archila. Q. Attila?] [Footnote 21: As I do not understand the expressions in the original, I shall transcribe them. 'Derechief on feit jouste en la Grenette. Les gentils-hommes qui joustoient _à cheval de bois et lisses de cordes couvertes de drap de soie qui estoit une chose si mignonnement faicte que merveilles_ et tres joyeuse à voir.'] [Footnote 22: King of Yvetot. Yvetot is a small burgh in the country of Caux, six leagues from Rouen. Clotaire I. king of France, having killed Gautier lord of Yvetot, as a compensation erected it into a kingdom. --See La Martiniere's or Baudrand's Geographical Dictionaries.] [Footnote 23: La Vaupute. Q. Vault-de-Puis-de-Sacs? a village in Burgundy.] [Footnote 24: Arbois,--in Franche Comté, celebrated for its vineyards, 38 leagues from Lyon.] CHAP. XIII. THE KING OF FRANCE SENDS TROOPS TO RECONQUER NAPLES, WHICH IN A SHORT TIME IS WON,--AND FREDERICK, STYLING HIMSELF KING THEREOF, COMES TO FRANCE. The king was very anxious to recover his dominions in Naples, and, for this purpose sent thither a considerable force by sea and land. The king's lieutenant-general, the lord d'Aubigny, was so diligent, on his arrival, that he soon won the town of Naples. Frederick, calling himself king of Naples, was then in the town; for, after the decease of the duke of Calabria, he claimed it as his inheritance. Seeing all resistance vain, he consented to meet the king of France, to make arrangements respecting his claim; for he was unwilling to remain the king's enemy, seeing that it was impossible for him to resist. Some of his children, however, were carried away secretly to the king of Spain. The king of France received the news of the capture of Naples, and of Frederick, the 8th of August, when at Lyon, where great rejoicings, with bonfires, and solemn processions, were made on the occasion, to render thanks to the God of all victories. On the feast of our Lady, in September of this year, the convent of the Celestins at Lyon took fire, and nearly the whole of it was destroyed. The fire began in the chimney; but the convent was soon afterwards rebuilt, handsomer than before. The same day, friar John Tisserant, an Observantine, of whom mention has been before made, died. On All-souls-day, don Frederic arrived at Lyon, from Naples, and was conducted further into France. CHAP. XIV. THE CARDINAL OF AMBOISE MAKES HIS PUBLIC ENTRY INTO LYON, AS LEGATE TO FRANCE. Sunday, the 7th of October, the lord-cardinal of Amboise made his public entry into Lyon, having been appointed legate from the holy see to France. His entry was very sumptuous and handsome: the streets hung with rich tapestries, and several allegorical mysteries represented in those streets he passed through. The populace were greatly rejoiced at his arrival, as he had established a peace among the Christian princes, which was proclaimed at Lyon on Saturday preceding Christmas, when bonfires were made in all the squares. About this time, the lady Margaret[25] was married to the duke of Savoy, and made her public entry into Geneva in the course of the month of December. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 25: The lady Margaret--of Austria, daughter to the emperor Maximilian, and widow to John son to Ferdinand the catholic king of Spain.] CHAP. XV. THE FRENCH, AFTER THE CAPTURE OF NAPLES, MAKE WAR ON THE TURKS. The year 1502 was the jubilee for a croisade against the Turks. It was, as said, celebrated throughout Christendom to excite every prince to take up arms on the occasion. But there were divisions among them; and all failed in their engagements excepting the king of France, who showed himself deserving of his title of most Christian king. After the conquest of Naples, he ordered his troops to make war on the Turks by sea and land,--for they, having declared war against the Venetians, had landed troops near to Venice. The french army were eager to advance to the conquest of Constantinople, under the command of the lord Philip of Ravenstein; and they had undertaken the siege of the town of Metelino, under a promise of pay, and of being victualled, made by the Venetians to the king of France. They failed in the last article, for the french army was five days without provision; and what was worse, the Venetians allowed the Turks to march through part of their territories, who fell on the French, killed numbers, and made thirty-two prisoners,--for whose release the pope issued his pardons to obtain the necessary sums, as is specified in the bull. By these means, the french army was ruined; but had the promises made to the French been kept, they would soon have conquered the greater part of Turkey. Good-Friday, this year, falling on the feast of our Lady in March, pardons were fully granted at the church of our Lady at Puys, in Auvergne, where such multitudes attended that a melancholy accident happened, by the falling down of a wall from the crowd pressing against it, which killed numbers, and wounded more. Several also perished from the great pressure. This year, a marriage was concluded between the king of Hungary and Anne of Candale, daughter to the lord of Candale of the house of Foix. She soon after made her public entry into Lyon, where several splendid mysteries were represented, and thence continued her route to Hungary, where the marriage was consummated, and they had a fine family of children. About a fortnight before St George's day, the prince of Orange died, and was succeeded by his infant son. Not long after this, the king of France went to Lombardy, and made his public entry into Genoa, the inhabitants having placed themselves under his dominion. The town made him many rich gifts,--and having staid there some time, he returned to France in September. About this period, Réné bastard of Savoy was driven out of that country, and took refuge with the king of France, to the great displeasure of the duke and duchess of Savoy; for Réné had revealed divers machinations that were going forward to the prejudice of the crown of France. Shortly, a suit was instituted against the duchess, to recover some places which the duke had given her, that belonged to Réné by purchase. While the king was in Dauphiny, the duke and duchess of Savoy visited the queen at Lyon, but made no public entry: they staid only four or six days, and went back to Savoy a little before the king's return. Shortly afterward, the general of the order of cordelier friars came to France, to establish a reform, and to make them follow the regulations of the Observantines,--for the king would have it so, as he knew them to be too worldly inclined, and that it was better to have ten good monks than two thousand vicious ones. On the vigil of St Martin's clay, the wife of don Frederic arrived in France, with some of her children and attendants. In the year 1503, the picture of our Lady of the Cloister, which had been in the cloister of the cordeliers at Lyon was removed into the church, and placed in the chapel of St Francis. This painting was so large that the wall was broken down to admit it into the chapel, where it now is most richly decorated. About the beginning of Lent, the king's palace at Dijon was burnt down, by the firing a culverin up the chimney to clean it; the king soon afterwards rebuilt it with greater magnificence. The 21st of April, when the king was at Lyon, he made a general abolition of a variety of tolls and imposts that had existed for a hundred years, without any legal sanction,--with orders not to re-establish them, under severe penalties. This was contained in letters patent he granted to the merchants who trafficked on the Rhône and Saone, and other navigable rivers falling into them, from the town of Pontarlier, above Auxonne, to the sea,--and also to those who trafficked by land through France, the Mâconnois, Lyonnois, Languedoc, and Dauphiny. By these letters, all obstructions to the navigation, such as wears, milldams, and the like, were ordered to be instantly removed, excepting such as may have been particularly erected by the king. The french army at Naples gained ground daily, and had nearly conquered Sicily, so that all trembled before them. CHAP. XVI. THE ARCHDUKE MAKES HIS ENTRY INTO LYON.--ANOTHER HERETIC. The archduke Philip made his public entry into Lyon the 23d of March, and it was very handsome. He came from Spain; but before he entered the king's territories, he demanded that five or six of the princes of the blood should be sent to his country, as hostages for his safety during his stay in France. This was done, for the king had no evil intentions; but the archduke had made the above demand imagining that he might be somewhat inclined to be suspicious of him. The populace were rejoiced at his coming, because he was charged to make peace between the kings of France and Spain, which he did; and it was proclaimed while the king, queen, and their court were at Lyon, on the 4th of April. The peace included, beside the kings of France and Spain, the archduke, the king of the Romans and their allies. The archduke on leaving Lyon, went to Bourg en Bresse in Savoy, where he met the duke, and his sister the duchess of Savoy. About the 13th of April, the lord John de Horne, bishop of Liege, waited on the king at Lyon, on account of a quarrel that had taken place between him and the lord de la Marche, which they had mutually referred for the king's decision, and he made peace between them. The archduke had not been long at Bourg en Bresse before it was known that the king of Spain had landed a large army at Naples, and had instantly attacked the French unexpectedly,--for they understood that they were at peace with Spain. Notwithstanding this, a severe conflict took place,--and the duke of Nemours was killed treacherously. The Spaniards conquered the town of Naples, in contradiction to the oath their king had so lately made to observe the peace. It was said that pope Alexander VII. had supplied the Spaniards with provision. The lord d'Aubigny retired into Calabria with a few of his men; but had the French been supported, they would have prevented the Spaniards succeeding in their enterprise. It was likewise reported, that some of the French had joined the Spaniards, having an understanding with the king of Spain,--but this perhaps was discovered afterwards. The lord de la Trimouille was, in consequence, sent to Naples as lieutenant-general for the king; but he was seized with so grievous a malady on his road, he was forced to return to France. In this year, an extraordinary event happened at Paris. A young scholar, twenty-two years old, a native of Abbeville, whose parents were of worth, and much respected, went on the feast of St Louis, to the holy chapel in the palace, while mass was celebrating at an altar on the right hand. When the priest was about to consecrate the host, this scholar snatched it out of his hands, and ran away with it into the court fronting the exchequer-chamber. Perceiving that he was pursued, he tore the wafer into pieces, and flung them on the pavement. When, taken, he was confined in the prison of the Conciergerie,--but no exhortations could make him repent. Upon this his parents were sent for, who were much grieved at his conduct, more especially for his obstinacy and malice,--and the mother died in Paris of grief. The father renounced his son for a heretic, and wanted to put him to death with his own hands. When brought before the court of parliament, he was asked of what religion he was; and replied, Of the religion of nature. It was said that he had frequented the company of some scholars from Spain, who had fled. A general procession was made to the holy chapel, to offer up prayers to God that the scholar might be converted,--and a sermon was preached, while he was present, by an eminent doctor. The court of parliament finding him obstinate, condemned him to be dragged from prison to the place where he had thrown down the host; then to be put into a tumbril, and have his wrist cut off, and carried to the pig-market to be burnt. He was accompanied all the time by three doctors, who earnestly exhorted him to repent,--namely, master John Standun, a Cordelier, and a Jacobin: the first never left him until dead, notwithstanding he continued in his obstinacy to the last. From the time this impiety had been committed, a canopy of cloth of gold was supported over the spot where the host had fallen, with two burning tapers beside it. The pavement was taken up, and carried to the holy chapel, with such parts of the wafer as could be found, to be preserved as relics, and the place repaved. Toward the end of August, in this year, pope Alexander VII. died. The king was then at Mâcon, and immediately ordered the cardinal of Amboise, the cardinal Ascanius Sforza, then a prisoner in France, the cardinal of St George, with other cardinals, to repair to Rome, for the election of a pope. About nine or ten o'clock of the Monday, before Michaelmas-day, the whole arch of the bridge over the Rhône at Lyon fell down. The cardinal of Sienna, nephew to pope Pius II. was elected pope, and took the name of Pius III., but did not live more than eight or ten days after his exaltation. During that short space, he had already shown how very much he was indisposed against the French. He was the hundred and sixth pope. On Wednesday preceding St Luke's day, the lord Peter of Bourbon died, while the king was at Mâcon: he was much bewailed, for he had ever been true and loyal to the crown of France, and was an able counsellor. The 19th of October, died pope Pius III. at Rome, who, as I have said, did not outlive his election more than eight or ten days,--and the cardinals made another election. The French at Naples slew very many Spaniards,--and had they been properly supported, they would have driven them thence, for the lord d'Aubigny evinced much valour and prudence. CHAP. XVII. THE CARDINAL OF ST PIETRO AD VINCULA ELECTED POPE. The cardinal of St Pietro ad vincula, legate of Avignon, and by name Francis de Savona[26], was elected the hundred and seventh pope of Rome, and took the name of Julius II. He was nephew to the late pope, Sixtus IV. and had accompanied king Charles of France at the conquest of Naples. After his election, he made his nephew cardinal of St Pietro ad vincula, and legate of Avignon. The french army before Saulse[27], in the county of Roussillon, was badly conducted by some in whom the king had great confidence; for it was so well equipped, wonders were expected from it. The commanders might have taken the castle and the garrison, on allowing their captains to march away in safety; but although many were for it, the majority were against them. The castle was mined to its very foundations, and the army was so strongly encamped it could not be hurt; but the king of Spain, by dint of money, as it was known afterwards, blinded the eyes of the commanders, to the astonishment and vexation of all loyal Frenchmen when it was discovered. The commander in chief, the marshal de Rieux, a Breton, marched away to Narbonne, to the great discontent of the French, as the camp was left without a leader. Every one behaved with the utmost courage, and raised the siege, carrying off the artillery and baggage without loss in their retreat. However, had all behaved as they ought to have done, conformable to their engagements with the king, in a short time they would have made great advances into the enemy's country, considering the fine army of the French. The lord de la Roche-pot was killed, when before Saulse, by a cannon shot: it was a great loss, for he was a good and valiant knight, and the king and whole court were much grieved at it.--The french army in Naples not only kept its ground, but even made some conquests. On Christmas-eve, in this year, the lord Louis of Luxembourg, lord of Ligny, died, about twelve o'clock at night at Lyon, and was very much regretted by the king and all who knew him, for he was universally beloved. The 3d day of July, in this year, died Pierre cardinal of Aubusson[28], grand master of Rhodes, which he had governed for twenty-seven years: during the early part of which, Rhodes was attacked by the Turks with an immense army: but he and his knights made so gallant a defence, he was victorious, and the Turks left upwards of forty thousand dead: the rest saved themselves by flight, to the great vexation of all Turkey, in spite of their cries, 'Mahoun, avenge us!' The sultan, finding this army defeated, uttered a horrid cry, to the alarm of his attendants, and swore to march another to Rhodes, and have ample revenge; but while he was employed in making preparations, he died. The grand master of Rhodes detained the next heir to the sultan a prisoner for thirteen years, contrary to the will of many, and then delivered him up to the pope, who, in return, sent him a cardinal's hat. He had those fortifications repaired that had been damaged by the Turks, and then converted the Jews in the island to Christianity. He formed alliances with all the princes in Christendom, and did an infinite deal of good. He was succeeded by Emeri d'Amboise, brother to the cardinal of Amboise, legate to France, who instantly left France for Rhodes, to oppose the Turks, who were continually carrying on a warfare against the Christians. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 26: Francis de Savona. This must be a mistake: his name was Julius della Rovere. He was born at Albizale, a village near to Savona.] [Footnote 27: Saulse. Q. Sault? a small territory adjoining Roussillon.] [Footnote 28: Aubusson. He was grand prior of Auvergne, and descended from the ancient viscounts of la Marche. Pope Innocent sent him the cardinal's hat, for having delivered up to his guard Zimim brother to Bajazet.] CHAP. XVIII. THE SOPHI OF PERSIA MAKES WAR ON THE TURK USSON CASSAN[29]. The grand master of Rhodes received on the 7th of December, in the year 1502, intelligence from Armenia and Persia, that one called Sophi Christian, or Red Bonnet of Armenia, had assembled an army of forty thousand men, to enable him to revenge the death of his father by Usson Cassan, a Turk, and to recover all the Sophines who had been sent prisoners to Turkey. Having considered the iniquity of the grand Turk, and his infamous conduct to these Sophines, he set out from his country, called Adanil, twelve days journey from Tauris, accompanied by only one hundred warriors, and arrived near to Arzian[30], a town of Usson Cassan, whose friendship and alliance he besought on account of his mother, sister to Usson Cassan, pretending that he was waiting the arrival of his attendants. But he disguised his feelings of injury from the grand Turk, who detained his Sophines in abject vassalage: however, within a fortnight, he was joined by about sixteen thousand men, with whom he entered Arzian by force, and put to death all the inhabitants, both great and small. Among other acts worthy of remembrance, in all the mosques, or temples, of the Turks, he had the horses and camels tied up as in a stable, to show his contempt for them, and had them afterwards razed to the ground. There had been a temple of the Christians which the Turks had destroyed; but Sophi had it immediately rebuilt, and handsomely restored. The army of Sophi continually increasing, he advanced into the province of Firnam, which belonged also to Usson Cassan. Usson Cassan perceiving that Sophi was subjugating his country, and the whole of the Turks in this province, amounting to more than fifty thousand, assembled his army, and offered battle to Sophi, who defeated him completely, and made him prisoner. He entered victoriously the town of Sarda, where he staid three months, and thence advanced to Tharabe, a town of Usson Cassan, which instantly surrendered. As he approached the country of Sultania, he was met by the children of Usson Cassan, with an army of twenty-five thousand men. Sophi gave them battle, and defeated them. One of the children was killed in the combat: the others were taken prisoners, and put to a disgraceful death by cutting them in pieces. Not one of their army was permitted to live. The city of Tauris, seeing the great power of Sophi, and that he had destroyed their prince and his children, surrendered to him without any defence,--and he remained there with his army some time. The citizens of Tauris, observing the great prudence and wisdom of Sophi, put him in possession of all the treasures of Usson Cassan. He thence departed to a large town called Lingia, three days journey from Tauris, and to another called Passy, the last town of Usson Cassan. Sophi, finding that he had now conquered and submitted to his obedience the whole of the dominions of Usson Cassan, and established order every where, returned to Tauris, the capital of the country. He was continually followed by his mother, with a numerous attendance of slaves, for he was much beloved by her; and after a short stay at Tauris, she sent ambassadors to the grand Turk, to remonstrate with him on his shameful conduct to the Sophines,--ordering him to set them at liberty, and also to put on the red bonnet, after the manner of the Sophines, otherwise she would make him feel the power of her son. The grand Turk detained the ambassadors in Constantinople, for he suspected that Sophi would invade his country of Natolia; and in consequence, he assembled a large army near to the town of Angora[31], and commanded all in Pera[32] to hold themselves in readiness to bear arms against Sophi Christian or Red Bonnet. They were, however, refractory, and refused to obey, showing more willingness to surrender themselves to Sophi. The Armenians say, that Sophi does not esteem the grand Turk a button,--for he has an army of ninety thousand men, well armed, without including his own countrymen from Armenia, who daily follow him. All this information was brought to the king of France, when he was at Morestel[33] in Dauphiny, in the year 1503. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 29: I cannot make out this chapter to my satisfaction. In the 'Art de Verifier les Dates,' I find, that in the year 1501, which nearly answers to the date in the chapter, Schah Ismael Sophi I., &c. the restorer of the sect of Ali, in Persia, when only 14 years old, assembles a large army of Alides, conquers Tauris from Alvand IV. successor of Uzun Cassan, and obliges him to fly to Diarbeker, where he dies in 1502. Schah Ismael gains Bagdad in 1510, putting to flight Morad Beg, son to Alvand, and in the following year conquers Khoristan, &c. In the year 1514, Selim I. emperor of the Turks gives him battle and defeats him on the plains of Chaldéron, and takes the town of Tauris. Sophi dies aged 38, &c.] [Footnote 30: Arzian. Q. Erzerum, or Erivan?] [Footnote 31: Angora,--a town in Natolia: Bajazet was defeated near to it.] [Footnote 32: Pera,--partly a suburb to Constantinople. I believe it was then possessed by the Genoese.] [Footnote 33: Morestel,--election of Vienne.] CHAP. XIX. A GREAT MORTALITY FROM THE UNWHOLESOMENESS OF THE SEASON.--OF THE DEATHS OF MANY PERSONS OF NOTE. In the course of the year 1504, a truce was concluded between the kings of France and Spain, touching the county of Roussillon: nevertheless, the Spaniards that had been garrisoned in Saulse embarked secretly for Naples. It was said, that the king of Spain had bribed some of the French (of which they were afterwards accused), and by this means he had conquered Naples. The lord of Aubigny and the lord of Alegre, the principal leaders of the french army, were made prisoners; and great numbers of their men perished, more from want of food than in battle, for there was no great effusion of blood. The lieutenant of the lord of Ligny maintained his post in the territories of that lord's deceased wife,--and the French, notwithstanding the spanish force, made several good prisoners, who were exchanged for the lords of Aubigny and of Alegre. This summer was exceedingly hot and dry, which prevented the corn from filling; and the harvest was very poor in the Lyonnois, Dauphiny, Auvergne, Burgundy, Savoy, and other countries. From the month of March, the farmers and peasants, foreseeing the season would be unproductive, were in great distress, and made processions to different churches in all the villages around: general processions were even made by the peasants to the churches in Lyon, where the inhabitants and monks gave them bread and wine in abundance. In these processions, the young women were dressed in white linen, with bare feet, a kerchief on their heads, and a taper in their hands: the boys were clothed also in white, bare headed and bare footed: then came the priests, followed by persons of both sexes, the women singing from the Litany, 'Sancta Maria! ora pro nobis,' and then the whole cried aloud for 'Mercy!' The parishes of Lyon made similar processions to the church of our Lady of the island, a french league distant from that city. On the last day but one of May, the body of St Just was brought from the suburbs into the city of Lyon, which no man living had before seen done; and his shrine was carried in procession, with chaunting and singing, from church to church. On the following day, the jaw bone of St John the baptist, which had never before been taken out of the church of St John, was carried in procession to the church of the Augustins. Eight days afterwards, it rained; but the drought was soon as great as ever. The monks of Nôtre Dame de l'Isle, attended by the inhabitants of many villages, brought her image, and that of St Loup, in procession to Lyon, which had not been done in the memory of man. This was on the 7th of June; and at the same time was brought thither the shrine of Saint Hereny, prince of the nineteen thousand martyrs. Processions came to Lyon four and five leagues distant; and the inhabitants of several villages were from five to six days wandering about the fields, from one place to another, without returning home. In short, every body appeared so miserable, the hardest hearts must have wept on beholding this great desolation of the people, and have quitted all amusements to assist them. In the month of September, there appeared in the river Saone, above Lyon, a prodigious quantity of small eels, of the size of a man's little finger, but no one dared to eat of them. Great sickness now prevailed; and on the 19th of September Philibert duke of Savoy died at Pont d'Ain, not without suspicions of poison. He was succeeded by his next brother: the other was bishop of Geneva. In the year 1505 died the lady Jane duchess of Berry, and was interred in a chapel, within the castle of Bourges she had founded and endowed. From St John's day of last year until that feast in this, the season was most sickly, and every thing very dear. Wheat sold at Lyon from twenty-six to twenty-seven sols the bichet[34]; and from the scarcity in the country vast numbers came from the villages to Lyon to seek charity. Some left their houses empty, others their wives and children, and the women their husbands and children. Great part of them died, although every person who had wherewithal gave them food; for alms were as abundantly bestowed in Lyon as in any city of its size. A pestilential disorder now raged, which carried off immense numbers in the hospital, both rich and poor; and this pestilence seemed to be felt every where, for, in the mountains of Savoy, several died of it, and of hunger, so that many farms were this year uncultivated. During Lent, the king of France had the bones of his late father, Charles duke of Orleans, removed from Blois to Paris, and interred in the chapel of the Celestins at Paris, which the dukes of Orleans had founded. Every kind of honour was paid to them during their removal, and at their re-interment,--and it was a magnificent spectacle. About this time, the king was taken with so serious an illness it was thought he must die. His nobles and courtiers were much grieved: many of them made divers vows and pilgrimages; and processions were ordered throughout the realm, to offer up prayers to Jesus Christ for the king's recovery, which was granted. While he lay speechless, he had a vision, which he related; and it was so marvellous that I firmly believe it to be more a miracle than any thing else. A short time after his recovery, the king solicited the pope to grant a jubilee for his kingdom of France, and other parts under his dominion, without any expenses. On the 26th of June, the feast of St Peter and St Paul, a great procession took place, in which the host was carried as on Corpus-Christi-day, when the king, knowing how earnestly his people had prayed for the restoration of his health, would not show himself ungrateful, but, to reward them, solicited of the pope for this free jubilee. In this year, don Frederick of Naples died, to whom the king had behaved with the utmost liberality touching his claims on Naples. In the year 1506, died, Isabella queen of Spain, who, during the wars of Granada, had shown great valour and prudence. The king of Spain was afterwards married to the sister of the lord of Foix, through the interference of the king of France, who, in consideration of the match, made some agreements with the king of Spain respecting Roussillon and Naples. A war now took place between the duke of Savoy and the Valoisiens, but it was soon made an end of.--In the month of July, a general chapter of the Cordeliers was held at Rome, which had not been done since the death of their founder St Francis. It was caused, as said, by the reformation of the Cordeliers in France, which dissatisfied several of the fraternity,--and it was in this chapter determined by the pope, that there should be only two modes of living among them; that such as had been reformed should remain so: consequently, all the convents of Cordeliers in France follow the rules of the Observantines. At this time also, a general chapter of the knights of Rhodes was holden at Rome, and many knights were drowned in coming thither, from tempests at sea. On the 18th of July, the feast-day of St Pantaléone, a general pardon was granted to all repentant and confessed sinners, who should bequeath money or lands to the churches founded by the knights of Rhodes. This was done on account of a great victory the new grand master, brother to the cardinal of Amboise, had gained over the Turks. He had defeated their whole army, which was worthy of remembrance. On Ascension-day, in this year, the count of Angoulême[35], the second person in France, was betrothed, at Tours, to the princess Claude of France, only daughter to Louis XII. by Anne of Brittany, which caused great feasts and rejoicings throughout the kingdom.--The reverend father in God the lord Francis of Rohan, son to the marshal of Gié, and archbishop of Lyon, made his public entry into that city on the 14th of August. Many mysteries were exhibited in the streets through which he passed, and they were all hung with tapestries. On the following day, the least of the Assumption of our Lady, he chaunted the high mass at the cathedral of St John in his archiepiscopal robes. This year, the duke of Gueldres made war on that part of Guelderland dependant on the archduke. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 34: Bichet,--a measure of uncertain quantity,--from 70 to 54 pounds weight of corn,--of 36 pounds of chesnuts.] [Footnote 35: Count of Angoulême,--afterwards Francis I. king of France.] CHAP. XX. THE DEATHS OF THE ARCHDUKE AND OF THE QUEEN OF HUNGARY. The archduke Philip, during his residence at Burgos in Spain, died, on the 25th of September, in this year 1506.--The queen of Hungary died also on the feast-day of our Lady, in August, having been brought to bed a fortnight before of a son, named Louis. The marquis of Brandenbourg was proxy for the king of France, at his christening. She left a daughter likewise, three years of age,--and both children lived. In Lombardy, there was a nun of the order of Jacobins, who, like to St Catherine of Sienna, had, every Friday, marks on her hands and feet similar to the wounds of our Saviour, that ran blood, which appeared to all who saw it very marvellous. CHAP. XXI. THE POPE, BY THE ASSISTANCE OF THE FRENCH, GAINS BOLOGNA. Pope Julius II. weighing in his mind that the whole of the territories of Bologna were the patrimony of the church, made preparations to reduce them to his obedience. This city and territory had been usurped, and held by force for some time, by sir John de Bentivoglio. The pope, considering that there was no prince in all Christendom so well able to afford him support in this project as the king of France (that firm pillar of the church, who had been every where victorious), made him acquainted with his claims and intentions of recovering the bolognese territories. The king, eager to serve the holy church, ordered a large detachment of men at arms to join the pope's forces from the Milanese, for him to use at his pleasure. The pope's army was besieging Bologna on the side toward Rome,--but when joined by the French, it was besieged on all sides. This took place in the month of October. The French, stationed on the side toward Modena, behaved very gallantly, and won Castel-franco, which was plundered because the garrison would not surrender. The pope's army gained another castle,--and both armies showed so much courage, the Bolognese were astonished and frightened: they found themselves closely besieged, and that it would be impossible for them to resist the pope and the king of France. Finding their situation desperate, they surrendered themselves to the pope, having driven sir John de Bentivoglio out of Bologna, who, as I have before said, held the town by force, although it lawfully belonged to the pope. The pope offered up thanksgivings to God the Creator for his success, and chaunted high mass most devoutly, on All-souls-day, in the church of St Petronilla in Bologna. CHAP. XXII. OF THE DAMSEL TRIVULCE. About this time, there resided a young lady in the Milanese, who had been taught the rudiments of grammar at seven years of age, and was so earnest in her studies that, at fourteen, she was eloquent to a degree that astonished all who heard her. She was descended from the noble family of the Trivulces. Her father, called John, was an able knight and good scholar, as were all of his family. Her mother's name was Angela, a noble lady of the race of the Martinengois. In praise of this young lady, the verse of Prosper may be well applied,--'Naturæ sequitur semina quisque suæ.' Her mother was not a learned lady, although full of virtue; but the daughter was so devout and eloquent, in her prayers, that she seemed more angelic than human; and if she continues to abound in such virtues, and to live thus sanctified and devout, she will deservedly be worthy of her reputation of a saint. At twelve years of age, she became a great disputant, and was invited into the companies of the most learned, as well secular as ecclesiastic,--among whom were the bishop of Lausanne, an eminent scholar, her uncles the bishop of Cumense[36] and Francis Trivulce, of the order of franciscan friars, when several disputations took place,--and great praises were given to this damsel. She understood philosophy, history, and different sciences, was mistress of Seneca, Aristotle, and Pietro of Ravenna. Whatever she saw or heard at any of the places she visited, she related the whole to her father, on her return home, as exactly as if it had been written down. She was skilful in poetry, and one day composed so long a poem her master was surprised at her talent. She became soon expert in the greek tongue, and wrote many letters, in that and in other languages, that were greatly admired by all the learned to whom they had been addressed. She was most patient in adversity, making a joke of it: in short, every thing she did or said was miraculous, and unlike to a human being. When marriage was spoken of to her, she replied, that she would never marry a man whom she did not know to be as pure in virtue as herself. The Genoese, acting according to their accustomed treachery, forgetful of the crimes they had committed, and been pardoned for by the king, now rebelled against him, and chose for their doge one called Paul Noyus[37], who had been a silk dyer. The king, hearing of this, resolved to march in person against them, and reduce them to his obedience, notwithstanding the great preparations the Genoese had made for resistance. They had, among other things, erected a bulwark they thought impregnable; but some bold french adventurers having secretly mounted this bulwark, the hearts of the Genoese failed them, and they fled into the town. They now offered to surrender themselves to the king's mercy, who, from his uncommon benignity, and wish to avoid the effusion of human blood, pardoned them, and entered the town with his whole army, where he had a magnificent reception. Their lately-elected doge, Paul di Nove, was taken at sea by a french bark, when making his escape, brought back to Genoa, and beheaded. From this time forward, it was publicly proclaimed, that the populace should not shout 'Adorne Fregose[38]!' which they had been accustomed to do before this last reduction of the town. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 36: Cumense. Q. Como?] [Footnote 37: Paul Noyus. Paul di Nove.] [Footnote 38: Fregose. Q. Fiesco?] CHAP. XXIII. OF THE LEAGUE OF CAMBRAY, FORMED BY THE CARDINAL OF AMBOISE, BETWEEN THE POPE, THE EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN, THE KING OF FRANCE, AND THE KING OF SPAIN, AGAINST THE VENETIANS.--THE KING OF FRANCE DEFEATS THE VENETIANS AT AGNADELLO. The king of France, about this time, through the means of the cardinal of Amboise, concluded a treaty at Cambray between the pope, the emperor, the king of Spain, and the lady Margaret, governess of the low countries. This treaty, although of no long duration, was the cause of the deaths of two hundred thousand men, as you will hereafter see, through the treachery of the confederates, in various battles and engagements that took place; and what is worse, we of the present time, unless God shall be pleased to apply a remedy, are still suffering from the effects of this unfortunate treaty. The king thought to obtain by it a lasting peace and alliance with the adjoining princes; but he was deceived, as was apparent at the time of the affair of Peschiera, against the Venetians; for he alone, of all the confederates, took the field, crossed the Alps, and advanced to Milan. He thence marched his army, and what is worthy of remark, had all the bridges broken down he passed over, to show that flight would be needless. His first conquest was the castle of Trevi. He then marched his army to Peschiera, near to which was Agnadello, where the battle was fought. Five days after the camp had been formed at Peschiera, the Venetian army was attacked, and completely routed, chiefly by the great exertions of the lord of Bourbon, who fought manfully: there was great slaughter. The confederates never thought that this could have been accomplished by the french army alone. Indeed the Venetians would not believe it until the count de Pitigliano, who had fled with the reserve, convinced them of its truth. This battle took place on the 14th of May, just six days after the king arrived in the camp, and it was certainly very fortunate. Thus the war lasted but five days; for after such a victory, there was nothing to prevent the king obtaining all his demands. I repeat, that this success was very fortunate, considering how advantageously the enemy were posted, the number of strong places in their possession, and the strength of their armies; for they had enow to oppose the confederates in the field and to guard their strong holds. In their camp were more than seventeen hundred men at arms, light cavalry to the amount of nine thousand five hundred, and twenty-two thousand infantry well armed, with twenty pieces of large artillery, much superior to what the king had, and also the best captains in all Italy to command this army, particularly sir Bartholomew d'Alviano, the chief, taken prisoner as he was rallying a body of infantry. Numbers of the most renowned of the venetian captains were made prisoners this day, and sent to different strong castles in France,--their banners to the church of St Denis. Not more than two hundred were slain of the king's army, while full fifteen thousand fell on the side of the enemy. After the battle, the king ordered the dead to be buried, and a chapel to be erected on the spot, endowed sufficiently for the celebration of daily masses for the souls of those who had died in a state of grace. It was not long afterward before those towns which the Venetians had usurped surrendered to the king's obedience,--such as Bergamo, Brescia, Crema, Cremona, that had formed part of the duchy of Milan. The pope, in like manner, recovered those places that had been taken from the church, namely, Ravenna, Imola, Faienza, and Forli. The emperor Maximilian regained from the Venetians his towns of Verona, Vicenza, and Padua,--but this last he did not keep long. Whether through negligence or fear, he had never dared to come to the king's camp, notwithstanding his repeated promises: the king, however, gave him a large body of men, under the command of the lord de la Palisse, to regain the city of Padua,--and it was long besieged, but nothing effectual was done at last. The king of Spain also regained the towns of Brundusium, Tarentum, and others, of which the Venetians had possessed themselves. When all this had been done through the fortunate victory of the king of France, who had supported the pope like a true son of the church, and had so essentially served him in the restoration of Bologna by the expulsion of Bentivoglio, and in various other ways,--notwithstanding all these proofs of his friendship, pope Julius, at the instigation of the Venetians and others, formed an alliance against him, and, having joined his arms with those of Venice, took Udina and Mirandola; which last he restored to John Franciscus Picus, who styled himself the true lord of it. To return to the king of France: after his victory over the Venetians, he went to Milan, where a magnificent triumphal entry was prepared for him, after the manner of the ancient Romans. Brilliant cars, full of the handsomest and best dressed ladies in Milan, went out to meet him,--and the people greeted him with acclamations, comparing him to Cæsar, for having conquered and reduced to his subjection those who had been feared and dreaded by all the world before. The king, having had so handsome a reception in Milan, went thence to Savona, where he was met by Ferdinand, who had come thither with a numerous fleet of galleys for the purpose. The king of France received him and his queen with much kindness, and they made good cheer together. They confirmed their peace by dividing the eucharist between them at the holy sacrament; but it lasted not long, notwithstanding this ceremony, as you will hereafter see. There are many who make a good sale of their consciences and promises; and one of them, instead of the host, ought to have swallowed a burning coal,--for numberless creatures have paid dear for perjuries of which they were innocent, and had no concern with. CHAP. XXIV. A WAR BETWEEN POPE JULIUS AND THE KING OF FRANCE, ON ACCOUNT OF THE DUKE OF FERRARA.--A COUNCIL OF THE CHURCH ASSEMBLED AT THE INSTANCE OF THE EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN AND THE KING OF FRANCE, TO THE DISSATISFACTION OF THE POPE.--BOLOGNA TAKEN BY THE FRENCH. About this time, the town of Mirandola was valiantly reconquered by the French, and the town of Udina delivered up to the king of the Romans. The marquis of Mantua was taken prisoner by the Venetians, and carried to Venice, whence, some time after, he easily obtained his liberty. A fresh war now commenced between the pope and the duke of Ferrara, an ally of France,--for which reason, the king left the count Gaston de Foix, whom he had lately created duke of Nemours, his lieutenant-general in the Milanese, who did marvellous feats of arms during his command in Italy. The lord-cardinal of Amboise, on his last return from Italy, fell sick at Lyon, and died there. His loss was great, as was afterwards known, although at the time some thought the contrary; but they were unacquainted with his many virtues, and the good use he made of his talents,--for during the whole of his administration, he advised his master with such wisdom that the people were never over-taxed. Whatever wars king Louis may have carried on in Italy, the taxes were never raised above their usual rates; but when the enemy attempted to bring the war on the french territory, it became absolutely necessary to increase them. The king was, not without foundation, called 'the father of his people,' notwithstanding that title may have been given him during his life through flattery, and the worth of other kings debased, the more to exalt his own. It is impossible to say too much of a virtuous man in his absence; but when present, to praise him smells strongly of the love of lucre. The cardinal-legate having lain in state for a short time, the body was embalmed, put into a leaden coffin, and carried to Rouen for interment. The king came thence to Blois, accompanied by the queen, then far gone with child of a daughter, as it turned out afterward, whom the king had vowed to the holy St Réné, a bishop of Angers, whither he made a pilgrimage with the queen when she recovered. The young princess was christened Renée,--and the lord Jean Jacques de Trivulce stood godfather with the king. About this time, the Portuguese made some discoveries on the island of Oran[39], on the coast of Africa, where they met savages of a blackish colour, with countenances as if branded with hot irons, thick lips, black and coarse hair, resembling in thickness that of a horse. They had no beard, nor appearance of any, or of hair on any parts of the body but on the head and eye-brows. Their boats are made of the bark of trees, and so light, a man can with ease carry one of them. Their bows are bent with the sinews of wild beasts: their arrows of cane, headed with a sharp stone or piece of fish-bone. They know not the use of bread or wine, nor the value of money, and crawl on the earth like beasts, feeding on raw flesh, and covered with skins for clothing. They live part of their time in the sea. Two of these natives were brought by some Normans to Rouen, and presented to the king; but they did not live long, nor did the others that had been brought to Europe. But to return to my former subject: a general council was demanded by the emperor, and king of France, to the great discontent of the pope. He had broken his faith, by instigating the king of Arragon, the republic of Venice, and others, to commence a new war, quitting the chair of Saint Peter for the car of Mars, the god of war, displaying in the field of battle his triple crown, and sleeping in watchtowers. God knows what a sight of crosses, mitres, and sacred banners, were fluttering in the plains; and the devil took good care not to come near,--for benedictions were given most abundantly, and at the cheapest rates. The war commenced against the duke of Ferrara, ally to the king, when many engagements took place, sieges were made and raised, for it was continued without interruption of winter and summer. Bologna was besieged by the duke of Nemours, who acted as viceroy in Italy, and the Bolognese fled before him, so that he soon reconquered that town, as you shall hear. About this time, pope Julius excited the Swiss to invade the duchy of Milan, which they did, and advanced to the walls of that city, committing every sort of mischief, particularly to a monastery of nuns, whom they ravished, and plundered the convent of all within it. The lord de Conti, like a valorous knight, hastened to their relief, and did wonders; but he was surrounded, and fell, which was a great pity.--Soon after, the duke of Nemours made an agreement with them to return home, on receiving a sum of money,--which they accepted and retreated, to return again to seek more money. The inhabitants of Brescia were now (unfortunately for them) advised to quit the french interest, and put themselves under the dominion of Venice, for which they severely suffered. In like manner, those of Bergamo revolted to the Venetians,--but the castles of both places remained in the hands of the French, under the command of able captains, who gallantly served the king, especially in his italian wars, for which some of them were but badly recompensed. The council[40] before mentioned was first held at Tours, then at Lyon, and then referred to a general council at Pisa, where were many cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, priors, and other prelates of the church. There were likewise some very learned theologians, and canonists, to whom this affair would afford matter of discussion. Several essential points were determined on in the different sessions of this council; but, for weighty reasons, the council was transferred to Milan, and thence to Lyon, where it remained. The french army suffered much at the siege of Bologna, from the rigour of the weather: but, notwithstanding this, they were victorious, drove out of the town the pope and his archbishops, and entered it as conquerors. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 39: Oran,--a town of Algiers. I should imagine this to be a mistake for some place on the southern coast of Africa.] [Footnote 40: The council--was held in 1510 at Tours, and attended by all the prelates and doctors of France. Louis XII. proposed eight questions, touching his declaring war against pope Julius II. in favour of Alphonso duke of Ferrara, whom the pope had determined to deprive of his dominions. The answers of the council confirmed the king in his resolution for war. I do not see any thing of these removals of the council in the Art de Verifier les Dates, from whence the above is taken.] CHAP. XXV. THE DUKE OF NEMOURS MARCHES HIS ARMY AGAINST BRESCIA.--ON TAKING THE TOWN, A GREAT SLAUGHTER ENSUES. When the duke of Nemours heard of the revolt of Brescia, and that the Venetians had entered the town, he instantly made preparations to attack them, and with great diligence, marched day and night to Brescia; for I can promise you, that the king had, at that time, an excellent army,--and the liberal promises of the duke of Nemours urged them on, so that they were almost immediately before it. Those in the castle, on the first appearance of their countrymen, opened the gate, and part of them forced their way thence in the town. Alas! what a deluge! what cries! what lamentations of the poor citizens! It is a great pity, and wonderful how many suffer in the support of the quarrels of princes and great lords: however, in this instance, they had deserved punishment, for having wantonly broken their oaths of allegiance. The duke of Nemours had no sooner gained the castle and palace than, like a great warrior as he was, he entered the town, one arm bare, and his sword on his wrist, shouting out 'France!' in which he was echoed by all Frenchmen. The Venetians, thunderstruck, took to flight through one of the gates, but numbers were slain[41] and made prisoners, of whom were many of high rank in Venice, who were sent to France. The inhabitants having attempted to defend themselves, the town was given up to plunder; and you might have seen several french adventurers tearing to pieces, out of spite, large bales of cloths of gold and of silk; such merchandise might then have been bought for almost nothing. The ladies and children made piteous moans on seeing their husbands and fathers murdered and cast out of the windows, and all their effects pillaged. To make short of the matter: they thought that God's whole indignation and wrath had been poured on them; for the French treated them with every cruelty, in revenge for the resistance that had been made by throwing stones and beams from the tops of the houses, by which some great french lords suffered severely. The place was completely conquered, in spite of all that the Brescians and Venetians could do to prevent it,--and the streets were filled with dead bodies, besides the numbers that were slain in the open country: in the whole, there must have been many thousands killed. Among the prisoners were sir Andrew Gritti, sir John Paulle[42], Caufre and his son, the count Ludovico Adanago[43], who had been the chief adviser of the town to revolt, for which it had been treated as you have heard. After this victory, the towns and castles in the territories of Brescia were re-garrisoned, and provided with abundance of provision and stores of all kinds,--and the lord d'Aubigny was appointed governor of Brescia. The town of Bergamo also surrendered, as well as several other places, which had revolted, and in consequence suffered great miseries. News was brought to the duke of Nemours, that the Spaniards had left all their heavy artillery and baggage at Imola, and were advancing, by forced marches, into the plain, boasting that they would form a junction with the Venetians and relieve Brescia; but I believe that, when they learned what had passed there, they changed their intentions. About this time, there lived in the town of Augsbourg a virgin, named Anne, who had arrived at the age of forty years, without eating, drinking, sleeping, or having any natural evacuations!!! by which it may be known, that she was under the especial grace of our Lord Jesus Christ,--and she had given herself up to devout contemplations. Another great wonder was seen in the city of Ravenna, where a monster was born with a horn on its head, wings of a bat, one foot like a bird of prey, the other like a human foot! It had an eye on its knee, and was of both sexes! It had a mark of a Y on its breast, and an appearance of a cross, with a crescent beneath,--which signs, according to my lords the philosophers and prognosticators, signify many things!! FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 41: Numbers were slain. Guicciardini says, about eight thousand of the inhabitants and venetian soldiers.] [Footnote 42: Sir John Paulle. Q. Giampaolo Manfrone and his son? Guicciardini mentions also as prisoners Antonio Justiniano, the Venetian governor of the town; il cavaliere della Golpe, Baldassare di Scipione, un figliuolo d'Antonio de Pii, Domenico Busecco, captain of the light cavalry. Count Luigi Avogaro was beheaded in the market-place.--See Guicciardini.] [Footnote 43: Ludovico Adanago. Q. Luigi Avogaro and his son?] CHAP. XXVI. THE DUKE OF NEMOURS DEFEATS THE UNITED ARMIES OF THE POPE, THE VENETIANS, AND THE SPANIARDS, NEAR TO RAVENNA,--BUT IS HIMSELF SLAIN, AFTER HE HAD GAINED THE VICTORY AND TOTALLY REPULSED THE ENEMY. We must now return to the wars in Italy, and elsewhere. During the Lent of the year 1512, the duke of Nemours marched his army before Ravenna, wherein that of the pope, the Venetians, and Spaniards were seeking opportunities to retaliate on the French,--and they had made great preparations for this purpose. The duke of Nemours, having had information of this, advanced thither, accompanied by many nobles and valiant captains, such as the lord de la Palisse, the lord d'Alegre and his son, the lord Jean Jacques of Trivulce, the lord de Châtillon governor of Paris, the lord de Molarc, Maugeron, La Crotte, and other officers of renown. When he had approached Ravenna, the French remained some time encamped from a scarcity of provision, and many suffered by it. Perceiving that their supplies had failed, like hardy warriors, stirred on by the eager desire of the duke of Nemours for the combat, they resolved, on the eve of Easter-day, to offer the enemy battle on the morrow, which was the feast of the Resurrection of our Lord. The French advanced boldly to the combat, having their artillery in front, which played four hours incessantly, and did great damage to the Spaniards, principally to their men at arms. Some Spaniards sallied out of their camp, and the French rushed in,--when both parties met, and two superb and bold nations might then be seen contending with courage and earnestness for the victory. Never was heard such clattering of swords and lances: the gallant duke of Nemours hastened forward, fighting most wonderfully, to encourage his men; and it was for some time uncertain which side would have the advantage,--for the Spaniards shouted at times 'Victory! Julius, Julius!' at others, the French cried out 'Victory, Nemours!' At length, the French made their enemies fly. During the battle, the lord de Molarc was killed by a cannon-shot,--a great loss to the king, for he was a valiant, and enterprising captain. He led that day the french infantry, a most courageous and steady band. La Crotte and captain Jacobs, who commanded the Lansquenets, were among the first of the slain; and their loss was a heavy blow: however, both French and Lansquenets advanced with greater courage to revenge the deaths of their captains, and pushed on until they came to where the baggage was, and some famished adventurers had already begun to knock in the heads of the casks of different wines,--when, having drank their fill, they ran away as fast as they could: not so the Spaniards, who still held on fighting,--for I can assure you, that these spanish troops were no way fainthearted, and there had not been so severe a battle fought as this for a long time. May God pardon those who were killed! The remnant of the Spaniards and Italians that escaped wandered here and there. Upwards of twenty of the great lords of Italy lay dead on the field. There were many prisoners made: in the number were Pedro de Navarre, don John de Cardona, the marquis of Pescara, Pomare, Epinose, Castinago, John Antony Vosino, the count de Montelon, the marquis de Betonde, the marquis de l'Estelle, the son to the count of Consege, and others of renown. No one knew what became of the duke du Traict,[44] who was of their company. The viceroy of Naples saved himself by flight, until he gained the seashore, and embarked for Naples. The marquis de la Padulla and the count del Popolo made good a retreat before the end of the conflict, with eleven or twelve hundred horse, as well men at arms as light cavalry, and from sixteen to seventeen-hundred infantry, the remains of their army, and saved themselves as well as they could. Numbers of Frenchmen were doubtless slain, for the Spaniards fought with the utmost bravery; and when the french men at arms returning from the pursuit, passed over the field of battle, the wounded laid hands on any swords near them, and, in the miserable state they were in on the ground, cut the legs of the horses the French were mounted on. Pope Julius was at Rome when news of this event was brought him. God knows how he bore it, for he had been a very great sufferer in that battle. The instant he heard it, he would have set off without delay, fearing that the French would follow up their victory, and come to seek him even in Rome. After this defeat, the illustrious and gallant duke of Nemours, having perceived a small body of the enemy that had not dispersed, like a magnanimous prince, but too unmindful of the signal victory God had just given him, required of the nobles and captains around him, that they would be pleased to march with him and drive them away. Some of them who, from long experience, knew the uncertainty of the chances of war, remonstrated with him on being too adventurous, and that he should remain satisfied with the success he had gained. Notwithstanding the truth of these remonstrances, he persisted in his resolution, and said aloud, 'Let all who love me, follow me.' Upon this, the lord d'Alegre, his son, Maugeron, the bastard of Cliete, seeing him thus determined and already advancing followed him. The duke of Nemours was the first to attack this body of the enemy, who were greatly superior in number; and the gallant prince performed such feats of arms as astonished them, and cleared all around his horse with such rapid and mortal blows that none dared approach him. It was a grand sight to view so young a man displaying such extraordinary courage. The enemy, observing how few the French were, and that no reinforcements were coming to them, recovered their courage and surrounded the young hero. They first killed his horse, and then fell upon him with battle-axes, pikes, and every sort of weapon, that he, and all his companions, died a glorious death. This was a most heavy loss to France, for he was a magnanimous prince, worthy to be placed on a triumphant throne in a temple of brave men. His liberality and frankness had gained him the love of the army, who would have followed him any where, even without pay,--and within four months he had gained three decisive battles. When this melancholy event was known, the lord de la Palisse and other captains hastened to revenge his loss, and put to death the whole body of the enemy that had slain the duke, the lord d'Alegre and the others, without suffering one to escape. They thence marched to besiege the city of Ravenna, which they took by storm, killed the greater part of the inhabitants, and plundered the town: there was much confusion, for it was almost entirely destroyed. When this was done, the french returned to the field of the late battle, to raise the bodies of the duke of Nemours and the other lords, to give them an honourable interment in sacred ground. The body of that most noble prince and viceroy of Italy, was carried in mournful triumph to Milan, from the ground where he had fallen, to be magnificently interred becoming so great a prince. The body of the duke of Nemours arrived at Milan the 26th of April, in the year 1412, preceded by all the prisoners taken at the battle of Ravenna. The banners, guidons, and standards the French had so valiantly conquered, as well from the Italians as from the Venetians and Spaniards, and of the different lords who had fallen in this battle, were borne before him, which added joy intermixed with grief at this mournful interment. Great order was observed in the procession,--and it was a triumphantly melancholy spectacle. The nobles and captains were in deep mourning,--and there was no heart so hard not to weep on seeing his body thus carried untimely to the grave. His pages and attendants led his horses of parade and for war: his helmet and victorious sword, as lieutenant general for the king, were borne before the body. In short, those of his army who attended the funeral were loud in their lamentations; for they had always found him liberal and courteous, and never sparing of his own personal efforts in war. The principal inhabitants and churchmen of Milan came out to meet the body, dressed in mourning cloaks and hoods, with a blaze of lighted torches, on which were the arms of the deceased emblazoned. The body, surrounded by two hundred of the choicest lances in the army and a numerous escort of infantry, was conducted, with great pomp of grief, to the cathedral, where a most solemn service was performed for the repose of his soul. Think how great must have been the sorrow of the king and queen, when they heard of this sad event at Blois, for they loved him as if he had been their own child; and I can assert for truth, that those who had never seen him bewailed his loss, on the reports they had heard of his uncommon virtues and gallantry. May God receive his soul! FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 44: Duke du Traict. Q. Utrecht?] CHAP. XXVII. ON THE DEPARTURE OF THE FRENCH FROM ITALY, THE SWISS TAKE THE TOWN OF MILAN AND OTHER PLACES HELD BY THE KING OF FRANCE. After this battle of Ravenna, where, as well as in the preceding ones, great quantities of human blood were shed, principally of the Italians and their allies,--but also of the French, and of some of the noblest families, by which many ladies and damsels in France became widows and orphans. The generals, or at least those who had the management of the finances for the army, imagined that, by the happy event of this battle, all Italy was subdued, as far as Rome, if not farther, and disbanded great bodies of infantry at the very time when they should have sought reinforcements, to garrison the towns and castles that had been lately conquered. When this conduct was noticed by certain bloodsuckers and turbulent spirits, they collected troops in divers parts, to endeavour to regain honour by attacking the French; for, seeing them dispersed in their garrisons, they were aware that courage, when disunited, is not so much to be dreaded as when in a collective body. The holy father the pope, smarting from the losses he had suffered from the French, three times excited the Swiss-cantons to rise in arms against them, for they had of late been neglected by the king of France. They chiefly depend, for their maintenance, on pensions from kings and princes,--and the pope having made the bishop of Sion a cardinal, he was an active and able tool, by his public preachings and intrigues, to prevail on them to comply with the wishes of his holiness. Maximilian also, having turned his coat, was to allow them an entrance to Italy through his territories of the Veronese and elsewhere. The Spaniards likewise assembled from various parts of Italy; and they all advanced toward Milan, whence the government had been withdrawn to France, so that the poor Milanese were in despair, and knew not how to act. However, the French having left them, they, as usual, fell in with the strongest, and the enemy was admitted into the town. The castle was held by the French, under the command of the lord de Louvain; and other castles were also in their possession: that of Brescia was held by the lord d'Aubigny. When the French were returning from Italy, a sharp skirmish took place at a bridge near to Pavia, between a small body of french adventurers and the enemy, and they were inhumanly treated by the townsmen. Among others of their villanous acts, I shall mention one. A Frenchman, unable to keep up with the rest, was met by an inhabitant of Pavia, who said to him, 'My friend, I love the french nation: come, I beg of you, to my house, and I will save you from being killed.' The poor adventurer, confiding in his fair words, followed him; but he was no sooner within his doors than he treated him most brutally, cut off his private parts, and thrust him into the street in his shirt, bawling aloud, 'Here is another Frenchman!' on which numbers rushed out of their doors, and hacked him to pieces with their swords. There was another inhabitant of Pavia who had even devoured the heart of a Frenchman, by way of revenge. I am persuaded that all the evils that have befallen Italy have been caused by their wickedness, and infamous practices similar to those of Sodom and Gomorrah. The air would be infected, were I to recite them. May God amend them, and all others! On the other hand, the French have a shameful custom (which was increased when in Italy) of blaspheming our LORD JESUS CHRIST, and our Lady, with divers indecent oaths, in which they seem to take pleasure. God may, perhaps, have been angered by such detestable blasphemies, and by that great vanity with which the French are always filled, and suffered them to experience the late unfortunate reverses, to show that from Him alone come victories and good fortune. The French, on leaving Italy, were in a great alarm,--and they were so rejoiced when returned to France, they attributed it to the favour of Heaven. Such are the chances of this world. In this year of 1512, pope Julius, returning evil for good, was violently animated against the French; and having partly accomplished his wish of being the chief cause of their expulsion from Italy, died at Rome in the ninth year of his pontificate. May God pardon him! About this time, a truce was concluded between the kings of France and of Arragon, for a certain space of time. Leo X. was now the reigning pope: he was consecrated at Rome the successor of pope Julius II. Leo was a native of Florence, of very wealthy, and renowned parents. His father was Lorenzo de Medici, to whose family Louis XI., king of France, had granted permission to add the three flowers de luce to their armorial bearings[45]. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 45: I must refer the reader, for further particulars of the french wars in Italy, to Guicciardini and other italian historians, and to Mr. Roscoe's lives of Lorenzo de Medici and of Leo X. The grant of Louis XI. to the Medici, to bear the arms of France, is in the appendix to Comines.] CHAP. XXVIII. OF THE WAR IN GUIENNE.--THE KING OF FRANCE SENDS SUCCOURS TO THE KING OF NAVARRE.--THE KING OF ENGLAND MAKES PREPARATIONS TO INVADE FRANCE.--A SEA-FIGHT BETWEEN TWO LARGE ENGLISH AND FRENCH SHIPS. It was not long before a war broke out in Guienne, or rather in Navarre; which kingdom the king of Arragon had entered, and taken the town of Pampeluna, with others belonging to the king of Navarre, under pretence of being heir to that crown in right of his wife, sister to the late duke of Nemours count of Foix, slain after the battle of Ravenna. The good king of Navarre[46], in consequence, demanded succour from the king of France, to recover the places he had lost. Louis XII., considering how faithful an ally he had always been, ordered a large body of men at arms and infantry to his assistance, under the command of the duke of Longueville and Dunois. This war was very expensive to the king of France, for the army remained long without striking a blow. In addition to this, the English, excited by the king of Arragon, as well as by a desire to regain Guienne, which they claimed as an inheritance, made a landing near to Roncevaux and St John Pied du Port,--but not being able to effect a junction with the Spaniards, they returned[47]. In the year 1513, Henry king of England, son to king Henry VII. who, by the aid of Charles VIII. king of France, succeeded peaceably to the crown of England after the death of Richard of York, instead of being grateful, for such services, to the king of France, although his late father had charged him, on his deathbed, to do nothing against that king, if he wished to prosper, instantly on the death of his father acted directly contrary. King Henry, equally eager with his subjects to invade France, sent an embassy to the lady Margaret, governess of Flanders, to obtain armour, stores, and artillery, particularly thirteen large cannons, which he had ordered to be cast in Flanders. These articles were immediately delivered, in return for a large sum of angels that remained behind,--for it had been long since they had circulated in any other country than their own. A secret treaty was, at the same time, concluded between Henry and the archduke,--which having secured him the aid of the Flemings, he continued to make his preparations for the invasion of France without interruption. He sent his fleet, under the command of the lord admiral[48] to cruize on the coasts of Brittany, who was himself on board a vessel of prodigious size. The french saw this armament with sorrow, for they had not a fleet able to cope with it; but a valiant sea-captain, named Primaugay, embarked on board a large ship called La Cordeliere, which the queen of France had lately built at an immense expense. He put to sea, and boldly attacked the english admiral in the great ship called The Regent, when a bloody combat took place. After some time, the Cordeliere set the Regent on fire, which having gained the powder-magazine, she blew up, with all within her. Primaugay, seeing it impossible to save his ship, as they were grappled together, leapt into the sea, armed as he was, and perished: it was a pity, for he was a bold and enterprising man[49]. These two large ships were burnt; but the rest of the fleet returned in safety to England, to report the unfortunate news to the king, who was much vexed thereat, and not without reason. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 46: The good king of Navarre--was of so indolent a character that his queen, a woman of high spirit, told him, 'Had _you_ been mademoiselle Catherine, and _I_ don John, we had never lost our realm.' Henault.] [Footnote 47: Henry VIII. was the dupe of Ferdinand of Arragon. The english forces landed at Guipi-coa, under the command of the marquis of Dorset, but were never joined by the Spaniards to unite in the siege of Bayonne. The English returned, having gained nothing but disgrace, while Ferdinand possessed himself of the kingdom of Navarre.] [Footnote 48: The lord admiral,--sir Edward Howard. Sir Edward Knivet commanded the Regent.] [Footnote 49: In Henry's Hist. of England, it is said that both ships took fire, and perished, with all on board, to the number of seventeen hundred men; that the rest of the fleets, consisting of twenty-five sail English, and thirty-nine French, separated in consternation, as if by mutual consent, without further fighting.] CHAP. XXIX. THE KING OF ENGLAND DISEMBARKS WITH HIS WHOLE ARMY AT CALAIS.--THE FRENCH ARE DEFEATED BY THE SWISS, AT NOVARA. When the king of England had completed his preparations, he put to sea with his army, disembarked at Calais, and thence, with part of it, marched strait for Flanders. Had he then been attacked, the perplexities that ensued afterwards would have been avoided. At the same time, the king of France had collected an army for the recovery of the Milanese, under the command of the lord de la Trimouille, Jean Jacques de Trivulce, sir Robert de la Marche, the lord of Albany and others,--but the lord de la Trimouille was commander in chief. This army crossed the Alps, and entered Piedmont, where it halted for the arrival of the rear and baggage, and then pushed forward toward Novara, in which place was a body of Swiss. The French, supposing them not very numerous, determined to attack them, which they did; but the evening before, a very large reinforcement of Swiss had joined their countrymen in Novara, which the French were ignorant of. A battle, however, ensued, when the French defeated the van of the enemy; but such numbers of Swiss now poured in on all sides, the French were thunderstruck, and hastily retreated to Turin: some, however, of their infantry, stood their ground, and died valiantly,--and the son of the lord de la Marche shone pre-eminent for his valour. The Swiss gained a considerable park of artillery, which the lord de la Marche had brought thither, and great part of the baggage. The king of France, on hearing of this event, ordered the remainder of the army home, and sent part of it into Guienne, where the illustrious lord of Bourbon had the command of an army, with many nobles and able captains under him, to carry on the war in Navarre. He had there a fine camp, and a variety of skirmishes took place on both sides. The king afterwards sent the next heir to the crown, the duke of Valois and count of Angoulême, accompanied by numbers of gentlemen, to take the command of this army and camp, where they remained a long time,--but nothing of importance was done, and they returned to France. The king then sent them into Picardy to oppose the English, who were advancing toward Therouenne. The lord de Longueville died immediately on his return from Guienne. In this year, there was an appearance in the heavens, visible in Piedmont, of three suns, three moons, with various figures of circles and bows, of different colours, and a white cross in the center. These were terrible presages,--and I believe that it was a year of wonders. About this time, the king sent the lord de la Trimouille into Swisserland; but the cantons would not agree to any conference until they should receive a certain sum of money, which was paid them. The conferences now took place; and the lord de la Trimouille staid long among them, giving great gifts, in hopes to gain them over to the interests of France; but after they had received large sums of money, they dismissed him. He returned through Burgundy, to have some of the towns of that province put into a good state of defence, to resist the Swiss, who had determined to attack them. The Swiss, in consequence of the resolutions they had formed, entered Burgundy, and committed great destruction wherever they passed. By rapid marches, they came before Dijon, into which the lord de la Trimouille had thrown himself; but with the few men at arms and infantry with him, it was impossible to resist such a deluge of Swiss. However, he ordered as many things as could be carried away or drove off, to be brought into Dijon. The Swiss, on coming before Dijon, saluted the town with a large train of artillery, that battered and damaged the walls and houses; but the lord de la Trimouille, being well advised, held a parley with some of the Swiss leaders, and agreed to pay them down one hundred thousand golden crowns, on their marching back into Swisserland, without doing more damages to the country, which was executed. CHAP. XXX. A BODY OF FRENCH ON THEIR RETURN FROM VICTUALLING THEROUENNE, BESIEGED BY THE ENGLISH AND HAINAULTERS, ARE ATTACKED AND PUT TO FLIGHT. The king of France marched in person to Picardy, and advanced as far as Amiens, where he was magnificently received by those of the town and country. Thence he sent the duke of Valois, as his lieutenant-general, to command the camp against the English, and to order whatever measures he should think advisable for the victualling of Therouenne. This town was then besieged by the king of the Romans, the king of England, and a number of flemish lords, and particularly by a body of Hainaulters, who had posted themselves in a fort near the town, and thence battered it with heavy artillery. The garrison and townsmen defended the place valiantly, but they were in the utmost distress from want of provision, and a convoy was ordered to supply their necessities, under the command of the lord de Longueville. He executed this order punctually by throwing in all his supplies; but on his retreat, he fell unexpectedly into an ambuscade,--for his men, not suspecting any such stratagem, were marching very disorderly, and amusing themselves by playing in the fields. On the enemy sallying from their ambush, the French were panicstruck, and began to fly, notwithstanding all attempts of their officers to prevent them. In consequence, the lord de Longueville, the captain Bayard, the lord de Bussy, and many more captains of renown were made prisoners, some of whom were carried to England, and their liberty set at a very high ransom[50]. During this time, the king of France sent orders to the governor of Paris to have all the companies of tradesmen, and of other descriptions, mustered. This was done, and several companies were richly accoutred, well armed, and in uniforms. The numbers were found to be very great, according to the report made by the commissaries who had been sent thither for this purpose. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 50: This was called The Battle of Spurs from the French making more use of them than of their swords.] CHAP. XXXI. THE KING OF SCOTLAND ENTERS ENGLAND WITH A POWERFUL ARMY.--HE IS SLAIN.--PEACE CONCLUDED BETWEEN THE KING OF FRANCE AND THE VENETIANS. While king Henry of England was engaged in his war abroad, the noble and gallant king of Scotland invaded England with a large army, on pretence of a claim to that crown in right of his queen, and also from his alliance with the king of France, to make a diversion in his favour, now he was attacked, and force his enemies to quit France to avoid greater inconveniences. The king of Scotland, on entering England, did great mischiefs. A battle took place, in which very many English fell, as well as Scots,--but the greatest loss to France was the death of the king of Scotland, who was killed valiantly fighting. It is rare to find such friends as will put their lives and fortunes to the chance of war in the support of a friend, especially when absent[51]. The Scots gained the field, although numbers of them were slain,--for as both nations had been long desirous of coming to blows, it may be supposed that hard ones were exchanged on each side. May God pardon those who fell![52] On Friday, the 3d of June, in the year 1513, peace was published on the marble table in the palace, between the most Christian king Louis XII. and the republic of Venice, and between them and their successors for ever. By this treaty, the gallant knights sir Bartholomew d'Alviano and sir Andrew Gritti, with others, obtained their liberty; and the king made them many rich gifts on their departure. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 51: James professed himself the knight of Anne of Bretagne, queen of France, who wrote him an heroic letter to claim his assistance, sending him, at the same time, a ring off her finger and 14,000 francs. Andrews.] [Footnote 52: The celebrated battle of Flodden,--of late well known from Mr. W. Scott's beautiful poem of Marmion.] CHAP. XXXII. THE TOWNS OF THEROUENNE AND TOURNAY SURRENDER TO THE ENGLISH ON CAPITULATION. To return to the wars of the English in Picardy:--they were long encamped before Therouenne, and made several attacks on it; but those within the town showed good courage, and defended it valiantly: at length provision again failed them, and they were forced to capitulate for its surrender. The enemy entered Therouenne, but did not keep the promises they had made; for they had no sooner gained admission than they began to ill-treat and plunder the poor inhabitants, insomuch that they were obliged to seek out another place for a habitation, which was great pity; but this did not satisfy the enemy, for they burnt part of the town, and threw down the walls to the ground. We must not be astonished that the English so boldly invaded France, particularly Picardy, considering the evident good understanding that subsisted between them and the Flemings, who at this day raise their hands and tell those of Tournay that they have never changed sides, notwithstanding they had settled the chapter _de Venditionibus_, before the English would embark. This was not handsomely done in them, considering they had a resident lord,--and they have derogated shamefully from their former engagements: should they, therefore, find themselves the worse for it, they have only themselves to thank. Shortly after the English had gained Therouenne by capitulation, they advanced before Tournay, which was surrendered to them by the principal inhabitants, according to an agreement among themselves, without striking a blow[53]. The king of England and the king of the Romans, after these conquests, returned to their own countries, leaving a garrison in Tournay. The king of France likewise quitted Picardy, with his queen, and went to Blois. While the war was carrying on in Picardy, and a little before the siege of Therouenne, an engagement at sea took place between Pregent, a french captain, and the lord Howard, lord-admiral of England, on the 22nd and 25th days of April. Pregent, thinking to join the french fleet in Brest harbour, was met at sea, on the vigil of St George's day, by a fleet of forty or fifty sail, and was instantly attacked by two galeasses and four or five other vessels. The combat lasted two hours, with great slaughter on both sides; but at length the English were forced to retire, with the loss of two vessels sunk. On the Monday following, which was the feast of St Mark, Pregent and his fleet fell in again with that of the English, amounting to twenty or thirty vessels, and about thirty large boats. The galley of Pregent was attacked by two galeasses and three ships, but he fought well,--and all on board the first galeass were killed by pikes, or drove into the sea, excepting two prisoners, one of whom was thrown overboard. In this combat, sir Edward Howard was killed, whose body was embalmed to carry to England for interment[54]. The captains of the other ships, seeing that these five vessels had not made any impression on the galley of Pregent, whom they had courageously attacked, held a council, and afterwards made sail, leaving the sea open to Pregent. A large fleet had been collected at Honnefleur, to attack the king of England as he crossed the channel, and cut off his return; but when they were at sea, a violent storm arose that separated this fleet, and some of the vessels were sunk. The winter of this year was very long and severe, so that the Seine and other rivers were frozen hard enough for carriages to pass over them with safety; and when the thaw came, numbers of houses and mills were destroyed by the floods. About this time, news was brought that the Swiss had intentions of again entering Burgundy, when the king ordered thither the lord of Bourbon with a large force of men at arms, infantry, and artillery,--but the Swiss did not come. This same year, the garrisons that had guarded different places in Italy returned to France, in consequence of the treaty concluded with the Swiss before Dijon,--namely, those from the castle of Milan; the lord of Aubigny, his lance on his thigh, with his garrison, from the castle of Brescia. When these garrisons marched away, the Spaniards took possession of the castles, which the Venetians thought had been done for them; but when the Spaniards had established themselves securely, they chaunted to the Venetians the Evangile des Vierges. Such are the chances of war. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 53: I believe this town was gained by a ruse de guerre. Henry drew up before the walls a large train of what appeared battering cannon, (but were only of wood painted, and are now shown in the Tower) which frightened the inhabitants into an instant surrender. This is the popular story.] [Footnote 54: Sir Edward Howard boarded Pregent's ship, although it was sheltered by the rocks of Conquet lined with cannon, accompanied only by Carroz, a spanish knight, and seventeen Englishmen. Overpowered by numbers, Howard was forced overboard by pikes, and perished in the waves. Andrews.] CHAP. XXXIII. OF THE DEATH AND INTERMENT OF THE MOST CHRISTIAN QUEEN OF FRANCE, ANNE OF BRITTANY. At the time of the arrival of the above unfortunate intelligence, the most noble queen of France, Anne duchess of Brittany, &c. lay dangerously ill at the castle of Blois. This was on the 2d day of January,--and her illness so much increased that the good lady, on Monday the 9th instant, departed this life, most devoutly, in the faith of JESUS CHRIST, our sovereign Lord, to whom she most humbly resigned her soul. Great lamentations and grief were shown for this loss. When the body had been embalmed, it was put into a rich coffin, and carried, with an immense number of lighted torches, from Blois to the abbey of St Denis, where it was interred with the usual honours due to her rank, and followed with the tears of all her officers and attendants. The funeral service was solemn and magnificent, becoming such a lady, whose soul may God pardon! In the month of April of this year 1513, and just before Easter, a truce was proclaimed in Paris between the kings of France and of Arragon. CHAP. XXXIV. THE KING OF FRANCE MARRIES THE PRINCESS MARY, SISTER TO KING HENRY OF ENGLAND.--FRANCIS DUKE OF VALOIS AND COUNT OF ANGOULESME MARRIES THE PRINCESS CLAUDE, DAUGHTER TO THE KING OF FRANCE.--THE NEW QUEEN MAKES HER PUBLIC ENTRY INTO FRANCE. After the funeral of the late queen of France, the king came to Paris, and was lodged at the hôtel of the Tournelles, and would not that any one should appear in his presence but in mourning. He sent for his two daughters, the princesses Claude and Renée, who were conducted to him from Blois by madame d'Angoulême, and shortly after summoned the princes and great barons of his realm to a council on the present state of affairs, and respecting a peace with England. In consequence of what had been resolved on in this council, the king sent, as his ambassadors to king Henry, the governor of Normandy, the president of Rouen, and the lord Longueville, then a prisoner of war in England, was added to them, to treat of a peace. While this was passing, the king was taken very ill at the castle of Vincennes, and had ordered, for his recovery, that 'O Salutaris Hostia,' should be chaunted daily in all the churches of France, at the elevation of the holy sacrament, which had been of the utmost benefit to him. On his recovery, the king went thence to St Germain en Laye, to recreate himself, and to temper the melancholy of his mourning; for it was a pleasant country, interspersed with woods and dales, and full of game. Much public business was transacted during the king's stay at Saint Germain; and a marriage was concluded between the duke of Valois, count of Angoulême, and the princess Claude. They were married in their mourning, in the chapel of the castle, in the presence of the king, the princes of the blood, and many others of high rank, on the 18th of May, in the year 1513. About this period, and before the king had quitted St Germain en Laye, his ambassadors sent him intelligence of their having concluded a peace with England, on condition of his marrying the princess Mary. King Henry sent ambassadors to Paris, to confirm the marriage between king Louis and his sister, and to ratify the treaty of peace that had been agreed on between the two kingdoms, which was now publicly proclaimed in both realms. On Monday the 16th of August, in this year, a grand procession was made from the great hall of the palace, with trumpets and clarions, when the herald, called Mont-joye, proclaimed a magnificent tournament to be holden at Paris, by the duke of Valois, Brittany, and count of Angoulême, to which he invited all princes, lords, and gentlemen to assist. It was about this time that the princess Mary was escorted to France by many of the great nobles of England, in company with the lords of France who had gone thither to attend on her. The king left Paris, with his court, and went as far as Abbeville to meet the new queen, where she arrived on the 8th of October, and made her public entry very triumphantly, attended by the duke of Valois and numbers of nobles, as well English as French, all most richly dressed, with large golden chains, especially the English. The queen was most handsomely attired, and seated in a brilliant car: in short, the whole was a beautiful sight. She was preceded by a body of two hundred english archers, gallantly accoutred, with their bows in hand, and quivers full of arrows. The king, hearing of her coming, mounted his horse, and, attended by his nobles, rode out into the plain, under pretence of hawking, but it was to meet her; and on his approaching her, he kissed her on horseback, paying her many fair compliments, as he knew well how to do. Her reception in Abbeville was most honourable,--and the inhabitants exerted themselves who should surpass the other in testifying their joy at her arrival. On the morrow, the feast of St Denis, the king of France was married to the princess Mary of England. She was most magnificently dressed, with an immense quantity of diamonds and precious stones. A singular banquet succeeded, with a great variety of all sorts of amusements. Having staid a few days in Abbeville to solace themselves, they set out for Paris; and through the towns of Picardy they passed, the greatest honours were paid them. In every town, the queen gave liberty to the prisoners, by the king's command. On their arrival at St Denis, the ceremony of the queen's coronation took place, which was very splendid, and numerously attended by archbishops, bishops, and nobility. Monday, the 6th of November, the queen made her triumphant entry into the city of Paris--the clergy, courts of parliament, of exchequer, &c. and all the municipal officers, with crowds of people, having gone out in procession to meet her. She was seated on a rich litter, adorned with precious stones, and escorted by the duke of Valois, the lord of Alençon, the lord of Bourbon, the lord of Vendôme, his brother the lord Francis, Louis de Nevers, with other great lords, as well of England as of France, prelates and churchmen. Her litter was followed by those of the princess Claude, duchess of Valois, madame d'Angoulême, madame de Vendôme, madame de Nevers, and other princesses of both kingdoms. Thus was she conducted to the church of Nôtre Dame, and took the usual oaths: she thence proceeded to the royal palace, where a most splendid banquet was provided. The king and queen lay that night at the royal palace, which served to shorten his days. CHAP. XXXV. OF THE TILTS PERFORMED AT PARIS.--THE DEATH AND INTERMENT OF LOUIS XII. KING OF FRANCE. The next day, the king and queen went to the Tournelles, to see the tournaments, that had been before proclaimed. At the entrance of the lists was a triumphal arch surmounted with the shields of arms of the king and queen: below them were the emblazoned shields of the lords and princes, the tenants and defendants of the lists. The duke of Valois was the chief tenant, with his assistants,--and many gallant courses were ran with lances, to the advantage of some, and to the loss of others. In short, it was a handsome spectacle, and all in compliment to, and for the love of, queen Mary; but her popularity would not have lasted long, for although the poor people were already heavily taxed, yet the king intended, had he lived longer, to have greatly increased the taxes. After these justs and tourneys, the king carried the queen to St Germain en Laye, where they spent some time, leading as joyous a life as he was able. He thence returned to his palace of the Tournelles at Paris, and was taken so dangerously ill that he made preparations becoming a good Christian, and rendered his soul to God on the 1st day of January, in the year 1514. His body was aromatically embalmed, and lay in state some days at the Tournelles, where every body went to see it who pleased. The usual ceremonies on such occasions were then performed, but it would be tiresome to detail them. Some days after, the body was carried to the church of Nôtre Dame, and placed in a chapel that had been purposely erected in the choir,--and a solemn service was performed by the bishop of Paris. The next day it was borne to a cross near to St Denis, where the abbot and his monks of St Denis met it, and was, by them, interred with great pomp, amidst the tears of his officers and domestics. He was buried beside his queen, Anne of Brittany. May God receive their souls! The principal mourners were the lord of Alençon, the lord of Bourbon, the lord of Vendôme, and other princes and great lords. It is of some moment when a king or great prince dies, who may, perhaps, have caused the deaths of numbers of human creatures like themselves; for I believe that in the other world they will have enough to do, more especially respecting this circumstance, that a poor man, with six or seven small children, not worth twenty sols in the world, shall be taxed from ten to twenty sols, and when the collector shall come to receive the tax, finding the man worth nothing, and without means of raising the money, he commits him to prison, where he languishes out his days. Now I would like to have shown any written law for this injustice; but no one will attempt so to do, because every one is eager to push himself forward in this world. May God assist the poor people! CHAP. XXXVI. FRANCIS I. KING OF FRANCE, IS CONSECRATED AT RHEIMS.--HE MAKES HIS PUBLIC ENTRY INTO PARIS.--HE LEAVES FRANCE TO ATTACK THE SWISS, IN THE MILANESE, WHO HAVE TAKEN POSSESSION OF THAT DUCHY. After the death of Louis XII. Francis, the first of the name, succeeded him on the throne as the fifty-seventh king of France. He set out from Paris, to be consecrated king in the cathedral of Rheims, according to the custom of his ancestors kings of France, and was there anointed with the holy oil on the 25th day of January, in the year 1514. The twelve peers of France, or their substitutes, were present exercising their functions in the usual manner on such occasions. Madame d'Angoulême, the king's mother, was present at the ceremony, accompanied by madame de Bourbon, madame de Vendôme, and other ladies and damsels. The king went from Rheims to be crowned at St Denis, and, on his return, made triumphal public entries into Laon, Noyon, Compiègne, Senlis, and other towns. He continued his way toward Paris, very grandly attended, and made the most brilliant public entry into that city that had ever been seen. The accoutrements and trappings of the horses were of wrought silver, with frized cloth of gold; and, to sum up the whole in few words, the lords and gentlemen, with their horses, were covered with cloth of gold: some had their dresses interwrought with solid silver. The king entered in triumph, dressed magnificently: the trappings of his horse were of worked silver, and his attendants equipped in cloth of silver brocade. He went, as usual, to the royal palace, where a sumptuous banquet had been prepared, with a numerous band of trumpets and clarions; after which, a grand tournament was held in the rue St Antoine, when the king acquitted himself most gallantly. A treaty was concluded between the king of France and the archduke, and a marriage agreed on between the archduke and the princess Renée, daughter to the late king, Louis XII. by the count of Nassau, and other ambassadors dispatched for this purpose. The count of Nassau was also betrothed to the daughter of the prince of Orange, whom he afterwards married. At this time, the duke of Bourbon was made constable of France,--and while the king remained at Paris, the duke of Suffolk espoused the queen-dowager of France, sister to Henry king of England. That king had sent the duke of Suffolk to France,--and when he carried his queen to England, he was grandly accompanied by the highest of the nobility. Thus was confirmed the peace between the two kingdoms. At this time also, the king of France sent to seek Pedro de Navarre, a prisoner of war, whom he set at liberty, gave him many rich gifts, and the command of a large body of men. When all these marriages, and other matters, had been concluded, the king celebrated the feast of Easter in Paris, and then, with his queen and court, went by water as far as Montereau-faut-Yonne. He thence went, on the 1st of May, to a small castle called Egreville, where were some justings, and proceeded to Montargis and Briare, where he embarked on the Loire for Amboise. He made a public entry into all the towns he passed,--namely, Mehun, Montereau, Montargis, Blois, Amboise, and other small towns, where every honour was paid him. While he was hunting at Amboise, a thorn pierced his leg, through boot and hose, and gave him such pain that he was for a time very ill.--During his residence at Amboise, the lord de Lorraine was married to mademoiselle de Bourbon, sister to the constable of France. Great feasts were displayed on the occasion, and the court of the donjon of the castle was covered with an awning of cloth, to keep off the rays of the sun. In the evening of that day were great maskings and mummeries, with morris-dancers richly dressed, and divers pastimes. These feastings being over, the king departed, very early one morning, for Romorantin[55], where he was also grandly entertained by the lady, his mother. While with her, he received intelligence that the Swiss had entered Dauphiny, near to Briançon, and burnt a village close to Château Dauphin; on which, he took a hasty leave of his mother, and set off suddenly for Bourges, where he made a public entry. The king departed, on the morrow, in haste, for Moulins, where the duchess of Bourbon handsomely received him,--and his entry was splendid for so small a town; for there were triumphant cars, filled with the handsomest ladies of the country, representations of ships and wild beasts, mounted by the beauties of the town, who preceded the king on his entry. The king left Moulins for Lyon, where a most magnificent entry was prepared for him. He gave there his final orders respecting the provision and stores, which were in a state of forwardness to be transported over the Alps, for the prosecution of the war in the Milanese. During his absence in Italy, he nominated his mother, the duchess of Anjou and Maine, countess of Angoulême, &c. regent of the kingdom. Shortly after, the king departed from Lyon, and went to Grenoble, where he made a handsome entry, and staid there until his preparations should be completed. About this period, the young son of Frederic late king of Naples died: he had already commenced a warlike career; and had he lived I believe he would have made a figure as a warrior, for he was very courageous and virtuous. When the king set out from Grenoble, he passed through Embrun, although his army, or the greater part, had taken the road through the small town of Duissant, for there had been formed stores of provision on all that line of march. The king halted at Guillestre[56], and afterward at Saint Paul[57], and then traversed a road so bad that it was thought no man had ever before attempted it. Great difficulties attended this march, and the poor infantry suffered much; for as the artillery was to pass this road, the cannon were dismounted, and dragged by men over the rocks. During this time, the pope had sent fifteen hundred horse, well appointed, under the command of Prospero Colonna, to join the forces of Maximilian, in the hope of surprising the king before he could pass the mountains; but Prospero, ignorant how near he was to the French, or that they had succeeded in passing the Alps, had halted at a town in Piedmont called Villa-franca[58]. Of this circumstance, a peasant of that country had informed one of the king's gentlemen, named the lord de la Morette, and that, as Prospero was quite unsuspicious of the French being so near, it would be easy to surprise him. The lord de la Morette lost no time to carry this news to the marshal de la Palisse, the lord d'Aubigny, the lord d'Imbercourt, Bayard and others, who all instantly agreed to follow the lord d'Imbercourt in the attempt to surprise Colonna. He had sent forward one of his archers to reconnoitre, who reported, that as Colonna and his men were just sitting down to dinner, and entirely off their guard, an immediate attack would be necessary: d'Imbercourt sent, therefore, to hasten the march of La Palisse and the others. Notwithstanding this, d'Imbercourt boldly advanced to enter Villa Franca,--when as his trumpet was within the gates, and had sounded his charge, his horse's neck was inclosed within them; but the men at arms came to his relief, by crossing their lances over the horse, and put to death all who had opposed them at the gate. They galloped up the streets, shouting out 'France, France!' and advanced to where Colonna was at dinner: a sharp conflict now took place,--but the lord de la Palisse and the others arrived, who soon ended it, by making Colonna prisoner, and slaying great numbers of his men. All his baggage was pillaged, and very many fine horses gained that were in the stables of the town. Prospero Colonna was carried, with the other prisoners, to the king of France, and thence sent into confinement at the castle of Montagu, belonging to the lord de la Palisse. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 55: Romorantin,--15 leagues from Amboise, 11 from Blois.] [Footnote 56: Guillestre,--near Mont-Dauphin, in Dauphiny.] [Footnote 57: St Paul,--a village in Dauphiny.] [Footnote 58: Villa-franca,--16 miles SSW. of Turin.] CHAP. XXXVII. THE KING OF FRANCE PURSUES THE SWISS WITH HIS WHOLE ARMY.--THE TOWN AND CASTLE OF NOVARA SURRENDER TO THE KING. The pope, when he heard of the defeat of Prospero Colonna and his army, and that he was sent prisoner to France, was very much surprised, and not without reason; for he never had imagined that the king of France would attempt to cross the Alps where he had, and for some time would not believe it. The Swiss cantoned at Susa, Villaine, Rivoli and other parts, hearing of what had passed at Villa-franca, retreated toward Milan followed by the French as far as Turin, whence the duke of Savoy came out to meet the king, and gave him a handsome reception. The king, having received from the duke of Savoy five large pieces of artillery, continued his pursuit of the Swiss who had passed the Po in an extraordinary hurry,--for they had no boats, nor any means but cords to drag their artillery and baggage over, with which they marched day and night. They burnt the castle of Chivazzo, and part of that small town, belonging to the duke of Savoy, which lay on their line of march, killing many of the inhabitants and plundering the town, because they would not afford them provision, nor allow them a passage through Chivazzo. Some of the Swiss were slain, that had remained behind to pillage. In this interval, the lord de Prie, with a body of Genoese, arrived at Alexandria and other towns, which he sacked, although their inhabitants had fled,--but they were deserving of punishment for the many tricks they had before played the French. The french army kept pursuing the Swiss, who seemed inclined to march to Jurea[59], but, turning short, entered Novara. The king arrived with his army at Vercelli[60], where it was rumoured that an agreement would take place between the king and Swiss. The lord bastard of Savoy and the lord de Lautrec, with others, were charged with this commission; but notwithstanding this, the king continued his march after the Swiss, who had quitted Novara, and taken the road to Milan. He was now joined by a considerable reinforcement of Lansquenets, called The Black Band[61], very well equipped. The king advanced to Novara, which was instantly assaulted by Pedro de Navarre and others, and surrendered to the king's obedience. In the absence of the king, his queen was brought to bed, at Amboise, of a fair daughter, who was christened Louisa,--and soon afterwards, her portrait was sent to him, while engaged in his Italian campaign. The surrender of the town and castle of Novara saved them from pillage, by the king's commands,--who pursuing his march toward Milan, went to Bufalora. Here the agreement between the king and Swiss was made public, which had been accomplished by means of a large sum of money paid down, according to a promise made them by the king. The Swiss, in consequence, swore fidelity to him, and signed the treaty,--but which they did not keep, notwithstanding their oaths and engagements, but falsified both. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 59: Jurea,--on the great Dora in Piedmont.] [Footnote 60: Vercelli,--30 miles SW. of Milan, 38 NE. of Turin.] [Footnote 61: Black band,--under the command of Ruberta della Marchia, from lower Germany. Guicciardini. I must refer the reader to Guicciardini, &c. for further details of these wars in Italy.] CHAP. XXXVIII. THE KING OF FRANCE DEFEATS THE SWISS ARMY AT MARIGNANO[62], ON THE FEAST-DAY OF THE EXALTATION OF THE CROSS.--OF THE CRUEL BATTLE AND SLAUGHTER OF THE FRENCH AND SWISS. The king of France, thinking that he had secured the Swiss by the payment of the sum agreed on between them and the lord de Lautrec, marched his army to Marignano, beyond Milan; but it was not long before he found that he had miscalculated on their keeping the promises they had made him. In the interval between the signing of the late treaty and the payment of the money, the Swiss had resolved to surprise the king's army,--induced thereto by the remonstrances and preachments of the cardinal of Sion, who had corrupted them at the instigation of the emperor Maximilian, and of the inhabitants of the Milanese, who had given them corslets and other armour, together with the fairest promises. The Swiss believing that they would be joined by every Italian, and that, if successful, they might acquire territories of a great extent in a fertile country, and be feared and redoubted by all the world, caused them to act in the treacherous manner they did. The king learning that the Swiss were turned against him, was much mortified; for he concluded, that at that moment they were receiving the money agreed on. However, like a hardy knight, he was not cast down, but gave his orders for the forming of his army, to receive the enemy with the most advantage. While thus employed, news was brought him that a large body of infantry, well armed had marched out of Milan, to join the Swiss in the meditated attack against him. In fact, about three or four o'clock in that afternoon, the Swiss advanced on the king's army, but were received with such valour that many were more inclined to seek for a retreat than to persevere in the combat. The king, who commanded the main body, on seeing the Swiss advance, charged them in person, attended by his gentlemen, and defeated one band. The french volunteers now placed themselves in the position of the Lansquenets, who had in part turned their backs; but they must not be blamed for this, for they had before heard of the agreement made with the Swiss, and, without any explanation, had been led on to an unexpected battle, which made them believe that they were betrayed by the king, who wanted to have them destroyed. But when they saw the volunteers thus step boldly into their ranks, they recovered courage, and fought with the utmost bravery. The french volunteers did wonders; and although they were not numerous, amounting to no more than two thousand, they defeated a band of Swiss consisting of double their number. Great feats of arms were done at this battle, with battle-axes, lances, and two-handed-swords, so that for a long time it was doubtful on which side victory would remain. The Swiss behaved with the utmost courage, and charged the main body and reserve of the French with an impetuosity that astonished them, in the hopes of succeeding as they had before done at Novara. The artillery of the French was not asleep, and the Swiss made an attempt to seize it, but were repulsed with much loss,--for not a cannon was fired without killing numbers of them. This battle lasted until the going down of the sun,--and both sides fought as long as the dust and light allowed them to see each other. Some, thinking to retire to their own camp, found themselves in that of the enemy; but what caused great confusion was the Swiss shouting out 'France, France!' and then attacking the French. The night was not long. The king was constantly with his men, giving them every sort of encouragement, by words and example. He was particularly anxious about his artillery, which was well guarded by a party of Lansquenets. Having visited the different divisions of his army, he reposed himself in his armour, on the carriage of a cannon; and I may with truth assert, that if the king had not been present at this engagement the French would have had more than enough to do. On the morrow, the 14th of September, in the year 1515, and the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross, the Swiss, enraged against the French, advanced on them by day-break (notwithstanding their loss on the preceding night had been more than they supposed) with an eagerness as if they had been going to a dance, and made their charge with valour and steadiness. The conflict was long and doubtful; but the king's artillery, where he was in person, did the greatest service, particularly on a strong body that kept firmly united until their losses were so considerable, the remainder turned their backs, and fled for Milan. The other divisions of the Swiss made now little resistance; and to make short of the matter, all that remained were put to death, or taken prisoners; and had not the dust been great, fewer would have escaped,--for it was so thick they could not see many yards before them[63]. The heat that day was very oppressive; and the king and his lords suffered greatly from thirst, for there was no water near that was pure,--for all the springs and streams were discoloured with blood, of which, nevertheless, they were forced to drink; at length, some clear water was brought them. The king was as much rejoiced that the Swiss had renewed the battle, on the following day, as a huntsman when he lays blinkes in the chace of a stag. The Swiss left full sixteen thousand dead on the field, who did not lose their lives like children, but as men of true courage; and all the roads toward Milan and Como were full of those who in their flight had died of the wounds they had received in battle. This was the first victory of king Francis I. and was very marvellous it proved so great, considering how much he had been deceived in the Swiss by their treaty some days prior to the combat. It is worthy of remembrance,--for since the days of Julius Cæsar, this nation, so valorous in war, never lost in battle so many as sixteen thousand men. Louis XI. had defeated, when dauphin, a body of three or four thousand: a duke of Milan had also conquered a body of two thousand, which inclines me so much to exalt this victory of the king over enemies so determined and numerous, for thirty-six thousand men had marched out of Milan. Toward the end of the combat, a reinforcement of Venetians arrived, which the constable of Bourbon had gone to seek. The troops made all diligence, were well accoutred and ready for battle; but they found the Swiss defeated, and flying in all directions, for Como and Milan. The Venetians pursued the enemy, and showed themselves men of courage, particularly their commander, sir Bartholomew d'Alviano and the son of the count de Petigliano, who did wonders; but as he was attempting to leap a wide ditch, his horse fell upon him,--and he was surrounded and slain by the Swiss, for none were near enough to prevent them. The lord d'Imbercourt was also killed fighting valiantly; he had rushed among the ranks of the Swiss, like to an enraged wild boar, and was of a most warlike nature, with the intrepidity of a lion, as many can testify, who have seen him engaged on former occasions. Francis lord of Bourbon was inclosed by the Swiss and put to death, his men not being nigh to rescue him. The prince of Tallemont, the count de Sancerre, the lord de Bussi, the captain Mouy, with a very great number of lords and gentlemen of renown, whose courage had many times been displayed in war, were killed at this battle. During the engagement, neither baggage nor artillery were in danger of being taken, for they were excellently well defended by those who ran as much risk as others engaged in the main battle. Many were well mounted, so that, if fortune had been adverse, the poor adventurers might have been able to support their friends, and have renewed the fight. The king made, this day, several new knights. During the conflict, the cardinal of Sion fled, on seeing the quantities of dead, under pretence, as he told Maximilian Sforza, of bringing back reinforcements, but returned when too late. In the course of this great butchery, a body of Swiss retreated toward a cassino of the van-guard, where was posted the duke of Bourbon, constable of France: he instantly pursued them, had the cassino set on fire, and unless they could have flown through the flames, not one could have escaped. May God have mercy on their souls, and of all those who fell on this day! It is a great pity that it should be in the power of two or three persons to cause the deaths of so many human creatures, whom they seem to estimate no more than as so many sheep. Alas! they are not beasts, and have sense and reason, or at least ought to have, although sometimes their strength fails through wicked intentions. Some of the wounded Swiss fled to Milan, others to Como: those who entered Milan told the citizens that they had gained the battle, on which they were led to the great hospital to be cured,--but when the Lansquenets afterwards entered that city, they finished to cure them in a strange and terrible manner. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 62: Marignano,--eleven miles SE. from Milan.] [Footnote 63: The marshal de Trivulce said that he had been at eighteen pitched battles, but that they were children's play compared with this.] CHAP. XXXIX. MILAN SURRENDERS TO THE KING OF FRANCE.--THE CASTLE, BESIEGED BY THE FRENCH, SURRENDERS ON CAPITULATION. Not long after this victory, the townsmen of Milan waited on the king, to beg his mercy and pardon for what they had done, and to present him with the keys of their gates. The king mercifully received them, and forgave them, but not without making them pay a heavy fine. The french army now marched to lay siege to the castle of Milan, into which Maximilian Sforza with a body of Swiss, and others whom he collected, had thrown themselves. The artillery made, within a few days, several breaches in the outworks; and Pedro de Navarre had worked his mines under the walls of the castle with such success great part of them fell down. Maximilian, perceiving himself in danger, made offers to capitulate, when the king sent his chancellor with other gentlemen to treat with him. They were all handsomely dressed: the chancellor had on a flowing robe of raised cloth of gold. Having entered the castle, they instantly began a negotiation with Maximilian for peace, and proceeded in it so far that he accompanied them to the king's camp, where the treaty was concluded, on condition that the Swiss in the castle should be allowed to march away with their baggage in safety, and be paid the whole of the money that had been promised them by the king of France. Maximilian, by this treaty, resigned all pretensions to the duchy of Milan[64] to the king, who received him with kindness, and had him escorted to France, where he was henceforth to reside. The king made a brilliant entry into Milan, and staid there some time, during which he was magnificently feasted by the nobles and gentlemen of the town and duchy. In regard to the inhabitants of Pavia, they escaped being pillaged from their poverty, for all of the richer sort had retired into Milan so soon as they heard of the king's successes,--and a treaty was concluded with them by means of a sum of money. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 64: This was brought about by the constable of Bourbon, who bargained that Maximilian should enjoy a yearly pension of 30,000 ducats, &c. See the french and italian historians, and particularly Mr. Roscoe's Lorenzo de Medici and Leo X.] CHAP. XL. POPE LEO X. AND THE KING OF FRANCE MEET AT BOLOGNA, TO CONFER ON THE STATE OF AFFAIRS.--THE KING RETURNS TO FRANCE. About this period died the commander of the venetian forces, the lord Bartholomew d'Alviano. His death was caused by a fever, from overheating himself. He was much regretted for his valour and his attachment to the french interest. The Lansquenets received from the king, at two different times, double pay. And during his residence at Milan, a treaty was concluded by him with the Swiss-cantons, by means of a large sum of money paid them, notwithstanding they had been so lately conquered by the French. When this treaty was signed, ambassadors were sent from the pope to the king, to invite him to Bologna, that they might hold a conference on the state of the affairs of Italy, and for the mutual strengthening of their friendship and alliance. The king, in consequence, left Milan with a numerous attendance, especially of men at arms, and arrived at Bologna, where he had a welcome reception from the pope, who entertained him handsomely,--and they had frequent and long conversations together. One day, the pope performed a solemn service in the cathedral, at which the king assisted. It lasted some time; after which, an alliance was concluded between them. The pope gave up to the king several towns that belonged to him in right of the duchy of Milan. He gave also a cardinal's hat to the bishop of Constance, brother to the grand master of France. When every thing had been concluded between the pope and the king, he returned to Milan, and thence took the road to France, leaving the duke of Bourbon, constable of France, his lieutenant-general of the Milanese[65]. He made all diligence in crossing the Alps, and arrived at La Baûme, where the queen and his lady-mother were waiting for him. He was joyfully received there, as well as in many other towns in Provence. On leaving La Baûme, they all came together to Avignon, and had a handsome entry. Thence they proceeded to Lyon, where the queen made her public entry, and was received with all demonstrations of joy. At this time died Ferdinand king of Arragon, who, during his reign, had made many conquests, more especially over the Moors, whom he had subjected to his obedience. At this period, also, died the magnificent Lorenzo de Medici, brother to pope Leo X., who had lately married a sister to the duke of Savoy, and sister also to the countess of Angoulême, mother to Francis I. king of France. He had been appointed generalissimo of the army of the church. Nearly at this period, a furious battle was fought between the Sophi, called Ishmael, and the grand Turk, and won by the latter, when more than one hundred and sixty thousand men were slain[66]. The Sophi, however, undismayed, collected fresh troops, and marched a considerable army against the Turk, whom he, in his turn, defeated, and drove him beyond the walls of Constantinople into Greece. The Sophi remained in possession of all the conquered country, while the Turk was like a captive within the territories of Christendom, and the war was continued on both sides. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 65: Is not this a mistake? was not Lautrec governor of the Milanese? and who offended the inhabitants by his severity.] [Footnote 66: In the 'Art de Verifier les Dates,' I find that Selim I. emperor of the Ottomans, marches in the year 1514 against Ishmael king of Persia, defeats him in the plain of Chaldéron, and gains Tauris. War was continued between them until the year 1516, when Selim turned his arms against Kansou sultan of Egypt.] CHAP. XLI. THE EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN ASSEMBLES A LARGE ARMY, TO ATTEMPT THE CONQUEST OF THE MILANESE, AND TO DRIVE THE FRENCH OUT OF ITALY.--THE CONSTABLE OF BOURBON, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL FOR THE KING IN ITALY, MARCHES AGAINST HIM. While the king of France was at Lyon, and toward the end of Lent, in the year 1516, another war broke out in Italy, through the usual manœuvres of the emperor Maximilian: he, at this time, was excited by the angels of king Henry of England, which had not for a long time flown in his country,--and by their means he subsidised the cantons of Swisserland and the Grisons. He also urged the citizens of Milan to revolt, principally through Galeas Visconti; and thinking every thing in a good train, he marched toward Milan with a body of troops that he had collected, under the brother of Maximilian Sforza, now resident in France according to the treaty that had been concluded with him after the battle of Marignano. The emperor having, as I have said, assembled an army, marched it from the plains of Verona to Lodi; but the constable, whom the king had left, as his lieutenant, in the Milanese, hearing of this, collected as many men together as the shortness of the time would allow, and advanced to meet the enemy. His numbers were not great, on account of this expedition of the emperor being unexpected, although he had received hints of his intention, some seven weeks before, but he was not certain of the truth. The constable marched his army to the river Adda, and found the enemy posted on the opposite bank. A short time prior to this, the king of France had summoned some of the nobles of Milan to come to him, who proceeded as far as Suza, to the number of thirty-seven, when they held a consultation; and on the morrow, thirty-three of them fled to join the emperor,--but the other four remained loyal to the French, continued the road to Lyon, and related to the king the shameful conduct of the others. To return to our subject; the duke of Bourbon, when on the Adda, dispatched messengers to the Swiss-cantons, to hasten the troops the king had agreed for,--and in consequence, about nine or ten thousand infantry for the preservation of Milan, marched to Jurea. The duke of Bourbon was preparing to attack the imperialists, when he heard that Milan was on the point of a revolt; and as he had not sufficient force to meet the army of the emperor with advantage, he was advised to retreat to Milan, although he was himself most desirous to try the event of a combat, and wait the coming of the Swiss, who remained very long at Jurea. The duke retreated with his army back to Milan with all diligence, to the great surprise of the inhabitants: he immediately had strict inquiries made after the authors of the intended revolt: several were confined in prison, and many were beheaded. The other citizens, seeing that the French were completely masters of their town, and that they were not the strongest, determined to suffer all extremities should the French continue their ill treatment. The emperor, when he heard of this sudden retreat of the French, thought he had already conquered them, and, crossing the Adda, marched his army toward Milan, and fixed his quarters near to Marignano. You may easily imagine how much the burghers of Milan were now alarmed,--for the constable had one of the suburbs burnt, to prevent the enemy from fortifying it. A few days after, the duke of Bourbon sent presents of cloths of gold, and of silk, to the principal leaders of the Swiss, to hasten their march, which had the desired effect,--and they soon appeared before the castle, wherein they were joyfully received by the constable. He had immediately Milan strengthened with ditches and outworks, so that it was much stronger than ever. The emperor advanced with his army, now very numerous, before the walls, and saluted them with a large train of artillery, which was as boldly returned from the ramparts by the garrison. CHAP. XLII. THE EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN, FINDING THAT HE COULD NOT SUCCEED IN HIS ATTEMPT ON MILAN, MARCHES AWAY. The emperor was much surprised that his army should be in the utmost distress for provision, as he expected that Milan would have opened its gates on his appearing before them, according to the promises he had received from Galeas Visconti: but just the contrary happened; and as he had heard of the reinforcements the French had obtained, and felt how much his own army suffered from want of provision, and also that he had now no great quantity of english angels, he retreated toward Bergamo, and summoned that town to surrender. The inhabitants, perceiving that no succours could be expected from Milan, raised a sum of money among themselves, and offered it to the emperor, on his marching away. He thence retreated toward Lodi, plundered and burnt great part of the town, and put to death many of the inhabitants, which was a great pity. The duke of Bourbon followed close on the rear of the emperor's army, when skirmishes frequently happened, to the loss of the imperialists in killed and wounded. Maximilian, finding his situation become disagreeable, went away under pretence that the death of the king of Hungary was the cause of his sudden departure, leaving his army in a very doubtful state, which then was broken up, and the men retreated to their homes. The emperor, however, pocketed fifty thousand angels the king of England had sent to his aid, thinking that he was in the quiet possession of the Milanese,--but he was far enough from it. About this time, the king of France sent some of the gentlemen of his bedchamber to assist the duke of Bourbon in managing the affairs of the Milanese. CHAP. XLIII. THE KING OF FRANCE GOES ON A PILGRIMAGE TO THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY HANDKERCHIEF IN CHAMBERY.--A TREATY OF PEACE CONCLUDED BETWEEN HIM AND THE ARCHDUKE KING OF SPAIN. About Whitsuntide, in this year of 1516, the king of France departed from Lyon, accompanied by many gentlemen, to fulfil a vow he had made of a pilgrimage to the church of the Holy Handkerchief in Chambery. As he had vowed to perform it on foot, he set out accordingly, with his train of attendants. They formed a handsome spectacle; for they were all splendidly dressed in fancy habiliments, decorated with plenty of feathers. Thus they followed the king on foot as far as Chambery, where he met the duke of Bourbon on his return from Italy. This meeting gave much joy to both,--and the king was entertained at Chambery, during his stay there, by the duke of Savoy. At this time, a treaty was concluded between the Spaniards and the garrison in the castle of Brescia, who marched away with their arms and baggage. The Venetians, to whom the place belonged, immediately took possession of the town and castle, conformably to an agreement made with the late king of France, Louis XII. Somewhat prior to this, several counts in Germany collected bodies of men, and entered Lorraine, where they committed much mischief. The cause of this warfare was a claim the Lansquenets made on certain mines in that country, on the borders of Germany, which they attempted to gain; but the duke of Lorraine repulsed them, and nothing more was done. These counts waited afterwards on the king of France, at Tours, and were presented to him by the lord de Florenge, son to the captain de la Marche. On the king's return from Savoy, he went into Touraine. About this time, the king of Navarre died: he was son to the lord d'Albret, and had been driven out of his kingdom by Ferdinand the Catholic, as has been before mentioned. A treaty of peace was now concluded between the king of France and the archduke king of Spain, which was proclaimed at Paris and throughout the realm. One of the conditions was, that the king of Spain should marry the princess Louisa, only daughter to the king of France. A conference on the subject of peace was holden at Noyon. The commissioners from the king of France were, the grand master, the bishop of Paris, the president Olivier, and others,--and the great lords of Flanders and of Spain, on the part of the king of Spain. The lord de Ravenstein was afterwards sent by him, as his ambassador to the king of France, grandly accompanied by the barons of Picardy. On Saturday, the 6th day of October, in the before-mentioned year, the king arrived in his good city of Paris, where he was received with the usual demonstrations of joy. On the morrow, he departed for the abbey of St Denis, in order to replace the saints in their shrines, which, at his request, had been taken down for the general welfare of his realm, and to return them his humble thanks for the great victory he had obtained through their means and intercessions. This was the usual custom for the kings of France to perform, in person, on their return from foreign wars. THE END. NOTES AND EMENDATIONS. Page 6. line 12. _Lord de Guise._] Claude, second son of René the second, duke of Lorraine, was ancestor of the dukes of Guise. He died in 1550 and therefore must have been very young at this period. Page 6. line 5. from the bottom. _Melfy. Q. Amelfi?_] Mary, natural daughter of king Ferdinand, married to Anthony, duke of Amelfi, of the house of Piccolomini. Page 16. line 15. _Lord de Luxembourg._] See note p. 108. Page 24. line 7 from the bottom. _Marquis of Mantua._] Francis III. fourth marquis of Mantua, of the house of Gonzaga. Page 24. line 3 from the bottom. _Lord of Ferrara._] Hercules d'Este, first duke of Modena. Page 29. line 13. _Bastard of Bourbon._] Matthew lord of Roche, eldest of the bastards of John II. duke of Bourbon. Page 31. line 4 from the bottom. _Prince._] His surviving children were 1. Charles first duke of Vendôme, the father (by Frances de Longueville duchess of Beaumont) of Anthony king of Navarre. 2. Louis, cardinal of Vendôme. 3. Anthonia, wife of Claude duke of Guise. 4. Louisa abbess of Fontevraud. 5. Francis, lord of St Pol, a title which he inherited from his mother the eldest daughter of Peter, son of the constable. See vol. xi. page 213. note. Page 35. line 4 from the bottom. _Died._] Prince John, to whom the unfortunate Margaret of Austria was betrothed after her rejection by Charles the eighth. Page 35. line 3 from the bottom. _Duke of Savoy._] Charles John Amadeus, commonly called Charles the second, duke of Savoy, died this year at the tender age of eight years. The suspicion of poisoning the waters, which is no where that I can find alluded to by Guicciardini, probably refers to his successor Philip count of Bresse who died the year following just at the time that he had intended to leave the party of the king of France and embrace that of the confederates. Philip had three sons; Philibert II. who succeeded him and died in 1504 without issue by Margaret of Austria his wife; Charles III; and Philip duke of Nemours. Louisa, who married Charles count of Angoulême, and is so celebrated in history as the mother of Francis the first, was one of his daughters. Page 38. line 10. _Lord of Montpensier._] This prince, by his wife Clara Gonzaga, left issue, 1. Louis count of Montpensier who died in 1501, 2. Charles, who married Susanna daughter and heiress of Peter II. duke of Bourbon, was made constable of France in 1515, was afterwards condemned for treason, and was killed in the imperial service at the siege of Rome in 1527, 3. Francis duke of Chatelherault, died 1515; 4. Louisa, lady of Chavigny, 5. Reparata, married to Anthony duke of Lorraine. Neither of the sons left any issue surviving. Page 39. line 7. _Soul._] See Philip de Comines, whose most valuable memoirs conclude with this event. Page 39. line 8. from the bottom. _Lord John Peraule._] Raymond Perault, bishop of Saintes, Cardinal in 1493, died in 1505. Page 46. line 4 from the bottom. _Count Gayache._] Qu. Count of Cajazzo? He was of the family of the San Severini, and connected by marriage with the house of Sforza, but not, that I can find, with that of Visconti. Page 87. line 9. _Lord Peter of Bourbon._] Peter II. duke of Bourbon, the last of the eldest line of Robert de Clermont son of St. Louis. His only daughter and heir, Susanna, married Charles de Bourbon-Montpensier, afterwards constable of France and duke of Bourbon. Page 97. line 3. from the bottom. _Wife._] Eleanor, countess of Ligny princess of Altamura, duchess of Venosa, &c. &c. Page 100. line 15. _Brother._] Charles III. surnamed the good. Their younger brother was Philip, who married Charlotte, daughter of Louis, duke of Longueville, and was created duke of Nemours. Page 100. line 17. _Duchess of Berry._] Jane daughter of Louis XI. the repudiated wife of Louis XII. who after her divorce was called duchess of Berry. Page 103. line 4. _Lord of Foix._] Germaine de Foix, daughter of John viscount de Narbonne. See note to vol. x. p. 187. Page 105. line 12. 1506.] Leaving issue, by Joanna daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, 1. Charles, afterwards emperor, and king of Spain, 2. Eleanor, the wife, first, of Emanuel king of Portugal, 2ndly of Francis the first, 3. Isabella, the wife of Christian the second king of Denmark; 4. Ferdinand, King of Hungary, and emperor of Germany after the death of his brother; 5. Mary, the wife of Lewis the second king of Hungary; 6. Catherine, the wife of John the third king of Portugal. Page 105. line 14. _August._] Anne the wife of Uladislaus king of Bohemia, who succeeded to the crown of Hungary on the death of Matthias Corvinus in 1490. By this marriage she had Lewis, afterwards king of Hungary, and Anne the wife of Ferdinand of Austria, in whose right he became king of Hungary on the death of Lewis in 1526 without issue. Page 106. line 13. _John de Bentivoglio._] John the second of the name, son of Hannibal, and grandson of John, who made himself master of Bologna in 1400. See the historians of Bologna, especially the "historie memorabili" of Gasparo Bombaci who is by far the most interesting of these writers. Page 108. line 13. _Trivulces._] ----"_La nudrita Damigella Trivulzia al sacro speco_". She was the daughter of Giovanni Trivulzio and Angela di Martinengo, and is celebrated equally by the historians and poets of the age. Page 120. line 11 from the bottom. _King._] She was married to Hercules the second, duke of Ferrara, and died in 1575. Page 132. line 4. _Pedro de Navarre._] Pedro Navarro, a great commander in the Spanish army. Page 132. line 5. _Marquis of Pescara._] Ferdinand d'Avalos, Marquis of Pescara. Page 132. line 8. _Betonde._] Betonde--Bitonto. Page 132. line 12. _Viceroy of Naples._] Don Raymond de Cardona. Page 132. line 15. _Marquis de la Padulla._] Della Palude. See Guicciardini Lib. 10. for an account of this great battle. Page 132. last line. _Utrecht._] More probably Trajetto, Vespasian the son of Prospero Colonna was called duke of Trajetto, and though I do not find his name among those present at the battle of Ravenna, it is not unlikely that he was there under his relation Fabricio Colonna, duke of Palliano who commanded the Italian forces. Page 151. line 3 from the bottom. _Duke of Valois._] Francis count d'Angoulesme the presumptive heir to the crown of France, had lately been honoured with this title. Page 164. line 5 from the bottom. _Brittany._] Francis was duke of Brittany in right of the princess Claude who succeeded to that duchy on the death of her mother queen Anne. For, although the two crowns, the royal and ducal, had been united in the person of Louis XII, yet the duchy remained distinct from the kingdom, and would have passed away from it again had the princess Claude not married the heir of the crown of France. The countries were not incorporated till the reign of Francis I. who procured an act of union and settlement to be passed. Page 167. line 2. _Lord of Alençon._] Charles the second duke of Alençon, son of René and grandson of John II. who was beheaded. He married Margaret the sister of Francis the first, afterwards wife of Henry d'Albret king of Navarre. Page 167. line 3. _Lord of Bourbon._] Charles duke of Bourbon mentioned before. Page 167. line 3. _Lord of Vendôme._] Charles duke of Vendôme and Francis lord of St Pol, both mentioned before. Page 167. line 4. _Louis de Nevers._] Count of Auxerre, 2d son of Engilbert of Cleves count of Nevers who died in 1506. Page 167. line 10. _Madame de Nevers._] Mary d'Albret, the wife of Charles Count of Nevers eldest son of Engilbert of Cleves. INDEX. Abbeville, a woman of, is burnt for killing and salting her children, viii. 111 Abbey of St Vincent, near Leon, is demolished, vii. 159 Absalon rebels through covetousness, i. 248 Acquitaine, Louis, duke of, marries Margaret, eldest daughter to the duke of Burgundy, i. 121 his marriage opposed by the duke of Orleans, i. 123 Acquitaine, Louis, the young duke of, committed to the guardianship of the duke of Burgundy, ii. 150 marches to conquer Estampes and Dourdan, ii. 349 his secretary, and other traitors beheaded near Bourges, iii. 60 forbids the cannoneering against Bourges, iii. 67 the keys of Bourges delivered to him by the duke of Berry, iii. 75 is displeased with his chancellor, iii. 133 resolves to take upon himself the sole management of the kingdom, iii. 134 threatens John, duke of Burgundy, iii. 147 Acquitaine, duke of, is compelled to reside with the king, iii. 148 is much troubled at the demands of the Parisians, iii. 157 orders the prisoners to be liberated, iii. 212 being offended with the queen, sends letters to invite the duke of Burgundy to march an army to Paris, iii. 285 is pacified with the king's ministers, and writes letters to prevent the armament of the Burgundians, iii. 291 his letters to the duke, iii. 300 assembles a large force in Paris to oppose the duke of Burgundy, iii. 304 denies having sent for the duke, iii. 305 leaves Paris to join the king at Senlis, iv. 21 is appointed to the sole management of the finances, iv. 81 goes to Mehun-sur-Yevre, iv. 91 goes to Paris and forbids the princes of the blood to come to that city until ordered by himself or the king, iv. 123 suddenly enters the houses of the queen's confidants to search for money, _ib._ takes upon himself the sole government of the kingdom, iv. 124 is waited upon by the Parisians respecting the public safety, iv. 205 dies of a fever at the hôtel de Bourbon, iv. 207 Acre, the village of, is burnt by the duke of Burgundy, ix. 222 Adolphus of Cleves, sir, tilts with several persons, ix. 291 Agnadello, defeat of the Venetians at, xii. 113 Agnes, the fair, is taken ill at the abbey of Jamieges, ix. 98 her will, _ib._ dies in great agony, ix. 99 Aides, taxes so called, iii. 107 Albany, the duke of, driven from Scotland by his brother, arrives at Paris, xi. 313 Albastre, king of, is made prisoner by the king of Portugal, vi. 234 Albert, duke, count of Hainault, dies, i. 120 some account of his issue, _ib._ Albreth, Charles d', besieges the castle of Carlefin, i. 119 taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 Alençon, lord of, his tents set on fire, iv. 60 his gallant conduct at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 193 slain immediately after having struck down the duke of York, _ib._ Alençon, duke of, marries the daughter of the duke of Orleans, v. 266 attempted to swerve from his loyalty to Charles VII. vi. 15 makes the chancellor of Brittany prisoner, vii. 57 conquers his town of Alençon, ix. 42 Fresnoy surrenders to him, ix. 49 takes Bellême castle, ix. 90 arrested at Paris, and imprisoned, ix. 376 the king's sentence on him, x. 3 convicted and condemned to death for favouring the English, x. 15 sentence commuted to perpetual imprisonment, x. 36 Alençon, duke of, pardoned on the accession of Louis XI. xi. 51 made prisoner by sir Tristan l'Hermite, xi. 146 brought to Paris and detained prisoner in the Louvre, xi, 151 tried, and condemned to be beheaded, xi. 171 is delivered from the Louvre, xi. 222 Alençon, the town of, surrenders to the king by the count du Perche, xi. 60 Alexander V. elected pope, i. 90, 111 unusual rejoicings at Pisa and Paris on his election, i. 90, 91 his first bull after his election, i. 111 is poisoned at Bologna, i. 160 Alexander VI. Pope, succeeds Innocent VIII. xi. 381 incites Charles VIII. to recover the kingdom of Naples, xi. 383 his attention to the king on his entry into Rome, xi. 419 Alexandria, the patriarch of, preaches before the council of Pisa, ii. 100 Alibaudieres, fortress of, attacked by sir John of Luxembourg, v. 172, 175 Alliance, letter of, between the duke of Orleans and the duke of Lancaster, i. 62 Almeric, d'Orgemont, sir, seized as a conspirator, and condemned to perpetual imprisonment on bread and water, iv. 221 Alphonso, king of Arragon, is defeated by the great captains of Italy, vi. 42 dies, ix. 424 Alphonso, king of Naples, on the approach of Charles VIII. embarks for Sicily, xii. 2 his bastard son Fernando succeeds to the crown of Naples, ix. 424 Alveano, Bartholomus d', a brave Venetian commander, xii. 189 Amadeus, count of Savoy, created a duke, iv. 262 Ambassadors sent by the king of France to negotiate a peace between the princes of the blood, iii. 178 harangue of one concerning peace, iii. 183 arrive from England to treat of a marriage between their king, and Catherine, daughter of the king of France, iii. 230 Amboise, sir Charles d', regains many towns for the king in the duchy of Burgundy, ix. 297 Amboise, the cardinal of, receives the submissions of the Milanese, xii. 54 makes his public entry into Lyon as legate to France, xii. 76 forms the league of Cambray, xii. 112 falls sick at Lyon and dies, xii. 119 Amé de Viry, his war with the duke of Bourbon, ii. 80 Amé de Savoye, the count, ii. 195 _Amende honorable_, what, _note_, ix. 342 Amiennois, the, great disorders are committed by the French in, vii. 92 Amiens, the inhabitants of, refuse to attach themselves to the Orleans' faction, ii. 186 the king's proclamation to, ii. 315 the people of, rise against the levying of some taxes which were intended to be laid on them, vii. 294 Amont, the lord de, offers his services to the duke of Bedford, vii. 81 Ampula, the holy, brought to Louis XI. when sick at Plessis le parc, xi. 352 Angers, bishop of, extraordinary event at a trial between him and a burgher of Paris, x. 165 Anglare, the castle of, besieged by the lord de Barbasan, vii. 13 Angora, battle of, between Tamerlane and Bajazet, i. 107 Angoulême, the count of, pledged to the English, iii. 93 Angoulême, Madame d', mother of Francis I. is present at his coronation, xii. 175 Anjou is invaded by the earl of Somerset, viii. 348 Anne, duchess of Bedford, dies at Paris, vii. 100 Anne, duchess of Brittany, married to Charles VIII. xi. 371 is crowned and makes her public entry into Paris, xi. 378 dies, xii. 161 Anthony, duke of Limbourg, takes possession of that duchy and Maestricht, i. 180 Anthony of Brabant marries Elizabeth, daughter of John duke of Luxembourg, ii. 116 slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 Anthony de Bethune, sir, is captured in his castle of Auchel, vi. 399 Anthony de Vienne, is killed at Compiègne, vi. 391 Anthony bastard of Burgundy, his expedition against the infidels, x. 161 returns, x. 192 goes to England to tilt with the lord Scales, x. 343 Apostolical letter from Benedict XIII. to Charles king of France, i. 304 Ardres, town of, attacked by the English from Calais, i. 131 Argentan, is taken by the count de Dunois, ix. 26 Argueil, the lord d', son to the prince of Orange quits the duke of Burgundy's service and joins the king, xi. 104 Arkembarc, a Burgundy gentleman, takes the town of Peronne, x. 281 Armagnac, the count, refuses to sign the treaty of peace between the princes of the blood, v. 3 is taken prisoner at Paris, v. 12 is murdered and mangled by the mob at Paris, v. 23 Armagnac, the count, loses his territories for rebellion, ix. 357 joins the duke of Guienne against Louis XI. xi. 118 regains his city of Lectoure, xi. 144 killed, xi. 147 Armagnacs. See Orleans-faction. Arragon, a doctor of, preaches vehemently at the council of Pisa, against the rival popes, ii. 101 the king of, is made prisoner by the duke of Milan, vii. 237 flies from Perpignan, xi. 148 sends an embassy to Louis XI., x. 164 Arras, the inhabitants of, fortify it, and destroy several edifices which were around it, iv. 46 is completely surrounded by the king's army, iv. 50 account of various skirmishes during the siege of, iv. 51 a treaty of peace is concluded before, iv. 58 the peace of, is sworn to in sundry places, iv. 116, 119 meeting of the commonalty and clergy of Amiens to swear to the peace of, iv. 119 Arras, convention at, vii. 211 peace of, between Charles VII. and the duke of Burgundy, vii. 240 the cardinals, &c. leave, who had attended the convention, vii. 286 punishment of many persons at, for sorcery, x. 45 Arras, the men of, suffer another considerable defeat from the king's army, xi. 192 submit to the king, xi. 256 Arthur, count de Richemont, being delivered from imprisonment, assists at the siege of Meaux, v. 319 joins the dauphin, vi. 67 makes war on the heir of Commercy, vii. 330 succeeds to the dukedom of Brittany, ix. 416 dies, and is succeeded by the count d'Estampes, x. 10 Artisans of Ghent excite the people to take up arms, viii. 67 Artois, all sorts of crimes committed there with impunity, x. 99 heavy taxes are imposed upon it to support the war, vii, 169 is overrun by some French captains, vii. 101 Asti, the county of, is yielded up to the duke of Orleans, viii. 418 honourable reception of Charles VIII. at, xi. 394 Athalia, queen of Jerusalem, fell through covetousness, i. 255 Athol, the earl of, murders James I. in his bedchamber, viii. 3 is put to death in a very cruel manner, viii. 4, 5 Athol, the earl of, supposed reason for his putting the king to death, viii. 4 Aubert de Canny, sir, suspected of being the murderer of the duke of Orleans, i. 198 Aubert, sir, lord of Canny, is sent by the king of France, ambassador to the duke of Burgundy, iv. 300 copy of the instructions given to him, iv. 303 on his return from his embassy, is accused by the royal council, iv. 322 Aubigny, the lord d', wins the town of Naples for Louis XII., xii. 74 taken prisoner in Roussillon, xii. 97 Aubusson, the cardinal of, grand master of Rhodes, dies, xii. 90 Audeboeuf, Pierre, is quartered and hung, vii. 63 Auffremont, the lord of, has the castle of Clermont delivered up to him, vii. 67 Augsbourg, a virgin at, lives forty years without eating, drinking, or sleeping, xii. 128 Augustins, the general of the order of, preaches before the council of Pisa, ii. 100 Auvergne, Marcial d', a notary, leaps from a window in a fit of frenzy, xi. 22 Aumale, destruction of the town of, iv. 288 Aumale castle is conquered from the English by the lord de Longueval, vi. 299 retaken by the English, vi. 324 Auxarre, treaty of peace at, iii. 80 Auxerre, the inhabitants of, take part with the duke of Burgundy, xi. 111 make a sally and are defeated, xi. 130 Aviemie, count de, i. 97 Azincourt, battle of, iv. 172 English lords at the battle, iv. 177 Azincourt, king Henry's complete victory at, iv. 183 names of the princes and other lords who perished or were made prisoners at this unfortunate battle, iv. 185-192 many Frenchmen seek their relatives on the field of battle, iv. 196 Azincourt, the lord d', slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 187 B. Babylon, the treaty of peace between the king of, and the king of Cyprus is broken, vi. 75 the sultan of, writes letters to the princes in Christendom, vi. 214 Bacqueville, the lord de, iv. 146 Baguey, battle of, v. 263 Balim castle taken by sir John de Luxembourg, vii. 56 Bajazet, his kingdom invaded by Tamerlane, i. 106 is taken prisoner, i. 108 Balthazar, cardinal of Bologna, elected pope, ii. 163. See John XXIII. Baluc, Nicholas, his marriage with the daughter of sir John Bureau, xi. 40 Baluc, John, cardinal of Angers, employed in various commissions by Louis XI. xi. 47 his treason and imprisonment, xi. 89 set at liberty by the king, xi. 323 Bauclinghen, the fortress of, taken by the English, iii. 41 Bapaume surrendered to the king and the duke of Acquitaine, iv. 44 Bar, the duchess, funeral of, i. 109 Bar and Lorraine, the war is renewed between the dukes of, i. 161 Bar, master John de, burnt as a sorcerer, i. 402 Bar, the cardinal de, attends the council of Pisa, ii. 86 Bar, Henry, duke of, dies, ii. 232 Bar, the cardinal duke of, besieges the town and castle of Ligny en Barrois, v. 207 the duke of, enters Vaudemont to conquer it by force, vii. 22 is combated and defeated by the count de Vaudemont, vii. 35, 42 is made prisoner, vii. 42 his soldiers leave Vaudemont, vii. 51 a peace is concluded between him and the count de Vaudemont, vii. 105 peace between him and the counts de St Pol and de Loigny, vii. 107 Bar, war recommences between the duchy of, and the county of Vaudemont, viii. 89 Bar, the lady of, wife to the count of St Pol, dies, x. 98 Barbasan, the lord de, lays siege to the castle of Anglure, held by the Burgundians, vii. 13 Barrois and Lorrainers overrun the county of Vaudemont, viii. 220 Basil, general council at, vii. 22 a council is held at, to procure peace between France and England, vii. 150 council of, a quarrel arises between the council and the pope, viii. 99 Bassuel, Aussiel, master, beheaded, iv. 33 Battaile, Nicolle, dies of grief for the infidelity of his wife, xi. 334 Battailler, sir William, and sir John Carmien, combat between, ii. 83 Batiller, Guillaume, killed at the siege of Bourges, iii. 60 Battle between the Saracen and Spanish fleets, i. 323 between the dukes of Burgundy and Hainault and the Liegeois, ii. 28 of Azincourt, iv. 172 of Herrings, vi. 253 of Pataye, vi. 271 of Gaveren, ix. 270 of Rupelmonde, ix. 218 of Hexham, x. 162 of Montlehery, x. 245, 252 of the duke of Burgundy and the duke of Lorraine before Nancy, xi. 248-253 of Guinegate, xi. 315 of St Aubin, xi. 369 of Foroneuvo, xii. 24-30 of Ravenna, xii. 135 of Spurs, xii. 153 of Flodden, xii. 159 of Marignono, xii. 182 Bavaria, Louis of, is presented with the castle of Marcoussi and appurtenances, ii. 137 espouses the daughter of the king of Navarre, ii. 140 is driven out of Paris, and his people robbed, iii. 24 surrenders himself to the Parisians, iii. 53 marries the widow of the lord de Navarre, iii. 24 Bavaria, John of, declares war against his niece, daughter to the late duke William, iv. 263 resigns his bishoprick of Liege, and marries the duchess of Luxembourg, iv. 264 makes war on his niece in Holland, iv. 378 Bayard, the captain, taken prisoner and carried to England, xii. 158 Bayeux, siege of, by Charles VII. ix. 118 Bayonne, siege of, by the counts de Foix and de Dunois, ix. 180 surrenders, ix. 186 Beaujeu, the lord of, betrayed to the count d'Armagnac, xi. 144 marries the eldest daughter of Louis XI. xi. 156 makes prisoner the duke of Nemours in the king's name, xi. 227 arrives at Paris to receive the dauphiness from the hands of the Flemings, xi. 348 Beaumont, the lord, dies of the bowel complaint, iv. 145 Beaumont, the castle of, taken by the Burgundians, iv. 234 Beaumont, in Argonne, siege of, vi. 224 Beauvois, the duke of Burgundy is admitted into, iv. 330 besieged and attacked by the duke of Burgundy, xi. 132 Beaurain, John de, is put to flight by William de Coroam, vii. 139 Bedford, the duke of, made regent of France, v. 381 is married to Anne, daughter of the duke of Burgundy, vi. 33 marches a large army to keep his appointment before Ivry, vi. 86 combats the French, and gains a complete victory before Verneuil, vi. 89, 95 he and the duke of Burgundy endeavour to make up the quarrel between the dukes of Gloucester and Brabant, vi. 109 Bedford, the duke of, and the duke of Burgundy meet in the town of Dourlens, vi. 156 prevents the combat between the dukes of Burgundy and Gloucester, vi. 168 after a residence of eight months in England returns to Calais, vi. 178 lays siege to Montargis, vi. 199 his forces in France are reinforced by the earl of Salisbury, vi. 228 wants to lay hands on the revenues of the church, vi. 232 he and the duke of Burgundy renew their alliances, vi. 276 assembles a large army to combat king Charles, vi. 287 sends a letter to the king, _ib._ his army meets that of the king's, vi. 292 marches a large force to support the English and Burgundians at Lagny-sur-Marne, vii. 83 marries the daughter of the count de St Pol, vii. 113 goes to St Omer to meet the duke of Burgundy, vii. 116 Bedford, duchess of, re-marries an English knight called sir Richard Woodville, vii. 397 Belle-mocte, the castle of, remains firm to the Burgundians, iv. 52 Bellême, siege of, iii. 306 Bellême castle is taken by the duke d'Alençon, ix. 90. Belleville, siege of, by the Burgundians, vii. 172 Benedict XIII. imposes a tax on his clergy, i. 124 disclaimed throughout France, i. 166 his reply to the French king's embassy, i. 304 Benedict XIII. excommunicates the king and his adherents, i. 304 the university of Paris declares against him, i. 315 a renowned doctor in theology preaches against him at Paris, i. 316 is condemned at the council of Pisa, ii. 90, 109 causes a schism, vi. 86 dies, vi. 72 Bergerac, siege of, ix. 149 Berry, the duke of, for himself and the rest of the princes of the blood, promises to relinquish his taxes, ii. 146 retires from the court, ii. 151 is remanded to Paris, ii. 156 again quits Paris, ii. 173 unites with the duke of Orleans and his party, ii. 174 he, and the rest of the dukes in the Orleans faction, send letters to the king, ii. 180 their letter to the town of Amiens, ii. 181 appointed guardian of the duke of Acquitaine, ii. 203 is refused his request to reside in the hôtel de Neelle, ii. 284 is banished the realm, ii. 319 he and the duke of Orleans send an embassy to the king of England, iii. 13 is closely besieged in Bourges, iii. 54 negotiates for peace, iii. 63 his interview with the duke of Burgundy, iii. 69 delivers up the keys of the city of Bourges, iii. 75 Berry, the duke of, is taken dangerously ill, but recovers, iii. 95 is waited upon by the Parisians relative to the treaty of peace at Arras, iv. 72 offended at the appointment of the duke of Acquitaine to the sole management of the finances, he harangues the Parisians, iv. 81 dies, and his duchy and county revert to the crown, iv. 225 Berry, Mesnil, carver to the duke of Acquitaine, beheaded, iii. 175 Bretagne, Gilles de, dies of a dysentery, iii. 77 Bertrand de Chaumont beheaded, v. 230 Bertrand, Jean de, is put to death, v. 27 Birengueville, sir Robert de, killed at the siege of Mercq castle, i. 147 Blanc, the chevalier, supposed to be the great Huniades, dies, ix. 365. See Noyelle, the lord de. Blaumount, the count de, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 186 Blaye, siege of, ix. 160 Blond, sir John le, iv. 160 Blondell, sir John, takes the castle of Malmaison, vi. 205 surrenders the castle, vi. 210 Bocquiaux, the lord de, retakes the town of Compiègne, v. 34 Bordeaux submits to the French, ix. 171 is retaken by the earl of Shrewsbury, ix. 201 the men of, are defeated by the lord d'Orval, ix. 154 Bosqueaut, the lord de, is beheaded, vi. 10 Boucicaut, the marshal, ii. 88 the town of Genoa rebels against him, ii. 123 Boucicaut, the marshal, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 Boufillé, sir, a knight, challenged by an Arragonian knight, who fails to keep his engagement, appeals to the count de Dammartin, xi. 221 Boulogne-sur-mer, castle of, sold by the governor to the English, x. 277 the plot betrayed and frustrated, x. 278 Boulonois, the constable of France marches into the, iii. 49 continuation of the war in the, iii. 91 are overrun by the French, vii. 208 Bourbon, sir James de, is sent from France to the succour of the Welch against the English, i. 87 takes the English fleet and destroys Plymouth harbour, i. 88 Bourbon, duke of, annuls the confederation with the duke of Burgundy, and attaches himself to the duke of Orleans, ii. 272 his war with Amé de Viry, a Savoyard, ii. 80 strengthens his town of Clermont, ii. 279 is personally banished the realm, ii. 319 fiercely attacked near Villefranche, iii. 2 his children liberated, iii. 11 made prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194 is attacked at Villefranche, vii. 172 terms of peace between him and the duke of Burgundy, vii. 185 and others form a design against the government of Charles VII. viii. 190 he is reprimanded and pardoned by the king, viii. 194 Bourbon, duke of, correspondence between him and Louis XI. x. 210 joins the count de Charolois, x. 259 takes the town of Rouen, x. 279 Bourbon, duke Peter of, is appointed regent of France during the absence of Charles VIII. in Italy, xi. 386 dies, xii. 87 Bourbon, duke of, declares war against the king, and seizes all his finances in the Bourbonnois, x. 375 his great successes against the Burgundians and Lombards, xi. 190 the king issues a commission against him, xi. 319 Bourbon, the bastard of, takes the town of la Mothe in Lorraine, viii. 177 is drowned by order of the king of France, viii. 255 Bourbon, the widow duchess of, comes to reside with her brother the duke of Burgundy, x. 118 Bourbon, the lady Agnes of, dies, xi. 246 Bourbon, Louis de, bishop of Liege, killed by sir William de la Mark, xi. 338 Bourbon, the constable of, lieutenant-general for Francis I. in Italy, marches against the emperor Maximilian, xii. 198 Bourdon, sir Louis, is arrested and executed, iv. 278 his castle besieged by the duke of Acquitaine, ii. 350 is taken prisoner, _ib._ Bourges, siege of, iii. 54 the wells of, poisoned by the Armagnacs, iii. 57 the besieged break the truce, but are defeated, iii. 59 Bourges, the besiegers decamp and lay siege to it on the opposite side, iii. 65 the princes and lords within the city wait on the king and the duke of Acquitaine, iii. 73 the keys of, presented to the duke of Acquitaine, iii. 75 the archbishop of, harangues relative to the object of an embassy to the English, iv. 129 Bournecte, M. fights a combat with Solsier Bunoige, i. 125 Bournonville, Robinet de, iv. 180 Boursier, Alexander, iii. 117 Boussac, the marshal de, lays siege to the castle of Clermont, vi. 387 Bouteiller, sir Guy de, deserts to the English, v. 73 Boys, the lord du, attacks the English fleet near Brest harbour, i. 90 Brabant, duke of, his quarrel with duke William, ii. 69 assembles a large force at Paris, ii. 188 his army quarrel with the army of the count Waleran de St Pol, _ib._ slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 Brabant, John, espouses his cousin german Jacquelina, countess of Bavaria, who was his godmother, v. 35 quarrels with his duchess, who leaves him and goes to England, v. 247 his wife is married to the duke of Gloucester, vi. 25 his allies take the town of Braine, vi. 136 receives the bull of pope Martin, vi. 144 Brabant, John, dies, vi. 203 Braine, the town of, taken by the allies of the duke of Brabant, vi. 136 Brescia, the inhabitants of, put themselves under the dominion of Venice, xii. 122 taken by the duke of Nemours with great slaughter, xii. 124 Bretons, the, issue in arms from their country, and spread over Normandy, xi. 58 take Merville, xi. 69 Bresse, the countess of, lady Margaret of Bourbon, dies, xi. 349 Brezé, sir Pierre de, sails from Honfleur, and lands at Sandwich, ix. 396 takes it by storm, ix. 398-401 Bridoul, Raoul, the king's secretary, struck with a battle-axe, and killed, iii. 147 Brittany, the admiral of, attacks the English fleet near Brest harbour, i. 90 undertakes an expedition against England, and is slain, i. 102 Brittany, the duke of, comes to Paris, iii. 229 his quarrel with the duke of Orleans, iii. 242 quarrels also with the count d'Alençon, _ib._ the duke of, carries on a sharp war against the old countess of Penthievre, ii. 121 the duke of, arrives at Paris to treat with the king concerning the duke of Burgundy, iv. 209 is made prisoner by the count de Penthievre, v. 249 after an imprisonment of some months he is liberated, v. 254 Brittany, is invaded by the English, vi. 216 Brittany, Francis, duke of, puts his brother the lord Giles to death, viii. 407 Brittany, Francis, duke of, makes complaint against the English on the loss of his town and castle of Fougares, viii. 427 Francis, duke of, takes Avranches and many other places, ix. 117 dies, ix. 416 succeeded by his brother Arthur, count de Richemont, _ib._ Brittany, Arthur, duke of, decision of the three estates respecting him, xi. 62 is reconciled to the king, xi. 71 refuses to wear the king's order, xi. 93 makes peace with the king, xi. 101 armour which he had ordered from Milan seized by the king's officers, xi. 328 dies, xi. 368 Broye castle is taken by the English, vii. 387 Bruges, sends deputies to the captain-general of Ghent, viii. 76 peace between the town and the duke of Burgundy, viii. 84 the town of, rebels, viii. 13 the populace attack the duke of Burgundy, viii. 19 the men of, lay the Low Countries under contribution, viii. 31 begin to subside in their rebellion, viii. 47 the dukes of Burgundy and Orleans visit it, viii. 239 jousts are held at, viii. 242 a tournament performed at, before the duke of Burgundy, xi. 67 Brussels, a grand tournament at, vi. 244 Bruyeres, the town of, is won from the French by sir John de Luxembourg, vii. 131 Buchan, earl of, defeated and killed by the duke of Bedford at Verneuil, vi. 93 Bucy, Oudart de, attorney-general of Arras is beheaded, xi. 259 Bude, William, iii. 104 Bull of the pope della Luna, by which he excommunicates the king of France and others, i. 309 Bull of pope Alexander V. on his election, ii. 111 Burdet, sir Nicholas, is killed at St Denis, viii. 301 Burdon de Salligny, sir, arrested by orders of the duke of Burgundy, iii. 94 Burgundians, the king's party and they, after the death of duke John, form acquaintances with the English, v. 160 and the Dauphinois draw up in battle array against each other at Mons in Vimeu, v. 290 the lords assemble in arms to conduct thither their lord from Picardy, v. 310 march to meet the Dauphinois at d'Airaines, v. 329 enter into a strict alliance with the English, before the battle of Crevant, vi. 43 are defeated by the French under Charles VII. in Dauphiny, vi. 372 decamp in disgrace from before Compiègne, vi. 385 are conquered by the French during their march to Guerbigny, vi. 389 are assisted at Lagny sur Marne by the duke of Bedford, vii. 83 under pretence of being English, gain the castle of La Bone, vii. 96 conquer many castles, vii. 161 appear before Villefranche, vii. 87 a truce is agreed upon with La Hire and his men, vii. 208 Burgundians, the French and they are on amicable terms in Arras, vii. 230 are ill used by the Londoners after the peace of Arras, vii. 291, 292 they are suspected by the English, vii. 306 Burgundy, Philip, duke of, goes to take possession of Brittany, i. 42 makes preparations for the marriage of his second son with the daughter of the count de Waleran, i. 88 makes a journey to Bar-le-duc and to Brussels, i. 109 dies at Halle, in Hainault, i. 111 his body is carried to the Carthusian convent at Dijon in Burgundy, i. 112 his death universally lamented, i. 113 Burgundy, John, duke of, goes to Paris, and causes the dauphin and queen to return thither, i. 337 his petition to the king of France, i. 141 reconciled to the duke of Orleans, i. 155 obtains the government of Picardy, i. 157 holds a council at Douay concerning the king's order for disbanding his army, i. 173 departs from Paris on account of the affairs of Liege, i. 320 reply to his charges against the duke of Orleans, i. 333 compared to Cain, i. 346 his great pride and obstinacy, i. 359 covetousness the cause of his murder of the duke of Orleans, i. 363 Burgundy, John, duke of, a cutting apostrophe to, on his murder of the duke of Orleans, i. 379 his dissimulation exposed, i. 383 his contradictory confessions, i. 385 reply to his libel against the duke, i. 389 the duchess of Orleans' proposed punishment of, ii. 7 assembles men at arms to defend John of Bavaria, ii. 19 is informed of the duchess of Orleans' demands respecting his punishment, ii. 20 his great courage at the battle near Tongres with the Liegeois, ii. 35 gives no quarter to the prisoners, ii. 36 sends a message to the king to inform him of his victory over the Liegeois, ii. 37 returns to Flanders, ii. 42 names of the lords who attended him on his expedition, _ib._ a council is held at Paris to consider on the manner of proceeding against him, ii. 59 the king's letters of pardon to, annulled, ii. 60 measures against him stopped in consequence of his victory over the Liegeois, ii. 61 surnamed "Jean sans peur," ii. 62 resolves to oppose all his enemies, _ib._ marches an army towards Paris, ii. 64 public rejoicings on his arrival, ii. 65 negotiations respecting his peace with the king, ii. 66 terms of his reconciliation, ii. 68 ceremonials of his reconciliation, ii. 72 Burgundy, John, duke of, intreats a reconciliation with the children of Orleans, ii. 73 holds a council at Lille, ii. 120 makes magnificent presents at Paris, ii. 149 undertakes the education of the duke of Acquitaine, ii. 150 is suspicious of the conduct of the Orleans-party, ii. 176 assembles a large army, ii. 177 prepares for defence against Charles duke of Orleans, ii. 217 ambassadors are sent against him from the duke of Orleans, ii. 223 is accused at great length in a letter to the king, ii. 236 greatly alarmed at the hostility of the duke of Orleans, ii. 263 receives a challenge from the duke, ii. 265 his answer to the duke of Orleans' challenge, ii. 269 is discontented with sir Mansart du Bos, _ib._ his letter to the duke of Bourbon reminding the duke of his treaties of alliance, ii. 270 writes to the bailiff of Amiens, ii. 273 invades the county of Clermont, ii. 280 assembles an immense army and besieges the town of Ham, ii. 288 is deserted by the Flemings, ii. 302 assembles another army to march to Paris, ii. 307 much intercourse takes place between him and Henry, king of England, _ib._ Burgundy, John, duke of, is in danger of being assassinated at Pontoise, ii. 315 marches a large army to Paris, ii. 320 his reception in that city, ii. 321 leads a great army to St Cloud, ii. 326 marches to conquer Estampes and Dourdan, ii. 348 pleads with the duke of Acquitaine respecting peace with the Armagnacs, iii. 67 has an interview with the duke of Berry before Bourges during the siege, iii. 69, 71 rides on the same horse with the duke of Orleans, iii. 83 has the rule of the nation, iii. 96 is threatened by the duke of Acquitaine, iii. 147 endeavours to appease the Parisian mob, iii. 155 quits Paris in fear, iii. 215 holds a council at Lille, iii. 230 is in great fear that his enemies would turn the king against him, iii. 235 is waited upon by the earl of Warwick, and others, _ib._ is advised to march towards Paris with an army, iii. 242 gives a grand entertainment at Lille, iii. 246 is commanded by ambassadors from the king to make no treaty with the English, and to surrender his castles, _ib._ his daughter is sent back from the king of Sicily, iii. 264 writes letters to the king of France, containing remonstrances, iii. 265 goes to Antwerp, where he holds a council, iii. 283 Burgundy, John, duke of, writes letters to all the principal towns in Picardy, iii. 286 marches a large force towards Paris, iii. 299 arrives at St Denis, iii. 306 sends his king at arms to the duke of Acquitaine, iii. 307 is positively refused admittance into Paris, iii. 308 retires from before Paris, and writes letters to the principal towns of France, iii. 310 sends his king at arms to the king and his ministers, iii. 314 retreats to Compiègne, iii. 315 goes to Arras and holds a council, iii. 317 writes, from Arras, letters to the principal towns, iii. 318 is deprived of all the favours formerly done to him by the king of France, iii. 334 holds a grand council at Arras, and is promised support, iv. 15 forms alliances and goes into Flanders, iv. 40 garrisons different towns and castles, _ib._ peace between him and the king, iv. 60 marches a force into Burgundy, iv. 83 besieges the castle of Tonnerre, iv. 85 besieges Château-Belin, and gives the castle to his son the count de Charolois, iv. 86 peace between him and the king again concluded, iv. 98 sends ambassadors to the duke of Acquitaine, iv. 133 takes the oath to observe peace with the king of France, iv. 135 Burgundy, John, duke of, makes war on Cambray, iv. 147 the lords of Picardy are prevented by him from obeying the summons of the king, to arm against the English, iv. 153 is grieved at the result of the battle of Azincourt, yet prepares to march a large army to Paris, iv. 200 vows revenge against the king of Sicily, iv. 204 is refused admittance, with an armed force, into Paris, _ib._ again quits the vicinity of Paris and marches into Lille, iv. 210 is called by the Parisians Jean de Lagny, _ib._ several persons of his faction are banished at Amiens, on suspicion of being concerned in the late conspiracy, iv. 225. See also Conspiracy. a truce is concluded between him and England, iv. 227 open war is declared between him and the Orleans-faction and the king, iv. 244 increases his men at arms, iv. 245 meets the emperor of Germany and the king of England at Calais, iv. 247 goes to Valenciennes, in obedience to a summons which he receives from the dauphin, iv. 250 swears mutual friendship towards duke William, count of Hainault, iv. 250 sends letters to many of the principal towns of France, on the state of the nation, iv. 265 the foreign companies attached to his party commit great mischiefs, iv. 286 Burgundy, John, duke of, sends ambassadors to many of the king's principal towns, to form alliances with them, iv. 292 threatens the lord de Canny, and returns answers to the charges of the king against him, iv. 300, 302 orders are issued against him, iv. 328 continues his march towards Paris, iv. 329 several towns and forts surrender to him, in which he places captains and governors, _ib._ crosses the river Oise, at l'Isle-Adam, iv. 334 besieges and conquers Beaumont and Pontoise, iv. 335, 336 fixes his standard near Paris, and calls the place "the camp of the withered tree," iv. 343 sends his herald to the king in Paris, iv. 344 being forbidden an interview with the king, leaves Mont Chastillon, and makes several conquests, iv. 346 sends letters to the principal towns in France, iv. 348 raises the siege of Corbeil, and attends a request of the queen of France at Tours, iv. 355 marches his whole army to Paris, iv. 372 being repulsed, marches with the queen to Troyes, iv. 375 visits the emperor Sigismund at Montmeliart, iv. 388 is visited by the cardinals d'Orsini and di San Marco, v. 1 Burgundy, John, duke of, peace is again attempted to be made between him and the rest of the princes of the blood, v. 4 his troops take the city of Paris, and are joined by the Parisians, v. 9 his badge, a St Andrew's cross, is worn by the Parisians, v. 16 many towns and castles submit to him, v. 18 carries the queen to Paris, v. 24 is made governor of Paris, v. 26 orders the government of Paris according to his pleasure, v. 53 has an interview with the dauphin, v. 93 is summoned by the dauphin to meet him at Montereau, v. 113 is cautioned respecting his interview with the dauphin, v. 116 resolves to meet the dauphin, v. 117 his last interview with the dauphin, v. 120 is struck with a battle-axe by sir Tanneguy, v. 121 is barbarously murdered, _ib._ names of the principal actors in the conspiracy against him, v. 123 is interred in the church of our Lady at Montereau, v. 127 Burgundy, Philip, duke of, the count de Charolois, holds a council on the state of his affairs, and concludes a truce with the English, v. 142 orders a funeral service to be performed in the church of St Vaast, at Arras, for his late father, v. 146 lays siege to Crespy, v. 164 Burgundy, Philip, duke of, enters Troyes, v. 168 the greater part of his army disbanded, v. 178 makes a formal complaint to the king respecting the murder of his father, v. 234 marches to Pont de St Remy and conquers it, v. 280 lays siege to the town of St Riquier, v. 284 breaks up the siege to combat the Dauphinois, v. 286 obtains a great victory over the Dauphinois at Mons, v. 293 departs from Hesdin, v. 302 enters into a treaty with his prisoners for the surrender of St Riquier, v. 307 he and the count de St Pol depart from Arras, and wait on the kings of France and England, v. 315 returns to the duchy of Burgundy, v. 317 death of his duchess, v. 319 he, and the dukes or Bedford and of Brittany form a triple alliance, vi. 29 he and the duke of Bedford endeavour to make up the quarrel between the dukes of Gloucester and of Brabant, vi. 109 marries the widow of his uncle, the count de Nevers, vi. 111 makes preparations to aid his cousin, the duke of Brabant, vi. 115 his answer to the duke of Gloucester's letter, vi. 122 returns to Flanders, and answers the duke of Gloucester's second letter, vi. 132 meets the duke of Bedford in the town of Dourlens, vi. 156 Burgundy, Philip, duke of, makes preparations to combat the duke of Gloucester, vi. 162 the combat is prevented, vi. 168 defeats the lord Fitzwalter in Holland, vi. 172 returns to Holland and besieges the town of Zenenberche, which surrenders to him, vi. 178 attacks the town of Hermontfort, vi. 211 treaty between him and the duchess Jacqueline, vi. 226 resolves to finish the war in Holland, vi. 226 escorts the duchess Jacqueline into Hainault, vi. 228 attends a grand tournament at Brussels, vi. 244 is made heir to the count de Namur, vi. 246 comes to Paris, vi. 276 sends ambassadors to Amiens, vi. 307 conducts his sister back to Paris in great pomp to her lord the duke of Bedford, vi. 310 marries, for the third time, the lady Isabella of Portugal, vi. 325 institutes the order of the Golden Fleece, vi. 329 quarters his army at Gournay sur Aronde, vi. 336 besieges the castle of Choisy, vi. 339 encamps his army before Compiègne, vi. 349 sends the lord de Croy to the county of Namur, against the Liegeois, vi. 355 Burgundy, Philip, duke of, takes possession of the duchy of the duke of Brabant, vi. 362 refuses to give battle to the French, vi. 393 his new-born child is christened, and dies, vi. 399 visits Burgundy with a thousand armed men, vii. 63 he and his duchess go into Holland, vii. 97 assumes the title of count of Hainault, Holland, and Zealand, and lord of Frizeland, vii. 98 his duchess is brought to bed of a son at Ghent, vii. 106 renews the coin at Ghent, _ib._ loses several of his castles, vii. 110 a treaty of peace is concluded between him and the Liegeois, vii. 112 goes to St Omer, to meet the duke of Bedford, vii. 116 differs with the duke, vii. 117 determines to augment his army in defence of his county of Burgundy, vii. 123 reconquers many of his places, vii. 128 keeps his appointment before Passy, vii. 132 besieges the town and castle of Avalon, _ib._ his duchess is delivered of a son, who is knighted at the font, vii. 147 holds the feast of the Golden Fleece at Dijon, vii. 148 attends the marriage of the daughter of the king of Cyprus, _ib._ Burgundy, Philip, duke of, returns from Burgundy to Flanders, vii. 154 agrees on terms for a peace with the duke of Bourbon, vii. 181 returns, with his duchess, from Burgundy, vii. 193 is displeased with the inhabitants of Antwerp, vii. 203 attends the convention of Arras, vii. 217 his duchess arrives at the convention of Arras, vii. 220 peace is concluded between him and Charles VII. at Arras, vii. 242 appoints different officers to the towns and fortresses that had been conceded to him by the peace, vii. 286 in consequence of the peace of Arras sends some of his council and heralds to the king of England to remonstrate and explain the causes of the peace, vii. 288 determines to make war on the English, vii. 313 resolves to make an attack on Calais, vii. 318 his standard is raised at all the gates of Paris, vii. 329 marches with a great force to the siege of Calais, vii. 355 receives a challenge of the duke of Gloucester, vii. 367 holds many councils respecting the best means of opposing the English, viii. 8 enters Bruges to quell the rebellion there, viii. 15 makes his escape from Bruges, viii. 20 Burgundy, Philip, duke of, resolves to punish the rebels at Bruges, viii. 22 resolves to avoid a general action with the English, viii. 54 peace is concluded between him and the town of Bruges, viii. 84 sends an embassy to the pope, viii. 100 sends the lord de Crevecœur to the French court to negociate a marriage between his only son and the king's second daughter, viii. 101 procures the ransom of the duke of Orleans, a prisoner in England, viii. 226 holds the feast of the Golden Fleece, viii. 310 destroys the fortress of Montaign, viii. 276 some knights and gentlemen of his house hold a tournament near to Dijon, viii. 351 sends an army into the duchy of Luxembourg, viii. 359 reduces the duchy to his obedience, viii. 365 attempts to lay a tax on salt in Flanders, ix. 157 raises an army to quell the insurrection in Flanders, ix. 193 sends an army against the Ghent men at Oudenarde, ix. 202 establishes garrisons round Ghent, ix. 210 invades the county of Waes, ix. 211 defeats the Ghent men at the battle of Rupelmonde, ix. 220 burns the village of Acre, ix. 222 Burgundy, Philip, duke of, refuses to make peace in Flanders at the king's request, ix. 223 articles of peace proposed to him from France on behalf of the Ghent men, ix. 230 raises a large army to combat the Ghent men, ix. 238 sends an army against some Germans in Luxembourg, ix. 259 enters Flanders with a large force to make war on Ghent, _ib._ takes the castle of Poulcreas, ix. 262 sends to know if the Ghent men would submit to his will, ix. 279 treaty of peace between him and the Ghent men, ix. 280 vows to undertake an expedition to Turkey, ix. 289 makes a great feast, ix. 292 goes into Germany, ix. 295 raises men and money to make war against the Turks, ix. 353 tries to procure the bishopric of Utrecht for his bastard son David, ix. 355 sends a body of troops, and the chapter accept him, ix. 372 besieges Deventer, ix. 373 affords refuge to the dauphin, and sends an embassy to the king, ix. 386 quarrels with his son, but is reconciled by the dauphin, ix. 389 carries the dauphin to Bruges, ix. 402 his coolness with the count de St Pol, ix. 406 his answer to the king respecting the youth of Rodemac, ix. 418 Burgundy, Philip, duke of, makes his entry into the town of Ghent, ix. 420 rejects a proposal from England, of alliance by marriage, ix. 426 his reply to the king's summons to attend the trial of the duke of Alençon, ix. 438 forbidden by the king to attend, sends proxies, x. 2 sends an embassy to the pope, and fortifies his towns against the English, x. 11 reconciled to the count of St Pol, receives an embassy from Greece, x. 12 holds the feast of the Golden Fleece at St Omer, x. 63 attends the coronation of Louis XI. x. 72 does homage for his duchy, and swears allegiance, x. 75 his magnificent welcome of the king to Paris, x. 77-84 takes leave of the king, and departs to Cambray, x. 87 taken dangerously ill, but recovers, x. 96 causes a number of rogues and vagabonds in his country of Artois to be executed, x. 114 his sister the duchess of Bourbon comes to reside with him, x. 118 sends an embassy to the pope respecting his vow against the grand Turk, x. 124 meets the king of France at Hêdin, x. 113 prepares to join the pope against the Turks, x. 138 Burgundy, Philip, duke of, a coolness between him and his son the count de Charolois, x. 141 peace restored between them, x. 153 goes to Lille to wait on the king, x. 157 what passed between him and the king at Hêdin, x. 167 answers the remonstrances of the king's chancellor at Lille, x. 177 sends an embassy to the king of France, x. 185 taken dangerously ill, x. 193 recovers, and vents his anger against his son for dismissing the lord de Quievrain, x. 194 letters from the duke of Berry, x. 211, 215 pardons his son, x. 224 orders men to be raised to aid the duke of Berry against his brother Louis XI. x. 225 sends a sum of money to his son after the battle of Montlehery, x. 273 prepares an army against Liege, x. 320 takes and demolishes Dinant, x. 328, 335 dies. Grand obsequies for him in the church of St Donnast in Bruges, x. 348 Burgundy, the duke Charles of, suspected by the king of being friendly to the English, xi. 95 orders a fleet to cruise and intercept the earl of Warwick on his return to England, xi. 101 takes the field with his army during a truce, xi. 126 razes and sets on fire the town of Nesle, xi. 127 Burgundy, the duke Charles of, lays siege to Beauvois, xi. 129 makes a disgraceful retreat from before it, xi. 138 shameful conduct of his army in Normandy, xi. 141 sends to Venice to negociate a loan, xi. 155 reported to have formed a conspiracy for poisoning the king, xi. 162 concludes a truce with the king, xi. 169 lays siege to Nuys, and takes several towns, notwithstanding the truce, xi. 173 his losses before Nuys, and conquests gained over him in Picardy and Burgundy, xi. 179 his disgraceful decampment and flight from before Nuys, xi. 193 concludes a truce with the king, xi. 201 delivers the constable, Louis de Luxembourg, to the king's officers, xi. 205 is defeated by the Swiss at Granson, xi. 224 borrows money to raise forces to retaliate on the Swiss, xi. 231 defeated in Swisserland by the duke of Lorraine, xi. 235 his death, and total destruction of his army by the duke of Lorraine, xi. 248, 255 Burgundy, the duchess of, daughter of the king of Portugal, waits upon the king of France at Laon, viii. 269 the duchess returns to Quesnoy, viii. 373 Burnel, the lord, iv. 145 Bust, Oudin du, executed for instigating the murder of Petit John, xi. 271 C. Caen, siege of, by Charles VII. ix. 123 description of the castle of, ix. 128 surrenders by capitulation, _ib._ Cain, and John duke of Burgundy compared, i. 346 Calabria, the duke of, goes to treat of a marriage with the duke of Burgundy's daughter, xi. 125 dies of the plague, xi. 153 Calais, siege of, by the Burgundians, vii. 350 a fruitless attempt is made to choak up the harbour, vii. 368 a meeting is held at this town to consult about peace, viii. 218 Calixtus III. pope, his regulations respecting a croisade, ix. 360 dies, ix. 425 Cambray, quarrel between the inhabitants of, and the canons of the chapter of St Gery, iv. 147 the league of, between the emperor Maximilian, the king of France and the king of Spain against the Venetians, xii. 112 Cambridge, the earl of, proceeds from Rouen to raise the siege of Meaux, viii. 158 Cambyses, king, his rigorous love of justice, i. 342 Campo Basso, the count de, leaves the duke of Burgundy, and claims relationship with the duke of Brittany, who receives him well, xi. 228 joins the duke of Lorraine, xi. 248 Canons of the chapter of St Gery in Cambray quarrel with the inhabitants, iv. 147 they are restored to their church, iv. 151 Capistrain, sir John, his success against the infidels in Hungary, ix. 362 rallies the Christians at the siege of Belgrade, ix. 379 Cappleuche, the hangman of Paris, heads a mob against the Armagnacs, v. 49 beheaded, v. 50 Carlefin castle besieged by Charles d'Albreth, constable of France, i. 119 Carmen, Jean, i. 96 Carny, the lord de, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194 Carquelevant, a Breton, his treason in the town of Arras, xi. 373 Carrier, James. See Xancoins. Castellan, Otho, accused of diabolical arts against the king of France, ix. 370 Castille, the king of, forms an alliance with Louis XI. xi. 303 Catherine, daughter of the duke of Burgundy, is sent back by the king of Sicily, iii. 264 dies, iii. 265 Catherine, youngest daughter of Charles VI. marries Henry V. of England, v. 183 crowned queen at London, v. 245 is brought to bed of a son and heir, v. 319 returns to France in grand state, v. 343 Catherine, the daughter of Charles VII. is sent to the duke of Burgundy at St Omer, conformably to the treaty of marriage between her and the count de Charolois, viii. 174 Caudie, duke de, i. 97 Celestins, the convent of the, at Lyons, nearly destroyed by fire, xii. 75 Chalais, siege of, ix. 151 Champigneux castle, siege of, by Toumelaire, vi. 361 Chancery of France, iii. 119 Chantoceau, siege of, v. 254 Chappes, siege of, vi. 343 Chargny, the lord de, combats sir John de Mello, at Arras, vii. 223 Charlemagne, St. king of France, the festival of, xi. 178 Charles, the duke of Berry, only brother to Louis XI. withdraws from the court of France and takes refuge with the duke of Brittany, x. 208 his letters to the duke of Burgundy, x. 211, 215 joins the count de Charolois after the battle of Montlehery, x. 259 does homage to the king for the duchy of Normandy, x. 299 his entry into Rouen, x. 303, xi. 6 dispossessed of his duchy by the king, leaves Normandy, xi. 14 decision of the three estates respecting his appanage, xi. 60 declares his willingness to accept the appanage and be reconciled to the king, xi. 71 created duke of Guienne,--is completely reconciled to his brother, xi. 88, 91 accompanies the king to Paris and Orleans, xi. 116 discontented with the court, forms an alliance with the count d'Armagnac, xi. 118 dies, xi. 126. See Berry, duke of. Charles, dauphin of Vienne, continues the war against the Burgundians, v. 32 the dauphiness is sent to him, v. 52 Charles, dauphin of Vienne, continues a vigorous war against the Burgundians, v. 83 treaty of peace between him and the duke, v. 94 the treaty between him and the duke is proclaimed through France, v. 307 summons the duke of Burgundy to Montereau, v. 113 most treacherously murders the duke of Burgundy, v. 121 his conduct after the murder of the duke, v. 126 writes letters in defence of the murder of the duke of Burgundy, v. 133 departs from Montereau, v. 140 makes preparations against any attack after the alliance between England and France, v. 173 subdues the greater part of the towns and castles in Languedoc, v. 206 sentence is denounced against him, v. 236, 237 is summoned by the parliament to appear at the table of marble, v. 260 besieges Chartres, v. 271 retreats to Tours, v. 275 receives intelligence of the death of his father, vi. 8 is crowned king, by the nobles of his party at Poitiers, vi. 382 his lady is brought to bed of a son, called Louis, dauphin of Vienne, vi. 65. See Charles VII. Charles VI. surnamed the well-beloved, i. 7 prudent commencement of his reign, i. 8 Charles VI. is seized with a fit of insanity on his march against Brittany, i. 9 evil consequences of his disorder, i. 10 his family, i. 10, 11 makes regulations relative to the succession, i. 210 sends an embassy to the pope, i. 302 is strongly urged to do justice in the case of the duke of Orleans, i. 341 holds a conference to consider on the manner of proceeding against the duke of Burgundy, ii. 59 is carried to Tours, ii. 63 pardons the duke of Burgundy, ii. 72 has a return of his disorder, ii. 73 recovers, and witnesses two combats, ii. 83 summons a council of many lords, i. 138 names of the lords who attended, ii. 142 holds many councils on the state of the nation, ii. 144 resolves to wage war against Henry of England, ii. 146 disbands his troops, ii. 150 has a relapse of his disorder, ib. marches out of Paris to regain the castle of Creil, ii. 175 gives orders for all persons to arm, ii. 189 resolves to give battle to the Orleans faction, ii. 193 holds a council on the state of the government, ii. 194 is again seized with his usual malady, ii. 204 Charles VI. recovers, ii. 221 forbids hostilities between the dukes of Orleans and of Burgundy, ii. 222 sends an embassy to the duke of Burgundy, ii. 233 relapses again into his former disorder, ii. 277 is removed by the Parisians to the Louvre, ii. 280 commands, by the regent, all persons to aid him against the Orleans faction, ii. 286 issues a proclamation to the bailiff of Amiens, ii. 315 sends the count de St Pol against the Armagnacs, ii. 337 sends different captains to harass the Armagnacs, iii. 1 sends ambassadors to England to treat of a marriage between the duke of Burgundy's daughter and the prince of Wales, iii. 8 holds a council on the intercepted letters of the Armagnacs to England, iii. 10 marches with a large force from Paris to Bourges, iii. 29 resolves not to return to Paris till he has reduced the Armagnacs to obedience, iii. 41 receives information of his enemies' alliance with England, iii. 49 lays siege to Fontenoy and to Bourges, iii. 52 decamps, and lays siege to Bourges on the opposite side, iii. 65 a peace negociated on his part with the Armagnacs, iii. 70 great sickness in his army, iii. 72 decamps from before the town of Bourges, iii. 76 Charles VI. arrives at Auxerre, iii. 77 recovers his health, and ratifies the treaty of Auxerre, iii. 84 his edict respecting the peace between the Burgundians and the Armagnacs, iii. 85 returns to Paris after the peace, iii. 92 various underhand attempts are made by the factions to obtain his favour, iii. 97 holds a grand assembly on the abuses of government, iii. 98 his ministers are greatly alarmed at the arrest of sir Peter des Essars and other delinquents, iii. 144 publishes an edict forbidding any armaments in the kingdom, iii. 149 publishes an edict of indemnity to the Parisians, iii. 160 publishes sundry edicts,--one against sir Clugnet de Brabant, iii. 167, 200 publishes a proclamation respecting the charges against the Orleans party, iii. 217 publishes another royal edict respecting peace, iii. 236 another edict to forbid any persons from bearing arms, iii. 244 fearful that the peace would be broken, publishes other edicts, iii. 248, 254 issues an edict relative to the coin, iii. 252 his edict, forbidding knights or esquires to obey the summons of any lord, iii. 260 issues a summons to oppose the duke of Burgundy, iii. 294 gives orders to raise forces against the duke of Burgundy, iii. 324 Charles VI. issues an edict, depriving the duke of Burgundy of all his favours, iii. 333 issues various edicts against the duke, charging him with attempting to seduce his subjects, iv. 2 sends letters patent to the nobles of Artois, forbidding them to aid the duke, iv. 13 a grand council is held at Paris in his name, iv. 17 marches out of Paris with a large army against the duke, iv. 21 marches from Soissons to St Quintin, iv. 35 peace proclaimed between him and the duke, iv. 60 returns to Paris, iv. 83 has solemn obsequies performed for him, iv. 93 sends forces to attack the Burgundians, iv. 95 peace again concluded, iv. 98 holds a grand festival, iv. 99 his royal letters relative to the peace, iv. 100 collects a great army to oppose the English, iv. 152 issues a summons for the army against the English, iv. 153 holds a council at Rouen, and resolves fighting the English, iv. 164 is much grieved on hearing the melancholy event of the battle of Azincourt, iv. 200 fills up the vacant places in the government occasioned by the misfortune at Azincourt, iv. 208 Charles VI. a negociation is opened for a truce between him and the king of England, iv. 227 publishes an edict, complaining of the depredations of the Burgundians, iv. 235 open war is declared between him and the Burgundians, iv. 244 his garrison in Peronne carries on a severe war against the countries attached to the duke of Burgundy, iv. 290 attacks Senlis, iv. 383 sends ambassadors to treat of a peace with the queen and the duke of Burgundy, iv. 384 raises the siege of Senlis, and returns to Paris, iv. 397 peace is again attempted to be made between him and the Burgundians, v. 4 is compelled to ride through the streets of Paris with the Burgundians, v. 10 is conveyed to the Louvre, v. 14 he and the duke of Burgundy send captains for the defence of Rouen, v. 37 is governed in all things by the duke of Burgundy, v. 53 sends an embassy to the English at Pont de l'Arche, v. 56 engages to espouse his youngest daughter Catherine to the king of England, v. 170 is wholly under the management of Henry V. v. 212 issues edicts, declaring Henry V. heir, and regent of the realm, v. 214 is very much degraded and humbled, v. 345 goes with Henry V. from Paris to Senlis, v. 346 dies at his hôtel of St Pol, vi. 1 Charles VI. is buried at St Denis, vi. 5 news of his death is carried to the dauphin, vi. 8 Charles VII. is crowned king by the nobles of his party at Poitiers, vi. 11 many French lords turn to his party, vi. 83 a maiden, named Joan, waits on him at Chinon, whom he retains in his service, vi. 254 sends ambassadors to Paris to negociate a peace with the regent, vi. 257 sends a large reinforcement to Orleans, vi. 265 takes the field with a numerous body of chivalry and men at arms, vi. 280 many towns and castles submit to him on his march, _ib._ arrives at Rheims, vi. 283 is crowned by the archbishop, vi. 285 his armies meet those of the duke of Bedford at Mont Epiloy, vi. 292 sends ambassadors to the duke of Burgundy at Arras, vi. 296 attacks Paris, vi. 303 returns to Touraine and Berry, vi. 309 some of his captains make an attempt on Corbie, vii. 12 his party conquer the city of Chartres, vii. 70 peace is concluded between him and the Burgundians, vii. 242 his queen is brought to bed of a son, who is named Philip, after the duke of Burgundy, vii. 323 Charles VII. the city of Paris is reduced to obedience to him, vii. 328 orders his captains to reconquer some towns and castles from the English, viii. 25 marches in person against Montereau, viii. 26 makes his first entry into Paris, after its reduction, viii. 39 account of the preparations for his entry into Paris, viii. 40 his dress and equipage, viii. 43 compels Roderigo de Villandras to make war on England, viii. 114 the dauphin and many great lords quit his court in disgust, viii. 188 refuses, or delays, to see the duke of Orleans on his release from England, viii. 248 goes to Troyes in Champagne, viii. 254 several towns and forts submit to his obedience, _ib._ lays siege to Creil, viii. 278 marches to the siege of Pontoise, viii. 280 reconquers Pontoise, viii. 303 remonstrances are sent to him by the nobles assembled at Nevers, viii. 305 his answer, viii. 306 marches an army to Tartas, viii. 333 having gained Tartas, conquers St Severe, and others in Gascony, viii. 337 assembles an army to march into Normandy, viii. 348 a truce is concluded between him and the king of England, viii. 379 Charles VII. the truce between him and the king of England is renewed for eight months, viii. 390 sends an embassy to England, viii. 403 ditty found on his bed after his return from mass, viii. 405 sends ambassadors to pope Nicholas V. viii. 420 sends to England to complain of a breach of the truce by sir Francis de Surienne, in Normandy, viii. 429 being satisfied that the English had broken the truce, makes war against them, viii. 445 summons Mantes to surrender, ix. 17 makes his entry into Verneuil, ix. 20 enters Evreux, ix. 27 marches against Rouen, ix. 53 enters Rouen, ix. 75, 84 leaves Rouen, ix. 92 falls in love with Agnes Sorel, ix. 97 various places in Normandy are taken by him, ix. 116 besieges Caen, ix. 123 makes his entry into that city, ix. 131 the whole duchy of Normandy is reduced to obedience to him, ix. 141, 189 account of the establishment of his army, ix. 143 resolves to invade Guienne, ix. 148 appoints the count de Dunois his lieutenant-general in Guienne, ix. 159 the whole duchy of Guienne, with the exception of Bayonne, submits to him, ix. 177 Bayonne surrenders, ix. 186 Charles VII. declares war against the duke of Savoy, ix, 198 sends ambassadors to the duke of Burgundy respecting peace in Flanders, ix. 222 again conquers Bordeaux, ix. 287 goes to his castle of Lusignan, ix. 297 joins his army before Bordeaux, ix. 308 Bordeaux submits to him, ix. 311 king of France sends an embassy to the king of Spain, ix. 347 builds two castles at Bordeaux, to keep the inhabitants in subjection, _ib._ seizes the territories of count d'Armagnac, ix. 357 displeased with his son, takes possession of Dauphiny, ix. 360 receives an embassy from the king of Hungary at Tours, ix. 392 recovers from a dangerous illness, takes under his wardship the lands of the youth of Rodemac, ix. 418 summons the duke of Burgundy to attend the trial of the duke of Alençon, ix. 438 forbids the duke to attend, and orders him to send proxies, x. 1 his sentence on the duke d'Alençon, x. 6. summons the twelve peers of his realm to hear the sentence passed--transfers the court of justice from Montargis to Vendôme, x. 7 being informed that it was intended to poison him, falls sick and dies, x. 60 troubles and difficulties at the commencement of his reign--his glorious and great feats of arms, x, 67, 69 Charles VII. solemn funeral services performed for him, x. 99 his courtesy to the English adherents of Henry VI. x. 367 Charles, son of Louis XI. born, xi. 100 married to the countess Margaret of Flanders, xi. 344 Charles VIII. crowned at Rheims, xi. 359 his entry into Paris, xi. 361, 363 his successful war in Brittany, xi. 367 marries the duchess Anne of Brittany, xi. 371 generously restores Roussillon to king Ferdinand of Arragon, xi. 372 concludes a peace with Henry VII. of England, xi. 375 makes peace with the archduke of Austria, xi. 377 coronation of his queen, xi. 378 visits his province of Picardy, xi. 379 undertakes an expedition to recover the kingdom of Naples, xi. 381 appoints a regency to govern during his absence, xi. 386 takes leave of the queen at Grenoble, xi. 392 crosses the Alps on his march to Naples, _ib._ makes his public entry into Turin, xi. 394 goes to Arti, where he is visited by Ludovico Sforza and his lady, xi. 399, 401 makes his entry into the town of Casal, xi. 402 his reception at Pavia, xi. 405 his progress from Piacenza to Lucca, xi. 407 Charles VIII. his reception at Lucca, xi. 410 visits Pisa, and enters Florence with his whole army, xi. 411 makes his entry into Sienna, Viterbo, and other towns, xi. 412 enters Rome as a conqueror with his army, xi. 417 cures the king's evil by the touch, xi. 420 what passed on his march from Rome to Naples, xi. 422 enters Naples in triumph, xii. 1 attacks and takes the Castel Nuovo and the Castel del Ovo, xii. 3, 7 makes another entry into Naples as king of that country and monarch of all Italy, xii. 15 begins his return to France, xii, 18 defeats the confederated princes of Italy at Foronuovo, xii. 24 decamps from Foronuovo to return to France, xii. 30 goes to St Denis--dies suddenly at Amboise, xii. 36, 39 funeral services performed for him, xii. 40 Charles III. king of Navarre, obtains the duchy of Nemours, i. 108 surrenders the castle of Cherbourg to the king of France, _ib._ Charleton, captain, killed at the battle of Verneuil, vi. 93 Charolois, the count de, is sent by his father against Cambray, iv. 149 is not permitted to combat the English, iv. 166 Charolois, buries the dead left on the plains of Azincourt, iv. 196 takes the oath of allegiance to the queen and his father, iv. 388 succeeds to the title and possessions of his father, John duke of Burgundy, v. 143. See Philip duke of Burgundy. Charolois, the duke Philip of Burgundy's only son, is promised the princess Catherine in marriage, viii. 101 his marriage with lady Isabella de Bourbon, ix. 351 his quarrel and reconciliation with his father the duke of Burgundy, ix. 388 the countess brought to bed of a daughter, ix. 390 attends the coronation of Louis XI. at Rheims, x. 73 waits on king Louis XI. at Tours, and is magnificently entertained, x. 90 made lieutenant general of Normandy, x. 93 attends his father, the duke of Burgundy, during his illness, x. 97 imprisons three men and an apothecary at Brussels, x. 121 refuses his father's summons to pay his respects to the king, x. 133 makes heavy complaints against the lord de Croy to the deputies of the three estates assembled by his father, x. 141 answer of the deputies--peace restored between him and his father, x. 151, 152 comes to Lille to wait on his father, x. 163 the bastard de Reubempré attempts to take him in Holland, x, 169 Charolois, arrives at Lille and waits on his father, x. 176 displeasure of the king on his imprisoning the bastard de Reubempré, x. 178 answers the ambassadors from France, x. 183 sends sir James St Pol, with a company of knights and gentlemen, to England to the marriage of king Edward, x. 190 a copy of his letters explaining why he had dismissed the lord de Croy and his friends from his father's service, x. 197, 208 seizes the castle of Launoy and gives it to James de St Pol, x. 210 takes leave of the duke of Burgundy and marches his army toward France, x. 231 besieges Beaulieu and crosses the Oise, x. 235 advances to St Denis, and draws up his army before Paris, x. 237 defeats the king at Montlehery, x. 252 his conduct after the victory, x. 253 joined by the dukes of Berry and Brittany and others of the confederation, x. 259 death of the countess, x. 281 his treaty with the king at Conflans, x. 290 takes leave of the king and marches against the Liegeois, x. 298 enters the country of Liege, grants a truce, x. 308 returns to his father at Brussels, x. 314 puts himself on his guard against the king, who makes warlike preparations, x. 316 humbles the Liegeois, and grants them peace, x. 339 Charolois, orders his troops to meet him at St Quentin, xi. 58 Charlotte of France, a natural daughter of Charles VII. murdered by her husband for adultery with his huntsman, xi. 233, 234 Charretier, William, bishop of Paris, exhorts the king to choose wise counsellors, x. 392 Chartier, John, bishop of Paris, dies, x. 124 Chartres, siege of, by the dauphin, v. 272 the city of, is conquered by Charles the VIIth's party, vii. 70 Château Gaillard, siege of, v. 112 is won by the king's men, vi. 300 Château-Thierry, town of, yields to king Charles, vi. 284 Château-Vilain, submits to the duke of Burgundy, vii. 168 Chastel, the lord de, attacks the English fleet near Brest harbour, i. 90 undertakes an unsuccessful expedition against England, and is slain, i. 102 Châtelet, certain Serjeants of the, punished for ill-treating a priest of St Paul's church, xi. 30 Châtillon, sir James de, negociates a truce with the English ambassadors, ii. 283 Châtillon, the lord de, conquers Château-Thierry, v. 258 Châtillon, the French besiege, ix. 298 Chaunoy-sur-Oise castle is destroyed by the inhabitants, vii. 68 Chavensy, siege of, vii. 331 Cherbourg, the town and castle of, surrendered to the English, iv. 386 siege of, by the count de Richemont, ix. 139 Chimay, the lord de, his bold reply to king Louis XI. respecting the duke of Burgundy, x. 116 Choisy, the castle of, vi. 339 Cholet, Cassin, flogged for falsely alarming the citizens of Paris, x. 399 Christians, the, war between them and the infidels in Lithuania, ii. 170 Church, plan for the union of the, i. 175 a meeting of the university and clergy is held on the state of the, ii. 206 a general council of, held under the emperor Maximilian and Louis XII. to the great discontent of the pope, xii. 121 Cisteaux, order of, v. 29 Clarence, the duke of, makes a descent on the French at la Hogue de St Vos, iii. 78 Clarence, the duke of, embarks a large army for Harfleur, iv. 246 besieges Gisors and takes it, v. 108 is killed at the battle of Baguey in Anjou, v. 263 banished by king Edward, comes to France with the earl of Warwick, xi. 97 confined in the tower and drowned in a butt of malmsey, xi. 281 Clark, Thomas, a scotsman, hanged for robbing a fisherman of Paris, xi. 181 Classendach, captain, is killed at the siege of Orleans, vi. 262 Clement, duke of Bavaria, elected emperor of Germany, i. 45 is conducted, with a numerous retinue, to Frankfort, i. 46 Clerc, John du, abbot of St Vaast, in Arras, dies, x. 114 Clermont, the count de, i. 117 Clermont, the count de, is sent to carry on a war against the English in Gascony, i. 118 succeeds the duke of Bourbon, ii. 179 Clermont, the count de, defeats sir Thomas Kiriel in Caen, ix. 112 is made governor of Bordeaux, ix. 179 Clermont castle is besieged by the marshal de Boussac, vi. 387 sir Thomas Kiriel is appointed governor, vii. 66 it is delivered up to the lord d'Auffremont, vii. 67 Clery, near Orleans, the church of Nôtre Dame, burnt to the ground, xi. 126 Cleves, the count de, marries Marie, daughter of the duke of Burgundy, i. 165 the princess of, is married to the eldest son of the king of Navarre, viii. 97 duke of, attends the meeting of princes at Mantua, as proxy for his uncle the duke of Burgundy, x. 42 goes to the duke at Brussels, x. 272 the duchess of, pleads to the duke of Burgundy, for her father the count de Nevers, _ib._ Clifford, lord de, ii. 324 Clisson, Margaret de, ii. 121 Clovis, king, ii. 4 Clugnet, sir, de Brabant, the king's edict against him, iii. 167 and others, raise an army and despoil the country of the Gatinois, iii. 200 assaults the town of Rethel, ii. 282 he overruns the country of Burgundy, ii. 283 treacherously obtains possession of Vervins, iii. 45 Cofferer's office, iii. 109 Coeur, Jacques, judgment given against him, ix. 341, 343 Cohen, the lord de, v. 278 Coignac, taken by the French, viii. 443 Coimbra, John of, king of Cyprus, dies, ix. 416 Coin, debasement of, iii. 121 the king's edict respecting, iii. 252 Collet, sir John, killed in battle, ii. 35 Colombel, sir William, the divorce of, from his wife, xi. 19 Colonna, the cardinal de, elected pope, iv. 87, 299 Colonna, Prospero, sent by Leo X. with a force to join the emperor Maximilian, xii. 177 taken prisoner and carried to France, xii. 178 Combat, terms of, in an Arragonian esquire's challenge, i. 13 between the seneschal of Hainault and three others, i. 96, 99 between Bournecte of Hainault, and Solsier of Bunaige, of Flanders, i. 125 between sir W. Batailler and sir John Carmien, ii. 83 between the seneschal of Hainault and sir John Cornwall, ii. 84 between three Portuguese and three French, iv. 114 between Leagnon, bastard d'Arly, and sir John de Blanc, v. 43 between Poton de Saintrailles and Lionnel de Wardonne, vi. 35 between Maillotin de Bours and sir Hector de Flavy, at Arras, vii. 6 between sir John de Mello and the lord de Chargny at Arras, vii. 223 Comet, a marvellous one in the year 1477, xi. 277 Commerci, siege of, by Réné, duke of Bar, vii. 187 Commercy, the heir of, takes the town of Ligny in the Barrois, vii. 94 Compiègne, the townsmen of, admit the duke of Burgundy, iii. 300 their reasons for this measure, _ib._ is besieged by the king's army, iv. 19, 22 the reduction of, to Henry V. v. 346 is delivered up to the English, vi. 69 surrenders to the French, vi. 301 siege of, by the duke of Burgundy, after the capture of Joan d'Arc, vi. 349 the siege of, raised by the French, vi. 373 Conches, taken by the French, viii. 442 Condé, is won by Charles VII. ix. 59 Cône-sur-Loire, siege of, v. 364 Conecte, friar Thomas, preaches and inveighs against the extravagant dresses of the women, vi. 240 goes to Rome and is burnt, vii. 98 Confederates, the Burgundians and Bretons, under the count de Charolois, besiege Paris, x. 401 provisions brought from Paris, on payment being made for them, x. 431 Conflans, treaty of, between Louis XI. and the confederated princes, x. 285 a royal edict respecting what the king conceded to the count de Charolois, x. 290, 297 Conspiracy, a dreadful one in Paris against the king, iv. 219 the conspirators seized and beheaded, iv. 221, 222 Constance, some account of the city of, iv. 75 Constance, a council is held at, respecting the schism in the church, iv. 86 the earl of Warwick, and others from England, attend the council of, iv. 91 by authority of the council, the sentence against master Jean Petit is revoked, iv. 212 another council is held at, where pope Martin is elected head of the church, iv. 299 Constance, cardinal de, pleads for the king against the duke d'Alençon, x. 4 Constantinople, besieged and captured by Mahomet II ix. 314, 323 Conti, the lord de, slain at Milan, xii. 122. Conversan, Pierre de Luxembourg, count de, captured, v. 212 is liberated, v. 326 Convention of Arras is attended by the cardinals of Santa Croce and Cyprus, vii. 211 ambassadors arrive from England to, vii. 215 ambassadors from France arrive at, vii. 217 the cardinal of Winchester attends, vii. 232 Coppin de Mesinacre, is beheaded, viii. 78 Corbie, the town of, attacked by the French, vii. 12 Corbeil, siege of, iv. 355 Courtois, Simon, beheaded for treachery, xi. 305 Coustain, John, master of the wardrobe to duke Philip of Burgundy, his disgraceful death, x. 111, 112 Courtray, besieged by the Ghent men, ix. 250 Covetousness, on, i. 209 Cramailles, Anthony de, is beheaded, vii. 155 Craon, sir John de, lord of Dommart, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194 Craon, sir James de, is taken prisoner at the castle of Dommart, vii. 65 Craon, the lord de, his victory over the prince of Orange, x. 265 Crasset, Perrinet, a famous adventurer, vi. 67 Creil, siege of, vii. 162, 339. viii. 278 Cordes, the lord des, his successes in Picardy, xi. 373 falls ill at Lyon and dies, xi. 385 Corlart de Forges, killed, vii. 155 Coroam, William de, puts to flight John de Beauvain, vii. 139 Coucy, the damsel of, her marriage with the count de Nevers, ii. 79 is taken by prisoners confined therein, and the governor killed, v. 78 Coulogne-les-Vigneuses, siege of, vii. 167 Coulomiers en Brie, the town of, taken by scalado, vi. 397 Coulon, and other adventurers, capture fourscore Flemish vessels on the coast of Normandy, xi. 317 Courtjambe, sir James de, ii. 32 Crespy, siege of, v. 165 town of, surrenders to Philip duke of Burgundy, v. 166 won by the French, by scalado, vii. 130 Crevant, siege of, vi. 45 the English and the Burgundians triumph, vi. 50 Crevecoeur, the lord de, attacks the French, vi. 331 is sent to the French court to negociate a marriage between the count de Charolois and the king's second daughter, viii. 100 Crichton, sir William, has the guardianship of the young king of Scotland after the murder of James I. viii. 5 Croisade against Bohemia, v. 206 against the Turks by pope Nicholas V. ix. 289 Cross, a miraculous white one, appears in the heavens, to turn the English to the French, ix. 185 Crotoy, siege of, vi. 42 treaty of, vi. 55 the town and castle of, are surrendered to the duke of Bedford, vi. 71 is conquered by sir Florimont de Brimeu, viii. 382 is besieged by the lord d'Auxy and sir Florimont de Brimeu, viii. 49 Croy, the lord de, made prisoner, ii. 215 obtains his liberty, iii. 10 nominated governor of Boulogne, iii. 11 sends aid secretly to the duke of Burgundy, iii. 313 is slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 Croy, the lord de, opposes the Germans in Luxembourg, ix. 286 receives a grant from the king of the county and lordship of Guisnes, x. 127 labours to make peace with the count de Charolois, x. 277 Croy, sir John de, is arrested by orders of the queen of France, iii. 285 escapes, iii. 314 attacks the English, and is discomfited, vii. 349, 352 besieges Guines, vii. 365 Croy, sir John de, breaks up the siege to aid the duke before Calais, vii. 378 attacks certain pillagers in the town of Haussy, viii. 272 Cyprus, brother to the king of, comes to Paris, iv. 225 the king of, is made prisoner by the Saracens, vi. 187 the king is taken to Cairo, vi. 192 the king is liberated, vi. 195 the king of, dies, vii. 82 the cardinals of, attend the convention at Arras, vii. 211 D. D'ailly, Peter, bishop of Cambray, iii. 327 D'airaines, siege of, v. 328 Dammartin, the lord de, condemned for high treason, but banished to Rhodes, x. 130, 131 escapes from the bastile into Brittany, x. 210 makes an exchange with king Louis XI. of his castle of Blancattort for certain rights, xi. 15 appointed grand master of the royal household, xi. 31 Dampierre, lord de, i. 130 slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 Daniel, a servant to Olivier le Daim, horrid accusations against, xi. 282, 287 hanged on the gibbet at Paris, xi. 429 Darius, king, i. 348 D'Armagnac, the count, his body is taken up and decently interred, viii. 46 D'Auffremont, the lord de, is made prisoner by La Hire, vii. 177 Daulphin, sir Guichart, appointed grand master of the king's household, ii. 135 slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 and others, sent out of Paris, iii. 243 D'Auxy, the lord, and sir Florimont de Brimeu, march to lay siege to Crotoy, viii. 49 Dauphinois, the, continue the war against the Burgundians, v. 33 take the town of Laigny-sur-Marne, v. 45 take the city of Soissons, v. 51 the dauphiness is sent to the dauphin, v. 52 the dauphin carries on a vigorous war against the Burgundians, v. 83 retake Villeneuve-le-Roi, v. 258 defeat the duke of Clarence near Baugy, v. 262 advance to Alençon, v. 265 take Avranches, v. 319 assemble to raise the siege of D'Airaines, v. 329 the dauphin's lady, called the queen, is brought to bed of a son, who is christened Louis, dauphin of Vienne, vi. 65. See Charles the dauphin, and Charles VII. Dauphiny, the Burgundians are defeated in, vi. 370 Davencourt, the town and castle of, taken by the foreign companies in the service of the duke of Burgundy, iv. 287 David de Combrebant is put to death, with his brother the young earl of Douglas, viii. 6 Dax, the city of, is regained from the French, viii. 342 is besieged by the count d'Albreth, ix. 164 submits to the king, ix. 169 Denis, sir, de Sainct-Fleur, is beheaded, vii. 111 Denisot de Chaumont, a butcher of Paris, his quarrel with the bastard of Bourbon, iii. 94 DESREY, PIERRE, beginning of his chronicles of Charles VIII. xi. 356 D'Estampes, the count, reconquers the town of St Valery, vii. 164 recovers the castle of Roullet from the men of the lord de Moy, viii. 109 marches an army into the duchy of Luxembourg, viii. 359 succeeds to the duchy of Brittany, x. 12 makes prisoner the viscount d'Amiens, x. 42 quits the house of Burgundy and attaches himself to the king of France, x. 129 Devils, on what conditions they will assist wicked men, i. 280 an assemblage of, to destroy the king of France, i. 289 Devices of the Orleans men and the Burgundians, i. 153 Deymer, Jean, condemned and quartered for treason against the lord of Beaujeu, xi. 145 Dieppe, the town of, escaladed by the French, vii. 301 Digne, the bishop of, preaches before the council of Pisa, ii. 98 Dijon, the king's palace at, burnt down, xii. 80 Dinant, the inhabitants of the town of, insult the count de Charolois, x. 274 Dinant besieged and battered with cannon, x. 322 forced to surrender, plundered and demolished, x. 399 D'Ollehaing, the lord de, is reinstated in his office of chancellor, iii. 153 Domfront, siege of, iii. 29 Dommart, fortress of, taken by the French, by scalado, vi. 24 Dommart castle taken by the French, vii. 64 Dommart, the lord de, is made prisoner by the French, _ib._ D'Orris, Michel, challenges the knights of England to combat, i. 13 his challenge answered by sir J. Prendergast, i. 15 his answers to sir J. Prendergast's letters, apologizing for not fulfilling his engagement, i. 22 conclusion of his second letter, i. 25 his second general challenge, i. 31 fourth letter, addressed to the knights of England, i. 32 Douay, heretics of, v. 237 Douglas, the earl of, defeats the lord Percy, and sir Thomas de Hauton, ix. 12 is killed at the battle of Verneuil, vi. 94 Dours, attacked by the English, viii. 257 Doyac, John, intercepts the duke of Brittany's armour from Milan, xi. 388 has his ears cut off, and his tongue bored with a hot iron, xi. 360 Dorset, the earl of, governor of Harfleur, invades the country of the Caux, iv. 260 Dreaux, siege of, v. 303 Dress, changes of, in France, A.D. 1467, x. 340 Dudley, captain, killed at the battle of Verneuil, vi. 93 Dun-le-Roi, siege of, iii. 53 Dunois, the count de, takes the city of Leiseux, ix. 16 takes possession of Mantes, ix. 17 replies to the speech of master Guillaume, ix. 24 gains the castle of Harcourt, ix. 35 takes Argentan, ix. 47 is ordered by the king to join him against Rouen, ix. 52 enters Rouen, ix. 66 is appointed lieutenant-general in Guienne, ix. 159 besieges Monte Guyon, _ib._ enters Bordeaux, ix. 171 besieges Bayonne, ix. 179 Dunot is charged with an attempt to poison the duke of Orleans, and drowned, viii. 271 E. Earthquake, dreadful, at Naples and in Calabria, ix. 366, 367 Eckeloo, the town of, is burnt by the marshal of Burgundy, ix. 243 Edelin, master Guillaume, reprimanded and imprisoned for having bound himself in servitude to Satan, ix. 345, 346 Edward, duke of Bar, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 Edward, earl of Marche, eldest son to the duke of York, defeats queen Margaret of England, x. 53, 55 crowned king of England, x. 57 Edward, earl of Marche, gains the battle of Hexham, x. 163 marries the daughter of lord Rivers, x. 189 banishes the earl of Warwick and the duke of Clarence, xi. 97 defeated by the earl of Warwick, flies to Burgundy, xi. 105 returns with a great army and regains the kingdom, xi. 112 summons the king of France to restore the duchies of Guienne and Normandy, xi. 174 meets the king of France at Pecquigny--their conference, xi. 195 causes his brother the duke of Clarence to be drowned in a butt of malmsey, xi. 281 dies, xi. 349 Egypt, the sultan of, determines to conquer the whole kingdom of Cyprus, vi. 159 Eichtfeld, battle of, between the duke of Burgundy, the duke of Holland, and the Liegeois, ii. 28 Elephants, war, i. 107 Encre, church and town of, almost entirely destroyed by fire, x. 89 Engennes, sir John de, beheaded by order of the king of England, iv. 380 England, custom in, of placing a crown beside the bed of their dying monarchs, iii. a truce between France and, iii. 20 ambassadors arrive at Paris from, iv. 99 assembles an army to invade France, iv. 126 England, a meeting is held between Calais and Gravelines to negotiate respecting a peace with, viii. 112, 179 troubles in, between the dukes of York and Somerset, ix. 190 civil war in, ix. 348, 359 ambassadors from, denied access to the king of France, x. 41 slight mention of the rebellion and discord in, x. 48 battle of Towton, queen Margaret defeated by Edward earl of Marche, x. 53, 55 the earl of Warwick drives the French from the places they had won, x. 120 an embassy sent to king Louis XI. x. 133 battle of Hexham, x. 162 a truce concluded with France for twenty-two months, xi. 22 Henry VI. delivered from the tower by the earl of Warwick, xi. 105 return of Edward IV. from Burgundy, who regains the kingdom, xi. 114 conference between king Edward and king Louis XI. at Pecquigny, xi. 195 the duke of Clarence drowned in a butt of malmsey, xi. 281 a peace concluded with Scotland, xi. 342 succession of Henry VII. noticed, xi. 368 Henry VIII. prepares to invade France, xii. 145 battle of Spurs, xii. 153 English, the, marching to reinforce the siege of Orleans, are met and attacked by the French, vi. 249 English, the, make many conquests, vi. 321 conquer the bulwark of Lagny sur-Maine, vii. 78 defeat La Hire at Le Bois, vii. 307 make excursions towards Boulogne and Gravelines, vii. 342 make an excursion into the country of Santois, viii. 181 make an inroad on the Boulonois from Calais, x. 10 Englemonstier, burnt by the Ghent men, ix. 253 Enguerrand de Bournouville, attacks the Armagnacs near Paris, ii. 322 attacks them near Bourges, iii. 66 is beheaded, iv. 32 Erpingham, sir Thomas, i. 188 his gallant conduct at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 171 Esparre, lord de l', arrested for treason, and pardoned, ix. 5 again offends, and is executed, _ib._ Espineuse, sir Binet d', executed, ii. 310 his body is taken from the gibbet and interred, iii. 96 Essars, Anthony des, complaints against him, iii. 108 enters the bastile with his brother, iii. 145 Essars, sir Peter des, provost of Paris, arrests the ministers of finance, ii. 129 is deprived of all his offices, ii. 203 is reinstated in his office of provost, ii. 297 flies for refuge, iii. 131 is arrested and imprisoned, iii. 145 is beheaded, iii. 178 Esternay, lord d', general of Normandy, flies from Rouen in disguise, xi. 9 taken and drowned, xi. 11 Estienette de Besançon, the wife of a rich merchant, seduced by the count de Foix, xi. 81 Estouteville, sir Robert d', restored to the provostship of Paris, xi. 3 his gallant defence of Beauvais, xi. 133 dies, xi. 311 Estrepagny, the castle of, is taken by storm, vi. 300, 301 Eu, the count d', arms in defence of the duke of Acquitaine, iii. 176 is taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194 is liberated and returns to France, viii. 103 king Louis XI.'s lieutenant, negociates with the rebellious princes, xi. 402 dies, xi. 117 Eu, reconquered by the French from the count de Roussi, xi. 141 Eugenius IV. pope, is solicited by the emperor of Germany to continue the general council at Basil, vii. 22 sends the cardinal of Santa Croce to France to promote peace, vii. 76 the Romans quarrel with him, vii. 158 escapes to Florence, _ib._ a quarrel arises between him and the council of Basil, viii. 99 sends bulls to divers parts of Europe against heresy and the council of Basil, viii. 117 dies, viii. 414 Eustache, friar, harangues the king, iii. 154 Eustache, sir de Leactre, succeeds sir Reginald de Corbie as chancellor of France, iii. 175 Everard de la Marche, destroys the town and castle of Orchimont, vii. 340 Evereaux submits to the king, ix. 27 Exeter, duke of, iv. 160 F. Falaise, siege of, ix. 133 Famechon, sir Peter de, beheaded, ii. 352 Famine, a great one in France, viii. 65 rages in many places, viii. 94 another great one, throughout France, in 1481, xi. 331 Fascot, sir John, is appointed to the command of the convoy of reinforcements to the siege of Orleans, vi. 249 Fassincault, capt. comes to Genoa to assist Boucicaut, ii. 125 Fastolfe, sir John, commands the armament to reinforce the siege of Orleans, vi. 249 is deprived of the order of the garter, vi. 275 Fauquenberghe, the count de, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 186 Feast of the Golden Fleece, viii. 255 Fécamp, city of, is taken by the marshal de Rieux, vii. 304 is recovered by the English, viii. 33 Felix V. pope, relinquishes all claims to the papacy, ix. 425 Ferdinand, king of Arragon, dies, xii. 196 Ferry de Hengest, bailiff of Amiens, ii. 276 Ferry de Mailly, taken prisoner by the duke of Burgundy, iv. 211 Ferry de Mailly obtains his liberty, iv. 212 invades the towns of Quesnel and Hangest, iv. 229 Finances of France, public report respecting, iii. 100 Flanders, the three estates of, are anxious for peace, ix. 258 Flanders, the countess of, dies, xi. 333 Flavy, William de, murdered while shaving, by his wife, x. 164 Flemings, the, their unruly behaviour in the Burgundian army, ii. 289, 293 demand permission to return home, ii. 299 forcibly retreat, and commit many excesses, ii. 302 receive letters from Henry of England, iii. 42 resolve not to break their truce with the Burgundians, iii. 44 march to the siege of Calais, vii. 352 their great presumption, vii. 358 resolve to leave the duke before Calais, vii. 375 retreat in disgrace, vii. 381 again take up arms after their retreat from Calais, vii. 388 send money to Douay, which is seized by the king's troops, xi. 396 are admitted into Cambray, xi. 310 make peace with the king, xi. 342 Flisque, de, cardinal, offer of pardon to, ii. 114 Flocquet, one of the king's commanders, dies, x. 95 Florence, conspiracy of the Pazzi at, xi. 272 entry of Charles VIII. into, xi. 412 Florentines, pay their duty to pope John XXIII. ii. 168 Florimont, sir, de Brimeu, conquers Crotoy, vii. 382 Foix, the count of, gains the town and castle of Mauléon, ix. 42 besieges Guischen castle, ix. 101 falls in love with the wife of a rich merchant of Paris and seduces her, xi. 81 Folleville castle is taken by the English, viii. 181 Fontaines-Lavagam, siege of, v. 160 Fontenoy, the castle of, besieged, iii. 53 Forbier, Louis, lieutenant-governor of Pontoise, admits the Burgundians into the town, x. 422 Foronuovo, the battle of, xii. 24 Fosse, the town of, is burnt by the lord de Croy, vi. 356 Fougares is taken by sir Francis de Surienne, viii. 427 surrenders to the duke of Brittany, ix. 88 Fradin, Anthony, a cordelier friar, preaches at Paris, and is afterwards banished, xi. 291 France, the marshal of, goes to England to the assistance of the prince of Wales, i. 103 the duke of Burgundy's petition relative to the internal state of, i. 141 the clergy of, summoned to meet the king on the subject of church union, i. 176 the prelates and clergy of, summoned to Paris, i. 325 a reformation in the finances of, resolved on, ii. 146 a tax is laid on the clergy of, by pope John, ii. 234 a civil war breaks out in several parts of, ii. 278 France, report respecting the abuses in the government of, iii. 98 the ringleaders of the rioters are banished from, iii. 242 propositions for restoring peace to the kingdom, iii. 196 a heavy tax is laid on the kingdom, with the consequences of it, iv. 218 the queen of, is banished, iv. 279 the queen of, escapes from Tours, and follows the duke of Burgundy, iv. 360 the queen writes several letters on behalf of the duke of Burgundy, iv. 362 depreciation of the coin of, v. 259, 306 a rigorous tax is imposed for a new coinage, v. 313 poetical complainings of the commonalty and labourers of, v. 352 a great pestilence and depravity in, vii. 139 the poor people of, are very much distressed, vii. 392 a great famine in, viii. 65 Francis, count of Angoulême, betrothed to the princess Claude of France, xii. 104 sent to command against the Swiss, xii. 149 succeeds Louis XI. on the throne of France, xii. 171 concludes a treaty with the archduke, xii. 172 makes his public entry into various cities, xii. 175 marches into Italy, xii. 176 pursues the Swiss with his whole army, xii. 179 Francis, defeats their army at Marignano, xii. 181 subdues Milan and reduces the castle, xii. 191 holds a conference with Leo X. at Bologna, and returns to France, xii. 195 concludes a treaty of peace with the archduke king of Spain, xii. 205 received at Paris with demonstrations of joy, xii. 206 Frederick, duke of Austria, is crowned emperor, and married at Rome to the daughter of the king of Portugal, ix. 190 Frederic, styling himself king of Naples, comes to France, xii. 15 dies, xii. 102 French, offer battle to the Burgundians, after their defeat at Compiègne, which is refused, vi. 393 are nearly taking the castle of Rouen, vii. 59 commit great disorders in the Amiennois, &c. vii. 92 some captains cross the Somme, and overrun Artois, vii. 101 won the town of St Valery, vii. 114 overrun and pillage the country of the duke of Burgundy after the peace or Arras, vii. 300 Fresnoy surrenders to the duke d'Alençon, ix. 49 Fronsac, siege of, by the count de Dunois, ix. 166 Frost, a very long and severe one, at Paris, i. 204 G. Galilee, the prince of, vi. 185 Gaieta, siege of, vii. 237 taken by the French troops under Charles VIII. xii. 10 Gaillon castle submits to Charles VII. ix. 88 Gamaches, the lord de, appointed bailiff of Rouen, iv. 285 Gargrave, sir Thomas, is killed at the siege of Orleans, vi. 236 Garnier, Laurence, the body of, taken from the gibbet and buried, xi. 306 Gascony, campaign in, i. 118 Gastellin, sir, seizes the castle of Oisy, iv. 232 Gouy, Daviod de, v. 83 Gaveren, siege of, ix. 265 battle of, ix. 270 Generals, officers of finance so called, iii. 110 Geneva, the count of, marries the daughter of the king of Cyprus, vii. 148 Genevieve, St. the steeple of the church of, burnt by lightning, xi. 351 Genoa, the sovereignty of, is offered to Charles VII. viii. 408 a marvellous event at, xi. 400 Gerberoy, the town of, is taken by the French, viii. 442 Geoffroy, sir, de Villars, made prisoner by the duke of Burgundy, iv. 347 Gergeau, siege of, vi. 234 the town and castle are won by the French, vi. 266 Germans, are opposed in Luxembourg by the lord de Croy, ix. 286 Gersies, the castle of, won by sir Simon de Clermont, iii. 48 Gery, St., the canons of the chapter of, quarrel with the inhabitants of the town of Cambray, iv. 147 Ghent-men rise against their, magistrates, vii. 89 again rebel, vii. 131 Ghent-men, and other Flemings, make great preparations for the siege of Calais, vii. 344 resolve to leave the duke's army before Calais, vii. 273 rise in arms and commit great depredations, viii. 9 excited by the artisans, they again take up arms, viii. 66 murmur respecting the tax on salt, ix. 193 supplicate pardon from the duke of Burgundy, ix. 194 they besiege Oudenarde, ix. 202 they are defeated by the count d'Estampes, ix. 205 they fortify Nieneve, ix. 215 they are defeated there, ix. 216 the duke defeats them at the battle of Rupelmonde, ix. 218 they choose for their leader a lusty cutler, ix. 224 they are defeated at Hulet and Moerbeke, _ib._ refuse the articles of peace from France, ix. 230 recommence war, ix. 234 are defeated before Alost, ix. 244 various encounters between them and the Picards, ix. 247 attempt to burn various parts of Hainault, _ib._ send a deputation to the count d'Estampes respecting peace, ix. 249 are defeated before Alost by sir Francis, the Arragonian, ix. 244 Alost is nearly taken by them, ix. 256 they besiege Courtray, ix. 250 Ghent-men, they are near taking the duchess of Burgundy prisoner, ix. 251 send a deputation to beg the mercy of the duke of Burgundy, ix. 275 treaty of peace between them and the duke of Burgundy, ix. 280 humble themselves before the duke, ix. 284 Ghent, order of the duke of Burgundy's entrance into, ix. 429 magnificent entertainments at, ix. 428, 436 Giac, the lady of, v. 118 Gilbert du Fretun, makes war against king Henry, i. 90 Giles, the lord, of Brittany, is put to death by his brother, the duke, viii. 408 Gilles de Plessis, beheaded, iv. 33 Gilles de Postelles, is accused of treason to the duke of Burgundy, and beheaded, vii. 129 Girard, sir, lord of Herancourt, i. 47 Gisors, the siege of, v. 108 Glocester, the duke of, is sent to St Omer as hostage for the duke of Burgundy, iv. 247 Glocester, Humphrey, duke of, and his duchess, leave Calais for Hainault to receive the allegiance of that country, vi. 113 the duke of, sends a letter to the duke of Burgundy, vi. 117 copy of his second letter to the duke of Burgundy, vi. 128 is blamed by the court of London for his expedition into Hainault, vi. 159 quarrels with the cardinal of Winchester, vi. 170 resolves to succour the duchess in Holland, vi. 180 Glocester, Humphrey, duke of, his marriage with the duchess Jacqueline declared null and void by the pope, vi. 197 marries Eleanor Cobham, _ib._ Glocester, the bishop of, is murdered by the populace in London, viii. 431 Godfrey, cardinal of Arras, waits on king Louis XI. x. 139 Golden Fleece, order of, vi. 329 Gouge, Martin, bishop of Chartres, arrested, ii. 129 Gournay, surrendered to the duke of Burgundy, vi. 360 Grand master of the Teutonic order, marches an army into Lithuania, ii. 170 Grand-prè, the count de, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 186 murdered by Parisians, v. 21 Granson, the duke of Burgundy defeated by the Swiss at, xi. 277 Graussy, siege of, vii. 110 Gregory XIII. pope, attempts an union in the church, i. 117 sends ambassadors and bulls to the university of Paris, i. 183 is condemned at the council of Pisa, ii. 90, 109, 118 Grey, sir Thomas, iv. 141 Gueldres, the duke of, mortally wounded before Tournay, xi. 265 Gueroult, Pierre de, a youth, beheaded for disloyalty, x. 397 Guetron castle, siege of, vii. 53 the soldiers who garrisoned it are nearly all hanged, vii. 54 Guerbigny, the Burgundians and the English are defeated near, vi. 390 Guienne is invaded by the French, ix. 159 the greater part of the towns and castles in the duchy surrender to the French, ix. 166 the war in, xii. 143 Guiffert, Andrieu, and other public treasurers, complaints concerning, iii. 106 is arrested, iii. 131 Guillemins, order of hermits, i. 176 Guischen castle, siege of, ix. 101 Guise, siege of, vi. 79 the garrison capitulate to sir John de Luxembourg and sir Thomas Rampstoun, vi. 98 Guye de Roye appeals from the constitutions drawn up by the university of Paris respecting the schisms, ii. 16 his commissary committed to close confinement, ii. 17 is murdered during a riot at Voltri, ii. 87 H. Hainault, duke William, count of, negociates a reconciliation between the duke of Burgundy and the king of France, ii. 65 the seneschal of, and sir John Cornwall combat before Charles IV. ii. 84 the seneschal of, performs a deed of arms, with three others, in the presence of Martin, king of Arragon, i. 95 the countess of, endeavours to make peace between the king, the duke of Acquitaine, and the duke of Burgundy, iv. 36 renews her negociations for peace, iv. 39 Hainault, the countess of, negociates a peace, iv. 58 a second time negociates a peace, iv. 98 Hallam, Robert, bishop of Salisbury, attends the council of Pisa, ii. 98 Ham, siege of, ii. 291 evacuated, ii. 293 Hambre, the lord de, unsuccessfully attempts the rescue of the count de la Marche, iii. 6 Hamela in Westphalia, strange miracles of a rat-catcher at, xi. 122 Hamme-sur-Somme, is taken by scalado, vi. 64 Hamme, town of, is won by the French, vii. 166 Hangest, John de, lord de Huqueville, goes to England to the assistance of the prince of Wales, i. 102 Hangest, the lord de, is made prisoner, ii. 247 Hangestez, the lord de, taken prisoner at Mercq castle, i. 130 Hannequin Lyon, a noted pirate, vii. 347 Hanton, sir Thomas de, invades Scotland, ix. 12 Haphincourt castle, reconquered by sir John de Luxembourg, vii. 140 Harcourt, sir James de, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194 espouses the heiress of the count de Tancarville, iv. 381 captures his cousin the count de Harcourt, v. 5 makes a successful excursion near Rouen, v. 64 continues the war against France, v. 240 begins a war on the vassals and countries of the duke of Burgundy, v. 268 Harcourt, sir James de, meets a party of English and is defeated, v. 313 visits the lord de Partenay, and requires him to give up his castle, vi. 61 attempting to seize that lord is put to death, vi. 62 Harcourt, sir John, has the bishopric of Narbonne given to him by the pope, vii. 119 Harcourt castle is taken by the count de Dunois, ix. 35 Hardy, John, undertakes to poison Louis XI., ix. 157 is betrayed and apprehended, xi. 158. condemned and executed, xi. 159, 160 Harfleur, siege of, by the English, iv. 142 the king of England enters, iv. 158 sir John le Blond made governor, iv. 160 the French navy at, is destroyed, iv. 248 surrenders to the king of France, vii. 301 is besieged by the earl of Somerset, viii. 200 surrenders to the king, ix. 94 Harlebeck, the village of, is burnt by the Ghent men, ix. 238 Harlem is blockaded by the duchess Jacqueline, vi. 175 Haussy. See Pillagers. Hautbourdin, the lord de, bastard of St Pol, dies, x. 321 Haverford, town and castle of, burnt by the French, i. 103 Hector, sir, bastard of Bourbon, iv. 23 is killed, iv. 32 Hector de Flavy, sir, combats Maillotin, at Arras, vii. 6 Hêdin, the town of, surrenders to the king of France, xi. 258 Henry, king of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, marries the daughter of Henry, king of England, ii. 78 Henry IV. of Lancaster, king of England, combats the Percies and Welshmen, i. 47 his courageous conduct, i. 48 is challenged by the duke of Orleans, i. 55 his answer to the duke of Orleans' challenge, i. 58 king of England, thinks it beneath his dignity to fight with one of inferior rank, i. 59, 60 is reproached for his conduct to the queen of England, the niece of the duke of Orleans, i. 71 answers the charge, i. 78 his reply to the duke of Orleans' second letter, i. 73 reinforces his army in France, i. 133 prohibits his subjects from interfering in the factions of France, iii. 27 agrees to aid the Armagnacs, iii. 39 sends letters into Ghent and other towns, iii. 42 confesses he had no right to the crown, iii. 139 dies, _ib._ of the alliance between him and the princes of France, iii. 141 Henry V. king of England, assembles a large army to invade France, iv. 126 ambassadors sent to him, iv. 128 Henry V. makes great preparations to invade France, iv. 136 he sends letters to the king of France, at Paris, iv. 137 discovers, while at Southampton, a conspiracy of his nobles against him, iv. 140 lays siege to Harfleur, iv. 142 enters Harfleur, iv. 152 resolves to march to Calais, iv. 159 his victory at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 183 embarks at Calais for England after the battle of Azincourt, iv. 199 a truce is concluded between him and the duke of Burgundy, iv. 228 returns to France with a large army, and takes many towns and fortresses, iv. 297 his conquests in Normandy, iv. 378, v. 5 conquers Pont de l'Arche, v. 29 besieges Rouen, v. 40 makes his public entry into Rouen, v. 71 sends an embassy to the king of France and the duke of Burgundy at Provins, v. 80 is dissatisfied with the peace between the dauphin and the duke of Burgundy, v. 239 captures the town of Pontoise, v. 106 orders the fortresses of Château-Gaillard and of La Roche-Guyon to be besieged, v. 112 arrives, with his whole army, at Troyes in Champagne, to celebrate his marriage, and to conclude a peace with the king of France, v. 183 Henry V. treaty of peace between him and Charles VI. after the marriage of his daughter Catherine, v. 185 leaves Troyes with Charles VI. v. 198 inhumanly hangs the prisoners at the siege of Montereau, v. 203 several castles and forts are delivered up to him, in which he places his own captains, v. 214 is declared heir and regent of the realm of France, v. 216 goes to Paris with his queen, and Charles VI. and his queen, in great pomp after the surrender of Melun, v. 232 keeps open court at Paris in a very magnificent manner, v. 242 returns to England with his queen, v. 244 returns to France with a powerful army to combat the dauphin, v. 269 marches from Calais to Beauvais and Montes, where he is met by the duke of Burgundy, v. 272 conquers Dreux, and pursues the dauphin, v. 303 besieges Meaux, v. 306, 333 many other towns and forts surrender to him, v. 340 goes from Paris to Senlis, v. 346 goes from Senlis to Compiègne, v. 350 is taken sick during his march to the aid of the duke of Burgundy, to the relief of Cône-sur-Loire, v. 367 addresses the duke of Bedford, &c. whilst on his death bed, v. 368 dies, v. 371 Henry V. his body is conveyed in great pomp to England, v. 375 a noble knight of Picardy uses a joking expression relative to his boots, which was often repeated, v. 378 Henry VI. comes from Pontoise to St Denis to be crowned king of France, vii. 44 is crowned at Paris by the cardinal of Winchester, vii. 49 goes to Rouen, vii. 51 is much hurt at the manner in which the duke of Burgundy addressed him after the peace of Arras, vii. 291 sends an embassy to the emperor of Germany, and the ambassadors are arrested at Brabant, vii. 308 sends letters to the Hollanders, vii. 310 sends letters to France explaining and excusing his quarrel with the duke of Burgundy, vii. 316 is betrothed to the daughter of Réné king of Sicily, viii. 394 taken prisoner by king Edward IV. and sent to the tower, x. 278 delivered by the earl of Warwick, xi. 105 Henry VII. of England sends a large force to the assistance of the Bretons, xi. 368 lands a force at Calais and besieges Boulogne, xi. 373 concludes a peace, xi. 374 Henry VIII. of England prepares to invade France, xii. 144 disembarks with his whole army at Calais, xii. 147 besieges Therouenne, xii. 151 Henry VIII. returns to England, after taking Therouenne and Tournay, xii. 157 his sister the princess Mary married to Louis XII. xii. 163 Heretic, an extraordinary, at Paris, xii. 84 Heresy, may be punished on the dead body of the heretics, i. 235 Hericourt, siege of, v. 325 Hermit, a devout one in Swisserland, subsists for fifteen years on the holy wafer, xi. 276 Hemon, sir, de Bouberch, a vessel of his is taken by sir James de Harcourt, v. 267 Hermontfort, the town of, is attacked by the duke of Burgundy, vi. 211 Herrings, battle of, vi. 253 Heuse, the brogne de la, is dismissed from the provostship, iii. 243 Hoguemans, ix. 193, 209 Holland, William, duke of. See Liegeois, and John duke of Burgundy. Holland, inundation in, caused by the breaking of the dykes, xi. 84 Holy Land, ambassadors from, to the court of France, x. 65 from thence to the court of Burgundy, x. 66 Homicide, i. 266 Honfleur, siege of, ix. 103 Honoré Cokin, heads an insurrection at Amiens, vii. 295 is beheaded, vii. 299 Howard, the lord, and other ambassadors from England wait on the king of France, xi. 318 Howard, sir Edward, killed in a sea-engagement, xii. 159 Howel, John, surrenders the castle of La Roche-Guyon to its lord, and turns to the French, ix. 32 Hulst, the men of Ghent are defeated at, ix. 225 Humieres, the lord de, is taken by the French, vii. 91 Humieres, the lord de, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194 Humieres, the bastard de, defeats the French near Rethel, vii. 214 Humphry, duke of Glocester, sends a challenge and a threat to the duke of Burgundy before Calais, vii. 367 arrives at Calais with a large armament, vii. 385 enters Flanders, vii. 386 Hungary, the king of, writes for advice relative to the schism, to the university of Paris, i. 324 his embassy to the king of France, ix. 392 dies, ix. 394, 416 marries Anne of Candale of the house of Foix, xii. 79 death of the queen, xii. 105 Huntingdon, the earl of, aids the duke of Burgundy before Compiègne, vi. 357 Hure, John de la, and others taken prisoners by a band of horsemen, x. 381 Huy, many of the inhabitants of, beheaded and drowned, ii. 41 I. Innocent VIII. pope, succeeds Sixtus IV. x. 366 dies, xi. 381 Isabella, queen of England, returns to France, i. 40 is married to Charles d'Orleans, i. 162 Isabella, queen of England, dies in childbed, ii. 22 Isabella, queen of France, and wife of Charles VI. is banished, iv. 279 escapes from Tours with the duke of Burgundy, iv 259 writes letters on the duke's behalf, iv. 362 is carried to Paris, v. 24 joins the duke of Burgundy, v. 87 dies in the city of Paris, vii. 285 Isabella of Savoy, queen of France, comes to the king at Senlis, x. 129 Isabella, queen of Spain, dies, xii. 102 Ishmael, the Sophi, his furious battle with the Turks, xii. 196 Ivry castle besieged, vi. 63, 86 surrenders to the English, vi. 86 J. Jacob van Ardoyen, a blacksmith, is hung for lending hammers to the duke of Burgundy during the insurrection at Bruges, viii. 21 Jacobins, the, renounce their claims to tythes, &c. ii. 152 Jacotin de Bethune is sent to prison, but soon afterwards released, viii. 173 Jacquelina of Bavaria married to John duke of Touraine, i. 162 dies, vii. 398 Jacqueline, the duchess, writes to the duke of Glocester respecting her being put under the wardship of the duke of Burgundy, vi. 148, 154 escapes in disguise from Ghent and goes to Holland, vi. 166 Jacqueline, the duchess, is divorced from the duke by the pope, vi. 196 treaty between her and the duke of Burgundy, which ends the war in Holland, vi. 227 Jacques Coeur is arrested and made the king's prisoner, ix. 196 Jacqueville, sir Elion de, heads a party of the Parisians to arrest sir Peter des Essars, iii. 145 kills sir James de la Rivierre in prison, iii. 174, 214 is dragged out of the church of our Lady at Chartres by Hector de Saveuses and put to death, iv. 369 Jagellon, king of Poland, is baptized, ii, 154 James de la Marche, king of Naples, the Neapolitans make war on him, iv. 257 James I. king of Scotland, is murdered in his bedchamber, viii. 2 James de Helly is killed at Compiègne, vi. 391 Jane of France, duchess of Bourbon, dies, xi. 322 Januarius, St, of Naples, the miraculous head and blood of, xii. 13 Jean de Chevrot has the bishopric of Tournay conferred upon him, vii. 120 Jeanne de Bethune, countess of Ligny, does homage for her lands to Charles VII. viii. 270 Jeanbon, a native of Wales, is beheaded for a conspiracy to poison the dauphin, xi. 243 Jeannet de Poix, and others, by command of the duke of Burgundy, march secretly to St Dennis, and make inroads on different parts of France, iv. 228 Jeusne, master Robert le, is sent by the count de St Pol to harangue the king of France, iii. 231 is arrested for the want of vouchers, iii. 232 Jeune, Robert le, governor of Arras, death and character of, x. 122 Jews, insulted at the coronation of pope John XXIII. ii. 164 crucify a child at Trent, in ridicule of the mysteries of the passion, xi. 274 Joab, why king David ordered him to be slain, i. 253 Joan, the maid of Orleans, waits on king Charles at Chinon, vi. 256 she is retained in the king's service, _ib._ goes to Orleans, having command of a large force, _ib._ she reinforces and revictuals Orleans, vi. 260 requests the king to send a large reinforcement to pursue his enemies, vi. 265 conquers the town of Gergeau, vi. 268 overthrows Franquet d'Arras, and has his head cut off, vi. 342 is taken prisoner by the Burgundians, before Compiègne, vi. 343 is condemned to be put to death, and burnt at Rouen, vii. 15 Joan, duchess of Luxembourg, i. 109, 110 John XXIII. elected pope, ii. 162 ceremonials of his coronation, ii. 163 his request of tenths rejected by the French church, ii. 210 requests aid of the French king against the king Ladislaus, ii. 214 flies from Rome, and fixes his court at Bologna, iii. 173 is dethroned, iv. 87 is released from prison, made a cardinal by pope Martin, and dies, iv. 386 John, king of Arragon, a deed of arms is performed before him, i. 95 John, brother to the duke of Bar, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 John of Bavaria, bishop, makes his entry into Liege after the battle of Eichtfeld, ii. 39 surnamed John the Pitiless, ii. 41 dies, vi. 112. See Liege John of Montfort, duke of Brittany, dies, i. 39 John de Moreul, knight to the duke of Burgundy, appointed ambassador, iii. 178 John de Nevers is ordered to lay siege to Moreiul, vii. 156 John, sir, bastard de St Pol, is taken prisoner by the French, vii. 91 John de Toisy, bishop of Tournay, death of, vii. 118 Josquin, Philip, acquires great riches in the service of the duke of Burgundy, v. 132 Josse, son of the duke of Burgundy, born at Ghent, vii. 106 Joinville, the lord de, refuses, but upon conditions, to deliver up the castle of Montereau to the dauphin, v. 128 Jubilee in France, for the support of a war against the Turks, xii. 73 Juchy, near Cambray, twelve houses burnt at, x. 62 Julian the apostate, fell through covetousness, i. 236 Julius II. pope, by the assistance of the French, gains Bologna, xii. 106 regains several places from the Venetians, xii. 117 goes to war with the king of France, xii. 121 Julius II. pope, his army united with the Venetians and Spaniards is defeated by the French near Ravenna, xii. 131 dies at Rome in the ninth year of his pontificate, xii. 142 Justice and royalty, i. 340 Juy, John de, the accuser of John Coustain, beheaded, x. 112 K. Kent, the earl of, killed at the battle of Baugey, v. 263 Kerennier, le, attaches himself to the king's army to drive out the English from Normandy, vii. 303 Kiriel, sir Thomas, defeats the count de Clermont, vi. 322 is taken prisoner by the French, vi. 391 is appointed governor of Clermont castle, vii. 66 takes Valognes, ix. 106 is defeated by the count de Clermont, ix. 112 L. Lagny-sur-Marne, the bulwark at, is conquered by the English, vii. 76 the duke of Bedford marches to the aid of, vii. 83 La Hire made prisoner, v. 259 La Hire, Estienne de Vignolles, takes Louviers, vi. 327 La Hire, and others overrun Artois and Cambresis, vii. 145 treacherously makes the lord d'Auffemont a prisoner, vii. 177 gains the castle of Breteuil, in the Beauvoisis, by storm, vii. 182 takes the old fort of Amiens, vii. 192 he and several others defeat the earl of Arundel, vii. 197 a truce is agreed on between him and the Burgundians, vii. 208 overruns and forages the country of the duke of Burgundy during the convention at Arras, vii. 234 conquers Gisors, and loses it soon afterwards, vii. 342 is wounded at the siege of Calais, vii. 362 conquers the town and castle of Soissons, vii. 395 is nearly taking Rouen, but is defeated, viii. 11 commits great waste in several counties, viii. 33 is taken prisoner, viii. 35 is liberated and goes to the king, viii. 37 makes excursions into Germany, viii. 107 dies, viii. 342 Lalain, sir James de, makes an inroad to the walls of Ghent, ix. 240 is slain before Poulcres, ix. 262 Lallier, Michel, his wife reveals the conspiracy at Paris, iv. 220 La Mothe, the town of, is taken by storm by the bastard of Bourbon, viii. 177 Lancelot, or Ladislaus, king of Naples, invades Florence, ii. 103 Lancelot de Lisle, sir, is slain at the siege of Orleans, vi. 239 Laon, the French are defeated at, vii. 143 La Réole, siege of, by Charles VII. viii. 340 La Roche-Guyon, siege of, v. 112 Laws have double meaning, i. 268 Lau, the lord du, arrested and imprisoned because in disguise, xi. 19 falls into disgrace with the king and is confined in the castle of Usson, xi. 52 escapes, xi. 69 Launoy, the lord de, receives many favours from king Louis XI. x. 135 Laurens du Puy, ordered to be arrested by the queen of France, and is drowned in attempting to escape, iv. 259 Lectoure regained from the count d'Armagnac, xi. 147 burnt and razed to the ground, _ib._ Le Bourg castle, siege of, ix. 163 Leger, John, put to death at Rouen, iv. 281 Leigny les-Chastiniers castle destroyed by the duke of Burgundy, vi. 396 Lens, sir Charles de, arrested, iii. 213 Leo X. pope, succeeds Julius II. xii. 142 sends Prospero Colonna with a force to join the emperor Maximilian, xii. 177 holds a conference with Francis I. at Bologna, xii. 195 Lore, the lady Ambrose de, widow of sir Robert d'Estouteville, dies, xi. 64 Libourne taken by the French, ix. 305 Liege, the bishop of, ejected for refusing to be consecrated as a churchman, i. 176 Liege, the bishop of, takes arms against the Liegeois, i. 178 many of the inhabitants of, beheaded and drowned, ii. 40 meeting for settling the affairs of, ii. 44 the town of, destroyed, xi. 78 Liegeois, the, arm against the Hainaulters, i. 177 resolve to combat the duke of Burgundy and John of Bavaria, ii. 25, 26 surrender themselves to the dukes of Burgundy and Holland, ii 38 raise a large army, and invade Namur, vi. 352 peace between them and the duke of Burgundy, vii. 112 enter into an alliance with Louis XI. against the duke of Burgundy and the count de Charolois, x. 268 lay siege to the town of Luxembourg, _ib._ discomfited at Montenac, x. 285 obtain a truce with the count de Charolois, x. 308 recommence the war against the duke of Burgundy, x. 301 besiege the town of Huys, proceedings of the duke against them, xi. 46 Lievin Nevelin, doctor, ambassador from the college of cardinals to the duke of Burgundy, iv. 352 Lignac, sir Philip de, endeavours to make peace between the duke of Berry and the king, iii. 63 Ligne, the lord de, in Hainault, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194 Ligny en Barrois, siege of the town and castle of, v. 207 Ligny, the count de, and others, keep the appointed day at Villiers le Carbonnel, vii. 141 Lihons, invaded and pillaged, iv. 231 the English commit great depredations at, viii. 183 Lindsay, sir Walter, killed at the battle of Verneuil, vi. 94 Lion, a tame one, kept by a gentleman of Auvergne, escapes and does much mischief, x. 303 L'Isle-Adam, the lord, submits to the duke of Burgundy, iv. 332 he and the lord de Croy lead an expedition toward the Auxerrois, v. 178 is sent to garrison Joigny, v. 224 is reproved by Henry V. for looking that monarch in the face, v. 224 is arrested, by orders of the duke of Exeter, v. 261 is liberated, vi. 9 turns against the English, vii. 309 enters Paris, which submits to the king, vii. 327 is slain at Bruges, viii. 18 Lisieux, the city of, is taken by the count de Dunois, ix. 17 Lithuania, the king of, invades Prussia, ii. 154 Limbourg, duchy of, i. 113. Loigny castle, taken by the seneschal of Poitou, ix. 20 Lombards and Gascons, teach their military horses certain strange movements, ii. 205 London, the populace of, rise against the king's officers, viii. 431 Longueval, the lord de, conquers the castle of Aumale, vi. 299 turns to the king's party, vi. 85 Longueval, sir Arthur, enters St Quentin in the name of Louis XI. xi. 108 Longueval, John de, seizes the towns of Arleux and Crevecoeur for the bastard of Burgundy, x. 226 Lorraine, the duke of, with the lords de Ront and de Heilly, attack and defeat a party from Bourges, iii. 62 Lorraine, the duke of, opposes the duke of Burgundy at Morat in Swisserland, and in the county of Romont, xi. 235 recovers the town of Nancy, xi. 238 destroys the Burgundian army, the duke of Burgundy slain, xi. 247, 252 reduces the duchy and county of Burgundy to the king, xi. 255 Louis, the dauphin, is persuaded to join in a conspiracy against the government of Charles VII. viii. 190 returns to the court to seek pardon, viii. 193 some of his men invade Burgundy, viii. 377 Louis de Valois, dauphin of France, takes refuge with duke Philip of Burgundy, ix. 383 accompanies the duke to Bruges, and is honourably received, ix. 402 Louis XI. crowned at Rheims, x. 73 makes his public entry into Paris, x. 77, 83 takes leave of the duke of Burgundy and leaves Paris for Amboise, x. 85 abolishes the pragmatic sanction, x. 94 grants succours to queen Margaret of England, x. 119 makes a progress through his kingdom to examine the state of it, x. 127 Louis XI. repurchases the towns on the Somme from the duke of Burgundy, x. 132 summons the count de Saint Pol, and the lord de Genly to appear before him, x. 136 comes to Arras and Tournay, x. 153 comes to Hêdin, entertained by the duke of Burgundy, x. 166 summons deputies from the towns on the Somme, to Rouen, x. 174 appoints the count de Nevers governor of Picardy, and sends an embassy to the duke of Burgundy at Lille, x. 175 orders Crevecoeur near Cambray to be taken possession of, x. 185 his correspondence with the duke of Bourbon, respecting the flight of the duke of Berry, x. 216 publishes other letters throughout his realm, x. 219. advance of the army of the count de Charolois, x. 236, 241 resolves to combat him, defeated at Montlehery, x. 244, 251 sends the bishop of Paris to negotiate, x. 257 leaves Paris for Rouen to recruit his army, x. 261 returns to Paris and procures a truce, x. 263 forms an alliance with the Liegeois against the duke of Burgundy and the count de Charolois, x. 268 meets the count de Charolois at Conflans, x. 276 establishes a treaty of peace, x. 286 royal edict respecting what he had conceded to the count, x. 290 Louis XI. is present at a review of the count de Charolois' army, x. 298 goes into, and retakes possession of the duchy of Normandy, x. 304 orders some of the lords of that country to be arrested and drowned, x. 306 advances toward Angers to learn the intentions of his brother's partisans, x. 377 enters the Bourbonnois and takes many towns and castles, x. 380 lays siege to Riom in Auvergne, x. 386 comes to Paris after the battle of Montlehery, x. 390 grants several favours to the inhabitants, x. 396 nobles arrive from Normandy to serve him against the confederates, x. 417 confirms the privileges of the Parisians and offers them new ones, xi. 2 goes to Orleans, xi. 5 proceeds to Normandy, meets the duke of Brittany at Caen, xi. 8 recovers the duchy of Normandy from his brother, xi. 11 sends ambassadors to England, xi. 17, 18 issues an edict against the English, xi. 20 sends commissioners to make reforms at Paris, xi. 24 appoints certain lords for the guard and defence of his realm, xi. 28 goes to Rouen to meet the earl of Warwick, xi. 32 orders the Parisians to have banners for the respective trades and professions, _ib._ Louis XI. musters the banners without the walls of Paris, xi. 42 goes on a pilgrimage on foot to St Denis, xi. 44 gives letters to abolish the pragmatic sanction, xi. 47 concludes a truce with the count de Charolois, in which the Liegeois are not included, xi. 54 sends commissioners to muster the banners, his army marches to oppose the Bretons between Mans and Alençon, xi. 56 consents to the assembly of the three estates at Tours, xi. 60 goes to Meaux, xi. 67 substance of what passed between him and the dukes of Berry and Brittany, xi. 71 concludes a peace with the duke of Burgundy, xi. 72 goes on a pilgrimage to Notre Dame of Halle, xi. 76 sends all the live game round Paris as a token of friendship to the count de Foix, xi. 80 receives the king and queen of Sicily, is reconciled to his brother, now duke of Guienne, xi. 90 summons the van and rear van to oppose Edward king of England, xi. 94 signs a peace with the duke of Brittany, xi. 101 orders a thanksgiving for the delivery of Henry VI. king of England, xi. 106 his victories in Burgundy, Charolois and Picardy, xi. 112 goes to Paris and Orleans with the duke of Guienne and others, xi. 116 Louis XI. obtains indulgences for those who shall say Ave Maria three times, xi. 124 sends commissioners to settle differences with the duke of Burgundy, xi. 153 marries his eldest daughter to the lord de Beaujeu, xi. 156 discovers a plot for poisoning him, xi. 158 his edicts respecting the gens d'armes and coin, xi. 160, 161 an embassy arrives from the king of Arragon, xi. 164 reviews the Parisians, accompanied by the Arragonian ambassadors, xi. 165 agrees to a truce with the duke of Burgundy, xi. 169 sends a large army to conquer Arragon, xi. 170 receives a summons from king Edward to restore to him the duchies of Guienne and Normandy, xi. 174 good news from the army of Arragon, xi. 176 orders troops into the territories of the duke of Burgundy to retaliate the damages done in contempt of the truce, xi. 179 concludes an alliance with the emperor of Germany, ambassadors from Florence and the emperor, xi. 183 his prudent acts, takes Tronquoy, Mondidier and other places from the Burgundians, xi. 184, 185 gives notice of the arrival of the English at Calais, and orders his vassals to be in readiness, xi. 193 goes to Pecquigny, to hold a conference with the king of England, xi. 195 Louis XI. agrees to a truce, pays king Edward seventy-five thousand crowns, and promises an annual pension of fifty thousand, xi. 197, 198 concludes a truce with the duke of Burgundy, xi. 201 his conversation with the count de Roussy, xi. 207 orders a council, and establishes certain taxes, xi. 223 meets the king of Sicily at Lyon, ransoms queen Margaret of England, xi. 232 makes several pilgrimages, xi. 237 informed of the death of the duke of Burgundy, he makes a pilgrimage of devotion, xi. 255 reduces Arras, Hêdin, and other towns and countries which the duke had usurped in France, xi. 256 summons his parliament from Paris to Noyon to try the duke of Nemours, xi. 262 on his return from Picardy sets at liberty the prisoner's confined in the Châtelet, xi. 278 has twelve great bombards made, xi. 280 his troops gain the town of Condé from the Burgundians, xi. 291 amused and deceived by the duke of Austria, xi. 297 holds a council at Orleans for recovering the pragmatic sanction, xi. 301 forms an alliance with the king of Castille, xi. 303 his preparations for war with Austria, xi. 309 Louis XI. several towns in Burgundy reduced to his obedience, xi. 311 ambassadors arrive at Paris from Spain, xi. 312 defeats the duke of Austria near Therouenne, xi. 314 his troops are again successful and gain seventeen towns, xi. 317 an embassy from England, he issues a commission against the duke of Bourbon, xi. 409 concludes a truce with the duke of Austria, xi. 320 sets cardinal Ballue at liberty, xi. 323 subsidizes a body of Swiss in lieu of the franc-archers, _ib._ forms a camp between Pont de l'Arche and Pont St Pierre, xi. 326 recovers from a severe illness and performs certain pilgrimages, during which he visits the dauphin, xi. 330 receives an embassy from Flanders at Clery, xi. 335 again taken ill, visits his son at Amboise and recommends to him Olivier le Daim, xi. 340 makes peace with the Flemings, xi. 342 sends for the holy ampulla from the church of St Remy at Rheims, xi. 352 his devout death and burial in the church of our Lady at Clery, xi. 354 Louis XII. duke of Orleans, consecrated king of France at Rheims, xii. 41 sends an army to recover the Milanese, xii. 45 Louis XII. sends troops to reconquer Naples which in a short time is won, xii. 73 makes war against the Turks by sea and land, xii. 77 goes to Lombardy and makes his public entry into Genoa, xii. 79 taken with a serious illness, xii. 101 orders a large force to join the pope, xii. 107 defeats the Venetians at Agnadello, xii. 113 makes a triumphant entry into Milan, xii. 116 goes to war with the pope on account of the duke of Ferrara, xii. 121 victory of the duke of Nemours near to Ravenna, xii. 129 sends succours to the king of Navarre, xii. 144 his army defeated by the Swiss at Novara, xii. 148 a body of his troops attacked and put to flight by the English and Hainaulters, xii. 151 makes peace with the Venetians, xii. 155 marries Mary, sister to Henry VIII. of England, xii. 164 his death and interment, xii. 169 Louvroy, siege of, v. 325 Louvain, Pierre, murdered by sir Raoul de Flavy, x. 163 Lovecte, Thomas, a monk of the temple at Paris, murdered by one of his brethren, xi. 36 Louviers, the town of, surrenders to the duke of Bourbon for Louis XI. xi. 11 Louviers, Charles de, cup-bearer to Louis XI. wins the prize, at a tournament at Paris, xi. 67 Lucca, reception of Charles VIII. at, xi. 410 Lucifer, account of his rebellion in heaven, i. 246 Lupus, a Hussite-heretic, is slain in Bohemia, vii. 151 Lusignan, John de, succeeds to the kingdom of Cyprus, vii. 82 Luxembourg, sir John de, made governor of Arras, iv. 41 attacks the town of Hamme, _ib._ marries Joan of Bethune, v. 59 sends six hundred combatants to meet his brother in the county of Brienne, v. 85 assembles a large body of men at Arras, and leads them before Roye, v. 152 makes an excursion with his whole force toward Alibaudieres, v. 172, 174 is blinded in one eye during the siege, and puts an end to the attack, v. 176 witnesses a deed of arms against six champions of the Dauphinois, v. 281 disbands his forces, and retires to his castle of Beaurevoir, v. 312 waits on Henry V. to solicit the liberty of his brother the count de Conversan, v. 318 conquers the fortresses of Quesnoy, Louvroy, and Hericourt, v. 323 takes Oysi in Tierrache, vi. 74 besieges the church of Broissi, _ib._ besieges the castle of Wiege, vi. 76 he lays in ambush, in which Poton de Saintrailles is made prisoner, vi. 77 besieges the town of Guise, vi. 79 Luxembourg, sir John de, besieges Beaumont in Argonne, vi. 224 takes command of the siege of Compiègne, vi. 366 some captains attached to him surprise the castle of St Martin, vii. 1 marches into Champagne against the French, vii. 57 he is joined by the earl of Warwick's son and others, vii. 56 reconquers the castle of Haphincourt, vii. 139 refuses to join the duke of Burgundy against the English, till he is discharged of his oath to the English, viii. 53 sends letters to the knights of the Golden Fleece, viii. 139 sends letters to exculpate himself to the great council of the duke of Burgundy, viii. 161 dies, viii. 247, 250 Luxembourg, Louis de, marries Joan of Bar, vii. 213 count de St Pol, his men rob the king's servants as they were conducting warlike stores to Tournay, viii. 260 makes reparation for the injury done to the king, viii. 264 he and the count of Eu, take the new castle of Nicrops, ix. 34 Luxembourg, Louis, the constable, his treachery, xi. 188 is delivered by the duke of Burgundy to the king's officers, and carried prisoner to the bastile, xi. 205 his trial and execution, xi. 211, 212 a short epitaph on him, xi. 219 Luxembourg, the duchy of, is reduced to obedience to the duke of Burgundy, xi. 364, 375 Lyon, various processions at; occasioned by the mortality of the season, xii. 198 Lyonnet de Bournouville, v. 83 Lyons, the inhabitants of, rebel, viii. 9 council of, viii. 415 M. Maestricht, the town of, surrenders to John of Bavaria, i. 181 siege of, ii. 24 Mahomet II. See Morbesan. Maillotin de Bours combats sir Hector de Flavy at Arras, vii. 5 Mailly castle is besieged by the king's army, viii. 345 Mailly, sir Robinet de, is suffocated in a bog while attending the duke of Burgundy, v. 169 Malatesta, the lord, makes a proposition for the removal of the council of Pisa, ii. 95 Malefactors, three, two men and a woman, are hung for various enormous crimes in Paris, viii. 434 Malcolm Fleming. See David de Combrebant. Malmaison castle taken by sir John Blondel, vi. 205 it is surrendered by sir John Blondel, vi. 209 Manniel, Gauvain, lieutenant-general of the bailiff of Rouen, beheaded, xi. 16 Mansart du Bos, sir, ii. 269 beheaded, ii. 351 his head and body restored and interred, iii. 136 Mans, St Julian, siege of, vi. 165 Mans, siege of, viii. 419 Mantes, summoned to surrender to the king of France, ix. 18 Marchant, Andrieu, appointed provost of Paris, iii. 243 Marche, de la, count, defeated at Yeure-la-Ville, iii. 5 goes into Italy, and marries Johanna queen of Naples, iv. 199 Marêts, Charles des, is appointed governor of Dieppe, vii. 303 Margaret, the duchess, heiress of Flanders, i. 112 dies, i. 120 Margaret, queen of England, defeated by Edward earl of Marche, seeks aid from the Scots, x. 57 goes to France, to require aid of her cousin german the king, x. 98 her hard fortune, and singular adventure with a robber, x. 125 holds a conference with the duke of Burgundy, x. 126 visits Louis XI. with her son the prince of Wales, xi. 99 her honourable reception at Paris, xi. 107 the victory of king Edward and death of her son, xi. 115 is ransomed by the king of France, xi. 233 Marignano, the battle of, between the Swiss and Francis I. xii. 183, 186 Mark, sir William de la, levies a war against the bishop of Liege and kills him, xi. 337 Marle, Henry de, fearful of arrest, promises to pay a large sum to the king, iii. 131 Marle, the count, is slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 Marle, siege of, viii. 263 Marmonde, the town of, admits Charles VII. viii. 340 Martelet, sir du Mesnil, taken prisoner by the duke of Burgundy, iv. 211 is tortured and hung, iv. 212 Martin, king of Arragon, i. 95 Martin, pope, iv. 87 is elected head of the church by the council of Constance, iv. 299 adjourns the council of Constance, v. 28 sends a croisade against Bohemia, v. 206 sends his bull to John duke of Brabant, vi. 144 declares the marriage between the duke of Glocester and Jacquiline duchess of Bavaria, void, vi. 197 Mary of Anjou, dowager queen of France, dies, x. 136 Mary, dowager countess of Blois, i. 160 Mary, the princess, sister to Henry VIII. of England is married to Louis XII. xii. 164 makes her public entry into Paris, xii. 165 Massa, a burgh and castle, visited by Charles VIII. in his march through Italy, xi. 409 Mathagon, captain, lays siege to St Severin, vii. 174 Matthew, count de Foix, i. 118 Matthew, bastard of Bourbon, made prisoner at Foronuovo, xii. 29 Maucour, the lord de, beheaded by orders of Henry VI. vi. 96 Maufroy, sir, de St Leger, and the bastard de St Pol lead an army into Barrois, vi. 107 Maugué, John, killed at Paris by the bursting of a bombard, xi. 305 Mauléon castle taken by the count de Foix, ix. 43 Mauroy, sir, de St Leger, takes the castle of Chaulnes, iv. 230 in conjunction with Jean d'Aubigny, invades and pillages Lihon, iv. 231 Maximilian, duke of Austria, sends ambassadors to Louis XI. xi. 296 defeated near Therouenne, xi. 314 concludes a truce, xi. 320 seizes the town of Arras, xi. 375 concludes a peace with Charles VIII. xi. 377 Maximilian, the emperor, joins the league of Cambray, xii. 112 assembles a large army to attempt the conquest of the Milanese, and drive the French from Italy, xii. 198 marches away from Milan, xii. 202 Meaux, siege of, v. 305 is stormed, v. 320 surrenders, v. 344 Medici, Guiliano de, assassinated by the Pazzi at Florence, xi. 272 Lorenzo de, wounded, xi. 273 Pietro de, places himself under the protection of Charles VIII. xi. 408 Mello, sir John de, a Spanish knight, combats the lord de Chargny, vii. 223 his dress during the combat, vii. 226 fought with his vizor up, vii. 228 Melun, siege of, v. 208 Melun, surrender of the town and castle of, v. 227 Menau, sir Pierre de, beheaded, iv. 33 Mercq castle besieged, i. 126 the French totally defeated at, i. 129 Merville, the lord de, taken prisoner and hanged by the Burgundians and Bretons, xi. 69 Metz, siege of, viii. 392 treaty of, viii. 396 Meulan, the bridge of, is besieged by the English, vii. 301 Meur de Châtel, an assembly held at, respecting the murder of the duke of Orleans, ii. 157 Mezieres, sir Philip de, i. 404 Milan, duke of, makes the kings of Arragon and Navarre prisoners, vii. 227 yields up to his nephew, the duke of Orleans, the county of Asti, viii. 418 assassinated, xi. 244 Milan, taken by the French, xii. 45 retaken by the duke Ludovico Sforza, xii. 46 the inhabitants are bribed into subjection, xii. 53 taken possession of by the Swiss on the departure of the French from Italy, xii. 138 Melun, Charles de, beheaded for suffering the escape of the lord du Lau, xi. 69, 70 Mirandola restored to John Franciscus Picus, xii. 116 Miramount, the lord de, ii. 27 Miraumont, village of, iv. 42 Moerbeke, the Ghent men are defeated at, ix. 224 Mohammedism, origin of, i. 241 Monchas castle in Normandy is taken by the French, vii. 88 siege of, vii. 84 Monk of St Denis's account of the murder of the duke of Orleans, i. 201 Monster, a girl born at Verona, with one head, two feet and four arms, xi. 275 Mons, in Vimeu, rencountre at, v. 290 names of the principal lords who had accompanied and remained with the duke of Burgundy, and of the principal Dauphinois, v. 298 Montagu, Charles de, marries Catherine d'Albert, ii. 118 Montagu, Gerard de, consecrated bishop of Paris, ii. 116 Montagu, grand master of the king's household, sent to confer with the duke of Burgundy, ii. 66 is arrested, ii. 129 beheaded, ii. 131 his hotel and furniture given to the count of Hainault, ii. 132 his body is taken from the gibbet and joined to the head to be decently interred, iii. 90 Montagu, the lord de, narrowly escapes with his life during the murder of the duke of Burgundy, v. 122 refuses to deliver up the castle of Montereau to the dauphin, v. 128 writes letters to several of the principal towns of France respecting the murder of the duke of Burgundy, v. 137 Montagu, the lord de, a Burgundian, concludes a treaty with La Hire, vi. 107 Montaigu, the fortress of, is destroyed by orders of the duke of Burgundy, viii. 276 Mont-Aquilon, siege of, vi. 39 Montargis and Chevreuse, the towns and castles of, submit to Charles VII. viii. 98 Montargis, siege of, vi. 109 Montauban, the lord de, admiral of France, dies, xi. 21 Montereau-faut-Yonne, is besieged by Charles VII. and reconquered, viii. 27, 28 Montenay, sir James, seizes sir James de Monstrade, with a design to stab him, i. 100 Mont-Epiloy, a party of English defeated near, v. 239 Montferrat, the marchioness of and her son place themselves under the protection of Charles VIII. xi. 402 Montgardin, sir Baldwin de, taken prisoner by the duke of Burgundy, ii. 35 Mont-Guyon, is besieged by the count de Dunois, ix. 159 Montlehery, siege of, iv. 344. v. 50 battle of, x. 244, 253 various accounts of reported in various places, x. 264 recapitulation and further description of the battle, x. 359 other particulars not mentioned by Monstrelet, x. 406 Morbesan, Mahomet II. besieges and captures Constantinople, ix. 314 plan for resisting him, ix. 331 sends letters to the pope, ix. 335 Morbesan, emperor of the Turks, besieges Belgrade, ix. 377 Moreau, Pierre, attaches himself to the Ghent men, ix. 254 makes an attack on Dendermonde, _ib._ Moreuil, siege of, vii. 156 Mortaigne, damsel of, judgment given against, ix. 343 Mortain, count de, dies of a dysentery, iii. 77 Mortain, siege of, ix. 16 Mory, Laurence de, hanged for high treason, for having favoured the Burgundians, x. 392 Moses, justified in slaying the tyrannical Egyptian, i. 271 Maulevrier, the count of, seneschal of Normandy, murders his wife and his huntsman for adultery, xi. 233 Monk, the Little, attempts to gain the castle of St Angelo at Rome, vii. 102 is detected and executed, vii. 104 Moy, the lord de, the men of, lose the castle of Roullet, viii. 109 Moyennes, the castle of, besieged, ii. 343 siege of, vi. 175, 196 Murder, forbidden by every law, i. 265 Murray, earl of, killed at Verneuil, vi. 93 Mussi-l'Evêque, siege of, vii. 127 N. Namur, the count de, dies, and makes the duke of Burgundy his heir, vi. 246 is invaded by the Liegeois, vi. 352 Naples, triumphant entry of Charles VIII. into, xii. 1 attack and capture of the Castel Nuovo and the Castel del Ovo, xii. 2, 4 Navarre, Louis, king of, and other princes of the blood, resolve to reform the management of the royal finances, ii. 127 makes propositions to the king relative to his majesty's ministers, ii. 194 Navarre, Louis, king of, is made prisoner by the duke of Milan, vii. 237 demands succour of the king of France against the king of Arragon, xii. 143 dies, xii. 205 Neapolitans, the, rebel against their king, and take the queen prisoner, iv. 257 Neelle, the inhabitants of, resign the keys to the duke of Burgundy, and swear affiance to the king, ii. 295 storming of the castle of, iv. 234 the lands of, are overrun by the French, viii. 198 Negotiations relative to the resignations of popes Gregory and Benedict, i. 182, 187 Nemours, the duke of, is made prisoner at Carlat, in the king's name, xi. 266 found guilty of high treason and beheaded, xi. 267 Nemours, Gaston de Foix, created duke of, xii. 118 besieges Bologna, xii. 122 takes Brescia with great slaughter, xii. 125 defeats the united armies of the pope, the Venetians, and the Spaniards, but is himself killed, xii. 129 Nevers, John, count of, i. 113 Nevers, Philip, count de, his marriage with the damsel of Coucy, ii. 79 brother to the duke of Burgundy, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 appointed governor of Picardy, x. 175 issues proclamations for the king, throughout the provinces of his lieutenancy, x. 221 Nevers, count de, endeavours at a reconciliation with the count de Charolois, x. 228 made prisoner in the castle of Peronne, x. 282 Nicholas V. elected pope, ix. 411 marries the emperor of Germany to the daughter of the king of Portugal ix. 190 sends a legate to France respecting peace, ix. 191 notifies to the duke of Burgundy a croisade against the Turks, ix. 289 dies, ix. 349 Nicosia, is plundered by the Saracens, vi. 189 Nicrops castle, siege of, ix. 33 Nieneve, is fortified by the Ghent men, ix. 215 Noëlle, besieged by the English, vi. 41 Nogent, surrenders to the count de St Pol, ix. 7 Nouaille, the lord de, murdered, v. 174 Normandy, the whole duchy of, is reduced to obedience to Charles VII. ix. 141 extent of, _ib._ the common people of, rise against the English garrison, vii. 178 they assemble in large bodies before Caen, vii. 191 Northumberland, earl of, his unsuccessful application to the king of France against the king of England, i. 164 Nôtre Dame, church of, solemnities at, x. 282 Norwich, bishop of, iv. 145 Nove, Paul di, doge of Genoa, beheaded, xii. 110 Novara, the town and castle of, surrender to Francis I. xii. 181 Noyelle, the lord de, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194 Noyon, the parliament summoned to, to try the duke of Nemours, xi. 262 Nuys, a town near Cologne, besieged by the duke of Burgundy, xi. 172 relieved by the Germans from Cologne, xi. 178 O. Octavian, the emperor, anecdote of i. 351 Odart de Remy, is killed at the siege of Lagny, vii. 87 Offemont, the lord de, enters St Riquier, v. 276 is made prisoner by the English, v. 321 Oliver de Blois, count of Penthievre, marries Isabella, daughter of the duke of Burgundy, i. 165 Olivier le Daim, his infamous character from Comines, xi. 282 note. hanged at Paris, xi. 360 Ollehaing, lord de, advocate of the duke of Burgundy, ii. 72 disputes with the chancellor of France, iii. 133 is thrust out of the council chamber, iii. 134 Opiterge, a youth martyred there by the Jews, xi. 274 Oran, the island of, discoveries of the Portuguese on, xii. 120 Orange, the prince of, is conquered by the French, vi. 370 restored to liberty by Louis XI. without ransom, xi. 192 Orange, the prince of, his troops defeated in Burgundy by the lord de Craon, xi. 265 his devastations in Burgundy, xi. 279 Orchimont, the town and castle of, are destroyed by Everard de la Marche, vii. 340 Orfevre, John l', president of Luxembourg, pleads before the king for the duke d'Alençon, x. 3 Orgemont, lord de, John, bishop of Paris, death of, ii. 115 Oriole, a Gascon captain and his lieutenant, beheaded at Tours, xi. 307 Orleans, Louis, duke of, takes possession of the duchy of Luxembourg, i. 43 sends a challenge to Henry, king of England, i. 55 his second letter to the king of England, in reply, i. 67 is commissioned to remonstrate with the pope on the necessity of union in the church, i. 116 defeated in his attempt to carry off the dauphin of France, i. 138 sends an immense force into Paris, i. 149 publishes circular letters throughout France, concerning the defamations of the duke of Burgundy, i. 151 reconciled to the duke of Burgundy, i. 155 besieges Blaye and Le Bourg, i. 168 is presented with the duchy of Acquitaine, i. 188 is assassinated at Paris, i. 192, 193 mourning, and order of the procession at his funeral, i. 196, 197 exertions made to discover his murderers, i. 196 Orleans, Louis, duke of, charged with covetousness, i. 286 charged with having committed high treason against the king, i. 287 devised the death of the king by sorcery, i. 288 contracted illegal alliances, i. 290 offended the king in the person of the queen, i. 293 devised the death of the dauphin by poison, i. 296 guilty of high treason by false representations to the pope, i. 297 treasonably offended against the public welfare, i. 298 reply to the charges against, i. 333 his character as delineated by the duchess dowager, i. 348 cleared from the charge of tyranny, i. 367 cleared from the charge of witchcraft, i. 390 did much service to the church, i. 393 gave no aid to the schism, i. 394 the king of France has solemn obsequies performed for him, iv. 92 Orleans, Charles, duke of, son of the murdered duke, sends letters to the king against the duke of Burgundy and his party, ii. 225 several of his captains assemble an army, ii. 235 writes again to the king, ii. 236 is taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194 is brought to Calais during a meeting respecting peace, viii. 218 is conveyed back to England, viii. 219 Orleans, Charles, duke of, obtains his liberty by means of the duke of Burgundy, viii. 226 marries the lady of Cleves, viii. 231 leaves Bruges with his duchess, viii. 243 is not permitted to see the king on his release, viii. 349 returns to the duke of Burgundy from France, viii. 403 receives from the hands of the duke of Milan, the county of Asti, viii. 418 dies, x. 187 Orleans faction assemble in large numbers near Paris, ii. 190 application is made to them by the king and the university of Paris to disband their army, ii. 190, 191 plunder the country round Paris, ii. 197 condemned to death by the king, ii. 198 peace between them and the king, ii. 200 the natives of Paris take up arms against, ii. 278 enter the town of Roye by fraud, ii. 279 overrun the country of Burgundy, ii. 283 return toward Paris, ii. 305 proclamations issued against, ii. 309 are declared rebels and traitors, ii. 316 are sentenced to banishment and excommunication, ii. 319 assemble their whole army at St Denis, and forage, ii. 323 Orleans faction retire to their respective countries to reinforce their armies, ii 332 many of their adherents executed, ii. 334 reduced to great distress, ii. 346 many of them perish in prison, ii. 351 are harrassed by the king of France on the frontiers, iii. 1 send an embassy to England, iii. 13 their ambassadors attacked and defeated, iii. 14 their intercepted letters to England, ib. insult and abuse the Burgundians before Bourges, iii. 57 behave treacherously, and attempt the life of the duke of Burgundy near Bourges, iii. 58 harrass the king's foragers, iii. 61 their meeting for peace near Bourges, iii. 70, 71 treaty of peace between them and the king, iii. 73 are in favour at Paris, iii. 216, 233 effectually govern the king and the duke of Acquitaine, iv. 97 are routed and dispersed at Paris, v. 13 several are cruelly put to death by the Parisians, v. 21 Orleans, duchess of, complains to the king of the murder of her husband, i. 207 details the manner in which the duke was murdered, i. 208 again complains of the murder of the duke, i. 331 conclusion of her defence of the character of the duke, ii. 1 reply to, by the chancellor, ii. 15 Orleans, duchess of, dies broken-hearted, ii. 67 Orleans, town of, is besieged by the earl of Salisbury, vi. 234 the siege is raised by the maid Joan, vi. 264 inhabitants of, send supplies to Beauvais, xi. 323 the duke of, his gallant conduct at Genoa, xi. 397, 398 Ormond, John, governor of Vernon, insults the king of France by sending him old keys, ix. 22 Orsay castle, siege of, vi. 40 Orval, the lord of, defeats the men of Bordeaux, ix. 154 Oudenarde, is besieged by the Ghent men, ix. 202 Ourse, wife to Coppin de la Viefville, suspected of having hastened the death of the duchess of Burgundy, v. 380 Ovidianus, (probably Huniades) defends Belgrade against the Turks, ix. 378 Owen Glendower, prince of Wales, assisted by the French against the English, i. 104 Oye, the town of, is taken by the Burgundians, vii. 357 P. Pageants, given by the count de Foix to the court, at Tours, ix. 412 Paleologus, Manuel, emperor of Constantinople, departs from Paris for England, i. 39 account of his reason for coming to England, i. 40 Palis, one of the duke of Burgundy's heralds, sent to the king during the duke's encampment at Mont-Chastillon, iv. 344 Paoul, master Peter, ii. 17 Pardons, great, granted at Rome, i. 38 Paris, the university of, quarrels with sir Charles de Savoisy, i. 91 the inhabitants of, arm themselves against the duke of Orleans, i. 154 the inhabitants of, allowed to wear arms, i. 160 the bishop of, retires to Savoy, ii. 136 great distress in, for want of provisions, ii. 193 the inhabitants of, arm against the Orleans factions, ii. 197 the butchers of, enjoy greater power and privileges than any other trade, ii. 277 the natives take up arms against the Armagnacs, ii. 278 the inhabitants send an embassy to the young king Henry VI. of England, and to his ministers, vi. 13 regains its former privileges, iii. 8 the inhabitants request the king not to make any treaty of peace without their being personally named, iii. 40 the university of, make a report on the abuses in government, iii. 98 university of, advises the king relative to the abuses in his government, iii. 122 the inhabitants of, demand the persons of certain traitors, iii. 146 the bishop of, assembles a body of theologians, concerning the speech of master John Petit, iii. 279 Paris, the chains are taken away from the streets, iv. 1 the inhabitants are kept in great subjection, iv. 2 the bishop of, sends to know whether the duke of Burgundy would avow the sentiments uttered in the speech of master John Petit, iv. 14 the inhabitants and members of the university wait on the duke of Acquitaine to propose measures of public safety, iv. 205 strongly defended by the count d'Armagnac, iv. 207 a conspiracy at, iv. 348 is taken by the duke of Burgundy, v. 7 the commonalty of, put to death their prisoners, v. 20, 41 an epidemical disorder rages at, v. 46 six thousand of the commonalty sent to the siege of Montlehery, v. 50 the inhabitants renew their oaths, and vow revenge against the murderers of the duke of Burgundy, v. 138 is attacked by Charles VII. vi. 305 is reduced to the obedience of Charles VII. vii. 324 various regulations in, x. 385, 388 beset by the Burgundians and Bretons, x. 401, 423, 426, 433 several officers of the city displaced, xi. 220 a man punished for forging the king's signet, xi. 363 several persons hanged for having assassinated the son of the public executioner, xi. 270 Paris, the statues of St Louis and St Charlemagne removed, xi. 279, 280 great entertainments are given, on the king's return from Picardy, xi. 289 a great bombard on trial bursts and kills many people, xi. 305 a severe frost, xi. 323, 324 many persons die of incurable disorders, xi. 333 the steeple of St Genevieve burnt by lightning, xi. 351 festival on the accession of Charles VIII. xi. 362 order of Magdalens established, xi. 372 the bridge of Notre Dame falls down, with a heavy loss, xii. 45 an extraordinary heretic punished at, xii. 85 a great mortality at, from the unwholesomeness of the season, xii. 100 tilts performed in celebration of the marriage of Louis XII. with the princess Mary of England, xii. 168 many persons of both sexes lose their senses at the bean season, xi. 22 violent quarrel of the pages and clerks of the palace, xi. 25 the queen most honourably received, xi. 39 tournaments, xi. 67 alliance of France and Spain proclaimed, xi. 91 different edicts published, succours sent to Beauvais, xi. 132 the Parisians mustered and reviewed, xi. 137 Paris, the king's physicians open a man alive and recover him, xi. 178 execution of the constable, xi. 313 Parisians, the, their uniform during a mob, iii. 151 they propose whatever measures they please in the presence of the duke of Acquitaine, iii. 152 cause the king to publish an edict of indemnity, iii. 160 Pataye, battle of, vi. 274 Paul II. succeeds pope Pius II. x. 169 shortens the intervals of the jubilees, xi. 119 dies and is succeeded by Sixtus IV. xi. 120 Pavia, entry of Charles VIII. into, xi. 405 inhuman murder of a Frenchman at, xii. 140 Pazzi, the conspiracy of the, at Florence, xi. 372 Pecquigny, near Amiens, meeting of king Louis XI. and Edward king of England at, xi. 195 Pembroke, earl of, slain at the attack on the castle of Sluys, i. 134 Hollinshed's account of, _ib._ Penhors, lord de, attacks the English fleet near Brest harbour, i. 9 Pensart, Jean, a fisherman of Paris, robbed of a great sum of money, xi. 180 Penthievre, the count de, treacherously takes the duke of Brittany prisoner, v. 252 is arrested, _ib._ marries the daughter of the lord de Quievrain, v. 258 dies, vii. 139 Penthievre, the count de, is sent into Guienne against Bordeaux, ix. 150 Penthievre, the count de, receives an embassy to Louis XI. from the king of Arragon, xi. 164 Pentoise, peace negotiated at, iii. 196 Perche, the count du, son to the duke of Alençon, reduces the town of Alençon for the king, xi. 60 Percy, Thomas, conducts queen Isabella to France, i. 40 Percy, lord, his unsuccessful application to France for aid against Henry of England, i. 164 invades Scotland, viii. 12 Perpignan, siege of, by the king of Arragon, xi. 150 surrenders to the king of France, xi. 182 Perrin de Loharent's answer to the fourth letter of Michel d'Orris to sir John Prendergast, i. 36 Perrinet le Clerc, admits the Burgundians into the town of Paris, v. 9 is in great repute at Paris, but becomes as poor and as wicked as ever, v. 18 Perrinet Chalons is hanged at Amiens, vii. 298 Persia, soldan of, commander of the Turks in Hungary, discomfited and driven into Greece, ix. 363 the sophi of, makes war on the Turk Usson Cassan, xii. 92 Pestilence, in many places, viii. 94 Peter de Brabant, arms against the English, i. 159 marries the dowager countess of Blois, i. 160 his army dismissed, i. 64 besieges Neuf Chastel, i. 164 engages the English at sea, i. 168 Peter of Candia elected pope. See Alexander V. pope. Petit, master John, defends the murder of the duke of Orleans, i. 215 his speech in defence of the duke of Burgundy, i. 221 why he is bound to defend the duke, i. 226 conclusion of his speech, i. 309 dies, and is buried at Hesdin, ii. 234 schedule containing propositions, &c. relative to his heresy, iii. 279 his arguments condemned, iv. 14 the sentence against him revoked, iv. 212 Petit, John, the son of the public executioner at Paris, murdered, xi. 268 Philibert de Vaudray, offers his services to the duke of Bedford, vii. 81 Philip, the archduke, makes his public entry into Lyon, xii. 82 dies at Burgos in Spain, xii. 105 Philip, duke of Brabant, dies at Louvain, vi. 362 Philip, count de Charolois, marries Michelle daughter to the king of France, i. 121 his marriage opposed by the duke of Orleans, i. 123 Philip, count de Nevers, espouses the sister of the count d'Eu, iii. 176 is slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 Philip count de St Pol goes to Brussels, and arrests the ministers of the duke of Brabant, v. 220 Philip of Savoy, detained prisoner by king Louis XI. notwithstanding his safe conduct, x. 161 Phineas, commended for his conduct towards duke Zambray, i. 244 Picard, the Petit, the king's commander at Nesle, hanged by the duke of Burgundy, xi. 127 Picardy, the lords of, are prevented by the duke of Burgundy from obeying the king's summons to arm against the English, iv. 153 Picards and Ghent men, encounter each other, ix. 248 Picalomini, Æneas Silvius, (pope Pius II.) dies, x. 378 Piedmont, the princess of, meets Charles VIII. on his entry into Turin, xi. 390 the prince of, sent by Louis XI. to open certain prisons at Paris, xi. 68 dies at Orleans, xi. 116 Pier-yves, lord de, ii. 23 his speech to the Liegeois, ii. 29 is killed in battle, ii. 35 his head exposed on the point of a lance, ii. 38 Pieruels, lord de, made governor of Liege, i. 176 Pierrefons, the castle of, burnt, iii. 94 Pierre de Regnault, forages the country round Abbeville, viii. 213 is forced to dislodge from the castle of Mailly, viii. 343 Pierre Floure, friar, preaches before Philip duke of Burgundy, v. 147 Pietro della Luna, called Benedict XIII. i. 316 Pillagers from the household of the king of France, commit depredations in the town of Haussy, viii. 272 they are attacked by sir John de Croy, _ib._ Pisa, council of, ii. 78, 89 Pisa, council of, condemn the two rival popes Benedict and Gregory, ii. 90 decisions of, ii. 96 bishops, dukes, and ambassadors at, ii. 102 some account of the city, ii. 103 the ambassadors from Paris university to the council, write letters of what passed, ii. 105 entrance of Charles VIII. into, xi. 410 Pius II. succeeds pope Calixtus, ix. 425 dies, x. 378 Pius III. pope, dies after reigning ten days, xii. 87 Poitiers, ambassadors arrive at, from the duke of Brittany to Louis XI. x. 374 Poitou, the county of, is given to John of Touraine, second son of the king, iii. 335 the seneschal of, undertakes an expedition against the castle of Loigny, ix. 21 Poland, a discussion arises between the king of, and the grand master of the Teutonic order in Prussia, ii. 153 the king of, is skinned alive by the Saracens, viii. 399 Pont-Audemer, captured by the French, ix. 9 Pont de l'Arche, is taken from the English by the duke of Brittany, viii. 437 Pont du St Esprit, siege of, by the dauphin, v. 205 Pontorson, siege of, v. 208, 221 Pontoise, is retaken by the English, vii. 400 is besieged by Charles VII. viii. 280 the duke of York marches an army to force the king to raise the siege, viii. 287 the town is taken after an obstinate defence, viii. 300 Pontoise, the town of, taken by the Bretons, x. 279 Porée, Martin, bishop of Arras, causes the sentence against master Jean Petit to be revoked, iv. 212 Portugal, the king of, raises an army against the infidels, vi. 233 the queen of, dies, viii. 402 the king of, comes to solicit the aid of Louis XI. to recover the crown of Spain, xi. 239 honours paid him at Paris, xi. 240 Poton de Saintrailles, defeats the Burgundians near Guerbigny, vi. 390 is made prisoner by the English, vii. 4 Poulaine, the king of, his son killed in battle near Therouenne, xi. 314 Poulcres castle, siege of, ix. 262 Poussay, siege of, vii. 57 Pragmatic sanction, abolished by king Louis XI. x. 94 Prague, heretics of, v. 326, vi. 26 Préaux, son of the lord de, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 186 Precigny, the lord de, the commissioner of Louis XI. to settle differences with the confederate princes, x. 414 Pregent, a French captain, defeats Howard the English admiral, xii. 158 Prendergast, sir John, accepts the challenge of Michel d'Orris to single combat, i. 15 his second letter to Michel d'Orris appointing the earl of Somerset judge of the combat, i. 18 his third letter to the Arragonian esquire, complaining of not having received an answer, i. 20 Prenestin, cardinal, commonly called the cardinal of Poitiers, preaches before the council of Pisa, ii. 99 Prie, the lord de, with a body of Genoese, sacks Alexandria and other towns, xii. 180 Prologue to the chronicles of Louis XI. and of Charles VIII. x. 355 Protection-money, or black mail, viii. 257 Protestus du Tabouret, a Hussite heretic, is slain, vii. 151 Provins en Brie, the town and castle of, are won by the English and Burgundians, vii. 152 Prussia, invaded by the infidels, ii. 172 Q. Quarrel between the dukes of Burgundy and Orleans, i. 44 between the dukes of Brabant and Holland, ii. 66 Quesnes, sir Peter de, attacks Mondidier, ii. 305 Quesnoy, a mortal combat fought at, i. 124 siege of the castle of, by sir John de Luxembourg, v. 323 Quex, John de, is killed by a fall from his horse, v. 279 Quieret, sir Boors, lord of Henchin, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194 Quieret, sir Peter, lord of Hamecourt, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, _ib._ Quieret, sir Gauvain, a renowned knight in arms, dies, x. 98 Quiers, handsome entertainment of Charles VIII. at, xi. 396 R. Raguier, John, his exploits at a tournament at Paris, xi. 65 Ragnier, Raymond, complaint against, iii. 102 Ragonnet de Picul is sawn in twain for his steadfastness in the Christian faith, vi. 165 Rambouillet castle, siege of, vi. 162 Rambures, lord de, taken prisoner, i. 130 Rambures, the lord de, master of the cross bows, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 Rambures castle won by the French, vii. 3 Rampstone, sir Thomas, waits on the duke of Bedford at Paris, vi. 107 Raoul, sir, de Gaucourt, is put to death by the commonalty of Rouen, iv. 281 Raoul, sir, de Neele, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 187 Rasse Rouven, made commander of the Ghent men, viii. 71 his commission is signed by the duke of Burgundy, viii. 74 Raullin, Nicholas, death and character of, x. 95 Ravenna, an extraordinary monster born at, xii. 128 Ravenstein, the lady of, niece to the duchess of Burgundy, dies, x. 98 Raymonnet, sir, de la Guerre, overthrown by the foreign companies in the service of the duke of Burgundy, iv. 287 Recourt, Pierre de, quartered and hung at Paris, vi. 96 Regent, the, an English ship set on fire by the Cordeliere, xii. 146 Reginald, sir, de Corbie, is dismissed from his office of chancellor of France, iii. 175 Réné d'Anjou, marriage of, v. 239 Retz, the lord de, is accused and convicted of sorcery, viii. 298 Reubempré, the bastard de, sent to Holland to take the count de Charolois, x. 169 is arrested himself, x. 172 particulars of the capture, x. 373 Ribemont, the town of, surrenders to the king of France, viii. 262 Richemont, the lord de, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194 Richmond, heir of, sacks many towns in the Ardennes, vii. 186 Richemont, the count de, gains the town of Meaux in Brie, from the English, viii 156 Rieux, the marshal de, is defeated by the Burgundians at Paris, v. 14 takes many towns and castles from the English in Normandy, vii. 301 Riots, in various parts on account of the debasement of the new coinage for the siege of Calais, viii. 70 Ris, doctor Michael, his reply to the harangue of Michael Toure at Milan, xii. 62 Riviere, sir James de la, death of, iii. 174 Robert, sir, de Bar, slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 Roche, the lord de la, married to the princess of Tarente, xii. 69 Rodemac, the youth of, ix. 418 Roderigo de Villandras is compelled to make war on the English, viii. 114 Rolin, Nicholas, harangues the two kings Charles VI. and Henry V. respecting the murder of the duke of Burgundy, v. 235 Rollet d'Auctonville, principal of the assassins of the duke of Orleans, i. 195 escapes with his accomplices from Paris, i. 203 Rome, entry of Charles VIII. into, xi. 417 a jubilee celebrated at, by pope Alexander VII. xii. 44 Roos, the lord, is killed at the battle of Baugey, v. 263 Rouen, an insurrection at, iv. 280 the dauphin of France arrives at, iv. 283 submits to the duke of Burgundy, iv. 386 is besieged by the English, v. 40 demands succour against the English, v. 54 a large army is collected to raise the siege, v. 60 distressed for provisions, the inhabitants send another embassy to the king for succour, v. 61 surrendered to the English, v. 69 the castle is nearly taken by the French, vii. 59 attacked by Charles VII. ix. 55, 56 surrenders, ix. 66 is entered by the king, ix. 75 Roullet castle is taken from the men of the lord de Moy, viii. 110 Roussy, the count de, is made prisoner, ii. 347 slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 186 Roussy, the count de, and several other great lords, taken prisoners by the duke of Bourbon, xi. 190 conducted prisoner from Bourges to Montils les Tours, xi. 207 Roux, Robert le, ii. 26 Roye, the inhabitants of, swear never again to admit the Orleans party, ii. 296 Roye, the lord de, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194 Roye, siege of, v. 154 Rully, de Maurice, iii. 109 Rue, the town of, is gained from the English, vii. 195 taken possession of by the English, vi. 42 Rupelmonde, battle of, between the duke of Burgundy and the Ghent men, ix. 218 Rutland, earl of, hung in effigy by the count de St Pol, i. 86 Rutland, duke of, iii. 220 S. Sainct-Cler, sir Brunelet de, nominated provost of Paris, ii. 203 Saint Maxence, the abbot of, his letter to the bishop of Poitiers on the election of Peter of Candia pope, ii. 91 Saint Martin le Gaillart, siege of, v. 109 Saint Remy du Plain, battle of, iii. 30 Saint Severe, the town and castle of, are conquered by Charles VII. viii. 337 Salerno, the prince of, makes war on the pope, vii. 104 Salernum, the prince of, attends the triumphal entry of Charles VIII. into Naples, xii. 16 Salisbury, the earl of, arrives in France with reinforcements for the duke of Bedford, vi 228 conquers Gergeau, and other places near Orleans, vi. 232 Salisbury, the earl of, besieges the town of Orleans, vi. 234 he is slain, vi. 237 Salmes, the heir of, killed in battle, ii. 35 Sausien, master, and the messenger from Pietro della Luna, pilloried at Paris, i. 327 Santa Croce, the cardinal of, is sent by the pope to France to negotiate a peace between the contending parties, vii. 76 the cardinals of, attend the convention at Arras, vii. 211 Santoise, the country of, is invaded by the English, viii. 181 Santrailles, Poton de, seneschal of the Bordelois, dies, x. 89 Saracen fleet combated by the king of Spain, i. 323 Saracens, the, return to Cyprus, and conquer the king, vi. 182 defeat the king of Poland near the black sea, viii. 399 Saramie, John de, beheaded, ii. 40 Sardonne, count de, i. 97 Sancerre, the town and castle of, taken, iii. 61 Saveuses, Hector de, attacks and plunders the town of Cambray, iv. 149 murders sir Elyon de Jacqueville, iv. 369 is defeated at the castle of Brelle, iv. 382 is again defeated by the Dauphinois, vi. 86 Saveuses, the lord de, is made prisoner by the French, vi. 318 is defeated by the English near the town of Dours, viii. 258 Saveuses, the lord de, his proceedings after the battle of Montlehery, x. 264 escorts a sum of money from the duke of Burgundy to the count de Charolois, x. 273 Savoisy, sir Charles de, and the provost of Paris, their quarrel with the university of Paris, i. 91 is severely punished for his servant's attack on the university, i. 93 his brave conduct during his exile and return to France, _ib._ Savonarola, friar Jerome, foretels the invasion of Italy by Charles VIII. xi. 384 Savoy, the duke of, war is declared against him by Charles VII. ix. 198 Savoy, lady Charlotte of, her marriage with the dauphin consummated, ix. 408 delivered of a son, who is baptized by the name of Joachim, x. 43 Scales, lord, marches to the aid of the lord de l'Isle-Adam, at Paris, vii. 207 Scales, an English herald, made prisoner, and many letters found on him, xi. 189 Scas de Courteheuze conspires against the duke of Orleans, i. 192 Scotland, the prince of Wales's expedition to, i. 189 the queen of, dies, viii. 402 two of the king's daughters arrive in France, viii. 505 is twice invaded by the English, ix. 10 king of, mortally wounded by the bursting of a cannon, x. 43 the king of, enters England and is slain in battle, xii. 154 Scotsman, the Little, is hung by order of the duke of Burgundy, viii. 375 Scrope, lord, beheaded, iv. 141 Segnot, William, knighted by the emperor of Germany, iv. 217 Senamy, Marc, his exploits at a tournament at Paris, xi. 66 Senlis, siege of, iv. 182, 393, 395 Sens, the archbishop of, arrested, ii. 134 escapes by a stratagem, _ib._ banished the realm, ii. 136 joins the Armagnacs, ii 311 Sens, siege of, v. 198 Sergius, the monk, apostatized through covetousness, i. 241 Servolles, sir Philip de, besieges the castle of Moyennes, ii. 343 Sforza, cardinal Ascanius, brother to the duke of Milan, is made prisoner and carried to France, xii. 51 Sforza, Ludovico, incites Charles VIII. to recover the kingdom of Naples, xi. 383 visits the king at Asti, xi. 399 regains Milan from Louis XII. xii. 46 made prisoner before Novara and carried to France, xii. 47 brought to Lyon and confined, xii. 69 Sforza, Maximilian, besieged in Milan, surrenders to Francis I. xii. 193 Shepherd, Rev. W. his translation of the verses on the battle of Azincourt, iv. 198 his translation of the complainings of the poor commonalty and labourers of France, v. 352 Shrewsbury, the earl of, retakes Bordeaux from the French, ix. 200 besieges Fronsac, ix. 297 assembles a large force to raise the siege of Châtillon, ix. 299 Shrewsbury, the earl of, is slain, ix. 302, 303 Sicily, Louis, king of, enters Paris, ii. 149 his eldest son marries the daughter of the duke of Burgundy, ii 157 meets his rival king Ladislaus, ii. 159 meets pope John, ii, 167 attaches himself to the king against the Armagnacs, iii. 7 leaves Paris, iii. 28 comes to assist the king of France at the siege of Bourges, iii. 75 sends back the daughter of the duke of Burgundy, iii. 264 on the death of Ladislaus, sends the marshal of France to Naples, iv. 79 is threatened by the duke of Burgundy, iv. 203 dies, iv. 285 Sicily, the king of, negotiates with the duke of Burgundy for his liberty, vii. 398 comes to Châlons to treat for his ransom, viii. 401 waits on the king of France at Louviers, ix. 49 with his queen, visits Louis XI. at Tours and Amboise, xi. 90 waits on the king at Lyon and procures the ransom of queen Margaret of England, xi. 232, 233 Sigismond, king of Hungary, marries the sister of the queen of Poland, ii. 155 Sigismund of Bohemia is elected emperor of Germany, iv. 73 Sigismund of Bohemia, names of the dukes, prelates, counts, barons, &c. present at his coronation, iv. 75 arrives at Paris, iv. 215 embarks for England, iv. 216 arrives in London, iv. 224 he, and the king of England come to Calais, iv. 247 raises an army against the heretics of Prague, v. 326 Sixtus IV. succeeds pope Paul II. xi. 120 excommunicates the city of Florence in revenge for the execution of the Pazzi conspirators, xi. 273 sends a legate to the king of France and to the duke of Austria, xi. 293 dies, xi. 365 Skinners, certain French marauders, so nicknamed, viii. 60, 109 Sohier Bunaige, fights a combat with M. Bournecte, i. 125 is slain, i. 126 Soissons, rebellion at, iii. 136 Soissons, the town of, besieged and taken by storm by the king's army, iv. 27 it is pillaged and destroyed, iv. 29 the king gives orders for its rebuilding, iv. 34 is conquered by La Hire, vii. 395 curious conspiracy of a rector and a sorceress at, x. 50 Somerset, the earl of, besieges Harfleur, viii. 200 commits great waste in Anjou, viii. 349 returns to Rouen, viii. 350 Somerset, the duke of, has an interview with Charles VII. at Rouen, ix. 68 Somerset, the duke of, he is besieged in the government palace at Rouen, ix. 70 surrenders, ix. 74 slain in battle against the duke of York, ix. 359 Somerset, duke of, banished by king Edward, takes refuge in France, x. 92 Sorel, Agnes. See Agnes the fair. Sores, the lord de, with three hundred men at arms, secretly attempts to seize the king of Sicily, iv. 231 Spain, the queen of, dies during the sitting of the council of Pisa, ii. 77 the queen of, dies, viii. 402 alliance of with France proclaimed at Paris, xi. 91 an embassy arrives from, at Paris, xi. 312 Spurs, the battle of, xii. 153 Stafford, earl of, dies, iv. 145 St Amand, fire at the town of, vi. 74 St Basil, anecdote of, Julian, i. 237 his vision concerning the death of Julian, i. 238 St Cloud, given up to Charles, duke of Orleans, ii. 313 fierce engagement at, ii. 330 St Dennis, the abbot of, set at liberty from the Louvre, ii. 18 St Denis, town of, is taken from the English by sir John Foulcault, vii. 205 is retaken by the English, vii. 283 St Dizier, capture of, v. 350 St Emilion, taken by the French, ix. 305 St Germain d'Auxerre, the dean of, arrested by the university of Paris, i. 319 St George, the cardinal of, confined at Florence for conspiring with the Pazzi, xi. 273 St Jacques de Beuvron, siege of, ix. 16 St James de Beuvron, the town of, besieged, vi. 217 Stine, a young girl of Hame in Westphalia pretends to have the wounds of our Lord in her hands, feet, and side, xi. 121 St Lo, siege of, ix. 39 St Maigrin, taken by the French, viii. 444 St Martin, castle of, surprized by some captains belonging to sir John of Luxembourg, vii. 1 St Omer, the town of, taken by the lord des Cordes, xi. 373 St Pietro ad vincula, the cardinal de, legate from the pope, arrives at Paris, xi. 320 elected Pope, by the name of Julius II. xii. 88 St Pol, count de, dies suddenly, and is succeeded by Louis de Luxembourg, vii. 134 his misunderstanding with the duke of Burgundy, ix. 406 summoned before king Louis XI. pacifies him, x. 159 commands the van of the army of count Charolois, x. 236, 240 St Riquier, siege of, v. 284 St Severin, siege of, vii. 174 St Tron, treaty of, between the Liegeois and the count de Charolois, x. 309 inhabitants of, attempt to murder the count's men but are overpowered, x. 313 Stuart, sir Robert, is hung for aiding in the murder of James I. viii. 3 St Valery, siege of, v. 346 is reconquered by the count d'Estampes, vii. 164 St Valery, the town of, is won by the French, vii. 115, 153 Suffolk, the earl of, succeeds the earl of Salisbury in the command at the siege of Orleans, vi. 237 is taken prisoner at Gergeau, vi. 504 Suffolk, the marquis of, is imprisoned in the tower by the populace of London, viii. 431 is liberated by the king, and afterwards beheaded, viii. 432, 433 Suffolk, the duke of, is killed by the partisans of the duke of Somerset, ix. 116 Surienne, sir Francis de, called the Arragonian, takes the town and castle of Fougares, viii. 427 Swiss, the, defeat the duke of Burgundy at Granson, xi. 228 take possession of Milan, xii. 138 defeat the French army at Novara, xii. 148 are pursued by Francis I. with his whole army, xii. 179 Symon, St, and another crucified by the Jews, xi. 274 T. Tabary, a noted robber, v. 38 Talbot, the lord, arrives in France and conquers many castles, vii. 161 sir Thomas Kiriel and other captains conquer Longueville and many other castles from the French, viii. 94 Tamerlane invades the dominions of Bajazet, i. 106 Tancarville, the count de, harangues the French council on the state of the nation, ii. 144 Tanneguy, sir, is sent from Montereau-faut-Yonne to summon the duke of Burgundy to attend the dauphin, v. 114 murders the duke, v. 121 Tartas, the town of, surrenders to the king of France, viii. 337 Thomelaire, the adventurer, takes the castle of Passavaul, vii. 104 Thomas de Sarzana. See Nicholas V. Thomelin de Brie, beheaded, iii. 175 Therouenne, besieged by the English and Hainaulters, xii. 151 capitulates to the English, xii. 157 Three estates, assembly of, at Tours, under Louis XI. question agitated there, xi. 62 Thurey, cardinal de, arrives at Paris as ambassador from pope Alexander V. ii. 149 object of his embassy, ii. 151 Titet, master John, beheaded, iv. 33 Tignouville, the lord de, arrested, ii. 134 Tigouville, sir William de, causes two clerks of the Paris university to be gibbeted, i. 94 is compelled to kiss the dead bodies, _ib._ Tollemache de Sainte Coulonne, i. 96 is very severely struck by the seneschal of Hainault, i. 100 Tonnellier, Chariot le, a thief, while going to the torture, cuts out his tongue, xi. 84 Torcy castle, is taken by the French, vi. 300 Toumelaire, an adventurer so called, besieges the castle of Champigneux, vi. 361 Tournament at Brussels, vi. 244 near Dijon, by some knights and gentlemen of the duke of Burgundy's household, viii. 351 Tournament at Brussels, the challenges for it, viii. 352 articles for the deeds of arms on foot, viii. 355 Touraine, John, duke of, marries Jacqueline de Baviere, i. 162 the county of Poitou is given to him, iii. 135 has the county of Poitou and the duchy of Berry conferred on him by the king, iv. 226 See Charolois, the count de. Tournay, two masters of arts are sent to, to persuade the inhabitants to be loyal towards the dauphin, vi. 82 the inhabitants of, rebel against their magistrates, vi. 97 the townsmen of, again rebel, vi. 231 dissentions respecting the promotion to the bishoprick vacant by the death of John de Toisy, vii. 118 capitulates to the English, xii. 157 Tours en Porcien, castle taken by sir John of Luxembourg, vii. 55 Tours, embassy at, from Hungary to the king of France, ix. 409 Touse, Michael, town advocate of Milan, his harangue, xii. 55 Touteville, the cardinal de, is sent from the pope to France respecting peace, ix. 191 Traitors may be put to death without law, i. 260 ought to be slain by those nearest of kin to the king, i. 273 it is lawful to kill them clandestinely, i. 276 Treason, the greatest of crimes, i. 234, 257 various kinds of, i. 281 Treasury of Savings office, iii. 108 Treaty for settling the affairs of the bishoprick of Liege, ii. 45, 59 Tries, sir Patroullars de, slain, i. 105 Trimouille, the lord de, marries the widow of the duke of Berry, iv. 246 Trimouille, sir John de la, marries the damsel of Rochebaron, vi. 111 Trimouille, the lord de, is arrested in the king's palace, vii. 137 Trimouille, the lord de la, sent to negociate with the Swiss, xii. 150 Trivulce, the damsel, xii. 109 Tronquoy in Picardy, taken by the king's troops and razed to the ground, xi. 186 Troullart de Moncaurel, is attacked by a party of Armagnacs, ii. 325 Truce concluded between England and France, i. 188 Turin, magnificent reception of Charles VIII. at, xi. 395 Turks, the, besiege Rhodes, and being repulsed invade Sicily, xi. 275, 276 Tythes of the French church, ii. 210 U. Ursin Talvande, master, harangues against Pietro della Luna, i. 328, 330 Usson Cassan, conquered by the sophi of Persia, xii. 94 Utrecht, bishop of, dies, ix. 355 the duke of Burgundy's bastard son David succeeds him, ix. 372 V. Vailly, John de, is appointed chancellor to the duke of Acquitaine, iii. 134 is forcibly seized by the Parisians, iii. 147 Valentinois, the duke of, (Cæsar Borgia) makes his public entry into Lyon, xii. 43 Valognes, surrenders to sir Thomas Kiriel, ix. 106 Valoux, Regnault de, executed for forming conspiracies against the king, xi. 202 Vaucourt, the lord de, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194 Vaucourt, sir Louis de, is made prisoner by the English, vii. 4 Vaudemont, the country of, invaded by the duke of Bar, vii. 29 Vaudemont, the count de, ii. 270 slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 185 Vaudemont, the count de, combats and defeats the duke of Bar, vii. 40 is taken prisoner at the instigation of the duke of Burgundy, xi. 153 Vaudoisie, a nocturnal meeting of sorcerers, x. 44 Vauperte, a master of the, condemned to be hanged, xi. 393 Vaudome, the count de, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 194 Venetians defeated by the French at Agnadello, xii. 113 make peace with Louis VII. xii. 155 Verchin, John de, sends a challenge into divers countries, proposing a deed of arms, i. 49 resolves on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St James at Compostella, i. 52 Verchin, John de, performs deeds of arms in seven places during his pilgrimage, i. 54 Verde, Sente, companions of the, ix. 246, 249 Verdun, the bishop of, harangues at the council of Pisa, in favour of pope Gregory, ii. 94 his arguments replied to, ii. 99 Vergy, lord de, ii. 23 Vergy, sir John du, and sir Anthony, quarrel with the lord de Château-Vilains, vii. 109 Verneuil, battle of, vi. 189 is taken by a miller whom an Englishman had beaten, ix. 4 the king enters, ix. 20 Vernon, submits to Charles VII. ix. 24 Verses found on the king's bed after his return from mass in the year 1446, viii. 405 Vertus, the count de, and several of the nobility leave Paris, iii. 165 Vervins, the town of, is treacherously taken by sir Cluget de Brabant, iii. 45 is besieged and retaken, iii. 47 Viefville, the lord de, arrested and imprisoned, iii. 213 Villain, John, his courageous behaviour at the battle of Mons, v. 300 Villars, the viscount of, dies, xi. 96 Villefranche, the town of, is attacked by the Burgundians, vii. 171 Villeneuve-le-Roi, taken by scalado, v. 205 is retaken by the Dauphinois, v. 258 is again surrendered to the English, v. 305, 316 Vire, the English are defeated at, ix. 91 Vitout, John, governor of Metz, viii. 397 Voltri, dreadful riot at, ii. 86 W. Waes, county of, is invaded by the duke of Burgundy, ix. 210 Waleran, the count de St Pol lands a large force in the Isle of Wight, i. 115 is deceived by a priest of the island, _ib._ marches an army before the castle of Mercq, where he is beaten by the English, i. 126 sends an especial summons throughout Picardy for an assembly of men at arms, i. 132 is deprived of his command, _ib._ made grand butler of France, ii. 192 is sent against the Armagnacs, ii. 337 assembles a large armed force at Vernon sur Seine, iii. 12 marches into the Boulonois, iii. 49 meets in council at Lille with the duke of Burgundy, iii. 231 receives letters, ordering him up to Paris to resign his constable's sword, _ib._ refuses to obey, _ib._ another embassy is sent to him, iii. 236 still refuses to obey, iii. 244 has a severe fall from his horse, which he uses as a pretext not to fight, iv. 25 is abused by a skirmishing party during the siege of Arras, iv. 52 marches about 600 combatants into the duchy of Luxembourg, iv. 88 dies at Yvoix, iv. 121 Wales, the prince of, said to wage war against the Scots, i. 189 succeeds to the throne of England on the death of Henry of Lancaster, iii. 139 Warwick, the earl of, attends the council of Constance, iv. 91 drives the French from several places they had won, x. 120 visits Louis XI. at Rouen, xi. 32 banished from England by king Edward, comes to France, xi. 97 returns to England and heads an army against king Edward, xi. 103 reinstates Henry VI. xi. 105 slain in battle against Edward IV. xi. 115 Watelin Tieulier, makes war on the count de Vaudemont, viii. 92 Widows and orphans merit peculiar protection, ii. 2 Wiege castle, siege of, vi. 76 Wight, Isle of, invaded by the French, i. 115 freed by the cunning of a priest, _ib._ William, duke, count of Hainault, mortal combat before, i. 125 swears friendship towards the duke of Burgundy, iv. 251 carries his son in law the dauphin of France to Compiègne, where he dies, iv. 254, 255 dies, iv. 263 William le Begue murdered, v. 36 William VI. earl of Douglas is barbarously murdered, viii. 7 Willoughby, the lord, death of, iv. 145 lays siege to the town of St Severin, vii. 174 Winchester, bishop of, sent ambassador to France, i. 158 Winchester, the peace of, ii. 200 the palace of, destroyed, ii. 318 Winchester, the cardinal of, attends the convention at Arras, vii. 232 leaves Arras, vii. 340 Witchcraft, the crime of high treason, i. 279 Woodville, sir Richard, marries the duchess of Bedford without a licence, and is fined 1000 to the king, vii. 397 Wool, great distress for the want of in Flanders, viii. 70 Worcester, battle between the Welsh and English, near, i. 104 Worthies, nine, who, vii. 43 X. Xancoins, master John de, is convicted of peculation, and punished, ix. 153 Y. York, the duke of, is slain at the battle of Azincourt, iv. 182 York, the duke of, marches an army to force the king of France to raise the siege of Pontoise, viii. 287 follows the king of France to Mauisson, viii. 294 advances in battle array before Poissy, viii. 296 seizes the government of England, ix. 349 defeats the king and the duke of Somerset, ix. 359 made prisoner by queen Margaret and beheaded, ix. 49 Ysambert D'Azincourt, iv. 181 Yvain Graindos, a corruption of Owen Glendower, iii. 145 Yvetot, the king of, dies at Lyon, xii. 71 Z. Zambray, Simeon of, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, cause of his apostacy, i. 242 Zealand, inundation in, caused by the breaking of the dykes, xi. 84 Zeneuberche, siege of, vi. 178 THE END. H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-street, Blackfriars, London. Transcriber's Note: Original spelling, including any inconsistencies, has been retained. Index above relates to all 12 volumes, of which, as at June 2021, only 9 are available on Project Gutenberg. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 65721 ***