The Alberta Public School Speller - Authorized by the Minister of Education for Alberta

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 48877 *** TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. Bold text is denoted by =equal signs=. Breves and macrons are accurately represented (ă ĕ ā ē etc). Letter e with a dot above is represented by ė. Letters a and u with a diaeresis underneath are shown as a̤ ṳ (using Unicode combining diacritical). Obvious punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources. More detail can be found at the end of the book. THE ALBERTA PUBLIC SCHOOL SPELLER _Authorized by the Minister of Education for Alberta._ TORONTO THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED Copyright, Canada, 1910, by THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED, Toronto, Ontario. CONTENTS. PAGES Standard I, Grades 1 and 2 1-25 Review of Hard Words 26-30 Standard II, Grade 3 31-54 Review of Hard Words 55-58 Standard III, Junior, Grade 4 59-82 Rules for Spelling 83 Review of Hard Words 84-87 Words Often Mispronounced 88 Standard III, Senior, Grade 5 89-112 Review of Hard Words 113-116 Standard IV, Junior, Grade 6 117-139 Review of Hard Words 140-143 Words Often Mispronounced 144 Standard IV, Senior, Grade 7 145-164 Review of Hard Words 165-167 Small Words 168 Standard V, Junior, Grade 8 169-188 Review of Hard Words 189-191 Rules for Syllabication and Spelling 192 Public School Leaving 193-197 Small Words 198 The Building of English Words 199-200 Prefixes 200-203 Suffixes 203-210 English Root Words and Derivatives 210-212 Latin Words and Derivatives 213-226 Greek Root Words and Derivatives 227-230 Words, Phrases and Noteworthy Sayings 231-236 Abbreviations and Contractions in common use 237-242 CHIEF FEATURES. =1. Choice of Words.= There has been a careful selection of those words best suited for the various grades or years in school. =2. Grouping of Words.= These words have been so grouped as to favor their being taught economically, and to impress upon the pupil that spelling rests largely upon a basis of law and order. In the earlier grades the sequence of lessons gives an orderly development of phonic forms; by this arrangement spelling and phonic reading can be made mutually helpful. =3. Dictation Exercises.= These are so constructed as to give in the briefest space an adequate test of the words taught. They should be supplemented by sentences constructed by the pupil, embodying the new and difficult words he is learning. =4. Reviews.= There are regular reviews at short intervals. Many of the hardest words appear several times, but with some change of context. At the end of each year's work there is given in alphabetical order a list of the most difficult words used therein. =5. Seat Exercises.= These exercises are intended to lead the pupil to make lists of words having a phonic element in common, to show how words are built up, and, later, to give practice in derivation. =6. Homonyms.= There has been a systematic use of these throughout the book, but in the junior grades they are not given together, in order to prevent the confusion that often results from such a practice. =7. Spelling Rules.= There are numerous and varied exercises to lead, inductively, to a knowledge of the most useful rules for spelling. =8. Authority.= The authority usually followed for spelling and pronunciation is THE CONCISE IMPERIAL DICTIONARY. The pupil should be taught the system of diacritical marks employed therein. THE ALBERTA PUBLIC SCHOOL SPELLER. STANDARD I. GRADES 1 AND 2. 1 back pack black Jack crack track see whip give they bring horse cry were ducks SEAT WORK.--Put h, l, s, t, r, sm, st, sl, wh, qu, with --ack DICTATION.--See Jack on a black hack. Crack the whip, Jack, and give the horse a whack. Bring back a sack of bran. Ducks cry quack. A pack of dogs ran to the hay stack. They were on the track of a black fox. Give me a tack to fix the rack. Bring back the ducks. See Jack whip the black horse. The dogs track the fox. 2 neck check wreck kick chick quick very two house peas there where yes play ship SEAT WORK.--With --eck put b, p, d, fl, sp; and with --ick put l, p, s, t, w, br, sl, st, th, tr. DICTATION.--The wick is very thick. Pick two pecks of peas. Be quick. Where is the brick house? There is a speck of red on the chick. Is Jack sick? Yes, Dick hit him with a stick. Play no bad tricks. The ship was a wreck. See the horse kick. The hen has two chicks. There are two black dogs. Give me a thick stick. 3 rock clock crock duck cluck stuck boy toy girl new much warm key little baby SEAT WORK.--Put l, d, m, s, bl, fl, sh, st, fr, with --ock; and l, b, s, t, pl, tr, str, with --uck. DICTATION.--Hens cluck but ducks quack. That boy has much pluck. The clock struck two. The key stuck in the lock. That little girl has a new frock. Tuck baby up warm. I got a toy ship in my sock. A crock of peas. See the flock of ducks by the rock. There is the little baby. Bring me a black frock. NOTE.--Pupils should use the words in the lists and exercises in sentences of their own. 4 and sand grand hang sang sprang hear near church one none done drum upon write With --and put b, h, l, s; and with --ang put r, b, g, cl, sl. Copy,--I see her. She sees us. We see you. Hear the band play. One man bangs the drum. The two boys are in the grand stand. Hang the key near the clock. That girl sang in church. Has Jack done one sum? No, he has none yet. Write clang and slang in ink. Were you near the new church? Dick sprang upon a black horse. I hear baby cry. 5 king bring thing song wrong strong you your wasp over fence mitts tie door bell Write r, fl, cl, spr, sl, st, str, sw, with --ing; put u for i in the words in --ing. Copy,--Is that you? Is that he? Can you spring over that fence? The wasp may sting you. Were your sums wrong? Yes, all but one. There is a crack in the crock. Bring a strong string to tie it. Fling me the keys. The swing is long and strong. Wet mitts cling to your hands. Ring the door bell. She flung the peas over the door. 6 (REVIEW) gives lives were one once fence boy toy joy fix six mix such much church Tom lives in a red brick house. Once there was a little black boy. He sang six songs for the king. Pick up your toys. Fix the fence near the church. It gives such joy to hear you sing. Do not mix sand and bran. Where were your mitts? It is wrong to whack your horse so. I see six stacks of hay. Can Jack write? Give me the ink. I have none. 7 ash cash crash dish fish wish water snap have more like pony finger knife words Put l, s, h, m, r, cl, tr, thr, spl, with --ash. See the fish splash in the water. The dish fell with a crash. How much cash have you? Do you wish a little more hash? Snap the new whip lash. My horse ran like a flash. It is wrong to thrash your pony so. The jack-knife cut a gash in my finger. Write two more words. Where is your new knife? 8 fresh flesh thresh hush rush thrush pork sweet blood rye nose road sofa worm Mary Write words like hog with d, l, f, b, j, fl, fr; as, dog. Put g, m, fl, sl, br, with --ush. Copy,--It is I. It is she. It is we. Pork is the flesh of hogs. We thresh rye and peas. Hear the sweet song of the thrush. Is there much slush on the road? See the blood gush from his nose. See Mary blush! Stop, you may crush the worm. Brush the plush sofa. Frogs live in fresh water. Do not flog your pony. See Dick write. 9 lass mass bass glass less mess Bess bless hiss miss kiss bliss loss moss boss gloss fuss muss buss truss Put p, gr, br, cl, with --ass; and t, fl, cr, acr, with --oss. Give the horses less grass. There is a brass lock. Jack got six black bass. Pack the moss in a glass box. Do not muss your new dress. You may kiss baby once. Floss has much gloss. Is Miss Bess very cross? Toss the sack across your back. Less fuss in class! Is there much glass in that door? 10 fast last past best nest chest blue birds year said mice John coat half great With --est put r, l, j, p, t, v, w; and with --rap put t, st, w, sc. Add --s to whip, duck, horse, boy, word. Two blue birds had a nest there last year. Brush your best coat and vest. Lock fast the chest. John said that in jest. Mice are a great pest. The church is west from your house. I got two mice in a trap. Run fast, it is half-past six. He said you were at church. My new coat is blue. One is the half of two. 11 fist twist wrist dust trust crust wind make copy our about books apple papa mamma Write c, l, t, fr, with --ost; and m, j, b, g, r, thr, with --ust. Copy,--Is it they? That was I. Is it she? A gust of wind makes much dust fly. Copy a list of your best books. That apple pie has a thick crust. Mamma, see the frost on the grass. Twist a string about your wrist. I must have just one more apple. Papa trusts me with our pony. How much did your coat cost? They lost two little dogs near the church. 12 (REVIEW) about swing water said where none much smash pony gives great wrong clock fence thrash apple mitts worm crust little year quick peas finger once knife were church half sweet Put y, ag, at, ax, ing, ash, ock, eck, op, og, with fl--. With n, h, r, sh, sp, tr, bl, pl, make words in --ot. Give Mary more sweet peas. Where was your knife? He said much about the apples. Water my pony. 13 slant plant chant bent sent spent storm praise week four what shop buy pair some Put c, h, l, y, with --ard; and b, d, m, h, p, l, sp, sh with --ark. Copy and fill in,--My name is -- --. I am -- years old. The storm bent the plant. It slants very much. In church we chant the praise of God. John sent for four socks. The dogs bark in your yard. What is the rent of your shop? We sent you some apples. Buy a pair of pants. He spent a week in a tent. John got much praise. 14 hint flint print hunt grunt blunt wolf plums story next axe says noise river candy Write words in --ift with g, l, s, sh, sw, dr. Put a letter with --lip, --pit, --ring, --wing, --rock. Copy,--Yes, sir, I saw you. Some men hunt a wolf. Hear the pig grunt. This axe is very blunt. Will you print our next story? Jack says that apple is hard as flint. Give him a hint to make less noise. I got a gift of candy and plums. Can we cross that swift river in a punt? Yes, but you may drift upon a rock. She says the wolf got over the river. 15 damp scamp tramp bump thump stump lazy idle five work cent table camel beside Henry Change one letter in fl_e_sh, ch_e_ck, _g_ive, _p_ick, cr_u_sh, gl_o_ss. With --ip put l, sl, sh, sk, ch, dr, tr, str, h, wh. Lazy tramps will not work. A camel has one or two humps. Pump some water. Make your pony jump over that stump. Buy a two-cent stamp. Henry is an idle scamp. Camp beside the river. Last week I had the mumps. We have five lamps. Baby thumps upon the table. Give me one cent for candy. 16 (Doubled Letters) add odd Ann bee see egg all ill off shoo purr buzz any many three even happy busy Put h, j, sh, cl, sl, cr, sw, with --am. Change the marked letter in w_o_rm, _w_ent, _d_one, bl_o_ck, n_e_ck, _f_ling, _g_ash, cr_u_sh. Ann is very ill. Add two and four. Hear the bee buzz. Shoo off any ducks. Many boys play odd or even. See me jump off the pony. Cats purr if they are happy. The busy bee works all the day. Buy some eggs and four black bass. The three fish swam off. Is three odd or even? How many apples in the sack? There are none. Was Henry busy last week? Were there many plums on the tree? 17 bank drank prank bunk drunk trunk eye again sleep sailor often pear iron coal orange Put dr, w, p, m, l, bl, th, s, r, br, shr, with --ink; and t, bl, pl, sp, dr, cr, Fr, with --ank. Copy,--Was it she? Frank writes in ink on a copy book. Wink your eye again. The iron trunk sank in the water. Sailors often sleep in bunks. I think that plank is strong. Thank mamma for the orange and pear. Do not drink much tea. Give Dick a chunk of coal. I trust he is busy with his sums. He says he often sees the sailor. 18 (REVIEW) blue eye lazy crazy work word cent says again iron often soften buy knife writes wrong many pear camel orange Papa gives me four cents to buy two pears. He says your eyes are blue. That idle tramp is not crazy. Write the new words often. Soften the crust in your tea. Iron my collar again. It was wrong to cut the table with your jack-knife. Bees are not lazy. How many oranges can one buy for five cents? Some camels are swift. Jack said he once had a little black pony. How many eyes have two camels? 19 catch patch snatch Dutch clutch crutch uses please rabbit sew lady wears Scotch watch Helen Put c, d, f, p, t, with --ry; add --ing to each, as cry, crying. Make new words in --atch with b, h, l, m, sn, th. Some hens hatch eight eggs. Please sew a patch on my silk skirt. The Scotch boy uses a crutch. Use an iron latch. That Dutch lady wears a gold watch. Scratch the match again. Rabbits live in a hutch. Catch the ball, Helen. Baby may clutch your toys. 20 ditch witch switch fetch sketch stretch scarf mouth wide open afraid dirty herd oxen who Make new words with --itch and h, p, st. Add --s to lock, key, neck, king, worm, song, wrist, flag, crock, toy. Fetch me a strong switch. Please stitch my silk scarf. Stretch your mouth wide open. Is there such a thing as a witch? I am not afraid of any. The ditch was half full of dirty water. Can you sketch that herd of oxen? Who are you? Are you afraid? 21 ball call all fall gall hall stall small tall wall bell yell dell fell sell shell spell smell tell well bill kill still fill gill hill mill pill till will doll collar dollar folly jolly holly Molly Polly loll dolly gull cull dull sully gully hull mull null lull skull one two three four five six seven eight nine ten Add --y to dirt, dust, sleep, luck, hand, puss, wind. 22 arch march starch birch perch torch along chop robin larch porch quickly does such pinch For b in bench or bunch put Fr, h, l, w, p, st, tr. Make words in --ig with b, f, g, j, p, r, w, tw. March along quickly to church. Chop off a branch of birch or larch. Does the robin perch on your porch? Ask for a small pinch of starch. Write again in French for a torch. Which do you like best, bass or perch? Does Helen drink water at lunch? That worm is an inch or two long. Three and five are eight. 23 talk walk chalk kept wept slept board knees Lucy floor next hurt aunt uncle flower Add --es to box, fox, watch, church, dish, wish, glass, brush, class, ditch, patch. Copy,--Mr. John Smith; Mrs. Ellen Jones. Write on the board with chalk. Baby crept on hands and knees. Next year she will walk and talk. Aunt Lucy wept when you were hurt. How many flowers on that stalk? I slept till half-past eight. I kept the candy uncle sent me. She swept the floor. A gully is a ditch made by water. Buy some collars. 24 stiff skiff cliff cuff puff snuff high good smoke soft cloth cheeks fur calf paper Write all the words that you can make from 'carpet,' 'blacken,' 'holiday.' With --ask put c, m, t, fl. Iron my cuffs and collars stiff. Uncle uses snuff. Puff out your cheeks. She lost her fur muff. Papa has a good skiff. See the whiff of smoke. Stuff paper or soft cloth into the hole. The calf fell from a high cliff. John makes eight or nine dollars a week. 25 (REVIEW) catch please does crept fetch aunt uncle flower praise quickly knife knees robin rabbit happy chalk calf next high table Helen eight said week board Add --ing to buy, work, pull, fall, wink, sleep, bring, ask. Please, uncle, buy me a pair of rabbits. Which is your knife? Does John write quickly? Watch the robin fetch four worms. Aunt Helen is happy. Next week I shall be eight. Please catch the calf. He crept on his knees to the high table. He said much in praise of flowers. Put chalk on the board. 26 hung stung swung belt melt dwelt lion gate swamp front lace shoe skate shelf silver Put with --ung s, b, r, cl, fl, sl, spr, str; with --elt, put f, kn, p, sp. Write a or i for u in the words in --ung. Some bees stung a great lion. Papa swung me high on the gate. They dwelt near a swamp. John hung his belt in the front hall. He knelt to lace his shoe. He slung his skates upon the shelf. Can you melt silver? Have you strung the glass balls on that string? Ring the bell at the front door, please. 27 bind blind grind born horn thorn come waist melon grist wrist blow oats both Canada With --ind put f, h, k, m, r, w, bl; with --ond f, b, p. Add --ed to walk, fix, play, rock, melt, puff, wish, pelt. Little Boy Blue, come blow your horn. A sharp thorn stuck in my wrist. Is he blind in both eyes? The grist mill grinds corn and oats. Is he fond of melon rind? Were you born in Canada? Wind a cord about your waist. Mind what papa says. Can you find my copy book? The waist of my new dress is black. Canada gets much praise for her apples. 28 paw jaw straw awl shawl crawl lawn dawn drawn down gown clown brown drown frown owl fowl growl Make words in --aw with l, c, h, p, r, s, t, cl, sh, dr, cr, th; and in --ow with b, c, h, m, n, r, s, sc, br. Lucy buys a brown shawl. Worms crawl across the lawn. Dogs howl and growl. Down town I saw a new gown. Use an awl to sew my shoe. The clown may drown there. Puss has four paws with strong claws. The scow was drawn to the mill and sawn. Do not frown or look cross. I hear the fowl at dawn. 29 drew grew screw few blew flew die lie tie cabin under before tiger boat sister father mother brother Put d, h, J, m, n, p, ch, sl, st, with --ew; and b, st, c, th, with --rew. Add --er to work, talk, farm, bank, fish, thresh. He threw the screws under the cabin. The Jew slew a tiger. The storm blew and the good boat flew. Yet few of her crew were lost. The calf chews straw. I have a father and mother, two brothers and three sisters. Tie your shoe before you lie down. Brew the tea. Is your father a farmer? Henry is a great talker. 30 tree free three feed weed bleed seed steed tweed hitch buggy against sure began among beef broth soup With --ee put b, f, s, w, th, kn. Add --ing to feed, seed, buy, try, work, hear, talk, see, add. Hitch the steed to the buggy. Buy a tweed coat. He hurt his knee against a tree. It began to bleed. Feed the horse half a peck of oats. Make sure there are no weeds among the seeds. Fetch some beef broth or soup. The blue-bird has a nest with four wee eggs. Are you sure you write and spell well? 31 (REVIEW) boat wrist melon tweed quickly soup slew waist chews growl Lucy shawl dwelt swamp scratch come knelt cabin Canada buggy lion tiger sprang among against The lion sprang upon the tiger and quickly slew him. The cabin of the boat was full of melons. Lucy wears a tweed belt about her waist. Dogs growl in the swamp. There comes our buggy. I knelt upon the shawl. He dwelt in Canada. Fetch some soup. I scratch my wrist against a tree. Chew the beef well. 32 eel heel wheel cool spool school after carpet summer made swells lemons jerk away chums Make new words in --eel with f, p, st, kn; in --ool with f, p, t, st. With --eek put m, s, w, ch, sl, cr. Cows cry moo. See the eel swim after the perch. Our school is kept too cool in summer. Kneel on the thick carpet. Does Henry use a swift wheel? There are seven days in one week. The lump on my heel feels soft. Jerk away the stool. Mamma sent me to buy lemon peel. Our best tools are made of steel. A spool of silk sells for nine cents. Do not try to fool your chums. How sleek our pony looks. It is too cold to swim in the creek. 33 keep weep creep hoop droop stoop pussy softly twelve yarn hawk farmers roof along scrub With --eep put d, p, sh, sl, st, sw. Put --oop with c, l, sc, sl, sw. Add --ing to such of these as you can. Some boys keep watch over the sheep. I did not sleep till twelve o'clock. Pussy creeps softly to catch the mice. Stoop down and scoop up the pool of water. Please tie a loop in this yarn. Farmers often keep fowl in a coop. Then the hawk cannot swoop down upon them. The roof is too steep. Why do the flowers droop? Scrub the front stoop. Were you weeping just now? Roll your hoop along the road. 34 beet sweet street boot root shoot those sugar target under train worth visit snow winter With --eet put f, m, fl, gr, sh, sl; with --oot put h, t, sc. Put another o in drop, stop, hot, shot, hop; as, --drop, droop. In some beets there is much sugar. Shoot at a target, not at birds. How much are those boots worth? We sleep under a cool sheet. Meet your aunt at the train and greet her kindly. How many feet have four horses? Snow and sleet come in winter. Owls hoot. John toots on his new horn. The boys scoot down the street. Will you visit us again? The fleet will meet next week. Some roots are sweet. 35 beer deer steer room bloom broom clean better young gone being birthday sun lily bigger Put ch, qu, sn, with --eer; and b, d, l, gl, gr, with --oom. Make new words in --oon with c, l, m, n, s, sp. A new broom sweeps clean. Sun and water make the lily bloom. Tea is better than beer. Many deer live in Canada. Steers are young oxen. Three cheers for our school. Booms keep logs from being lost. He has gone to groom the pony. Tweed cloth is made in a loom. Is the moon bigger than the sun? What a queer bird the loon is. Uncle gave me a silver spoon on my birthday. Some deer feed on lily roots. Too large or too small. 36 breeze freeze sneeze goose loose moose plump burst bottle search proof apron wrap north queen Make words in --een with k, s, gr, qu; in --oof with h, r, pr. Put ee for oo in tooth, pool, goose, soon, sloop, boot. The moose scoops away the snow in search of food. Feel how plump that goose is. If the soup freeze it will burst the bottle. Her apron is too loose. Brush your teeth often. Have you seen the queen? Green plants need much water. We feed beets to a calf. The moose has a big hoof. The keen north breeze makes me sneeze. Wrap up the shawl. What proof can you give that he was wrong? 37 (REVIEW) lily softly lemon sneeze search proof wheel scoop worth queen wrap hawk apron visit twelve pussy queer burst bottle school loose sugar plump young birthday Is your wheel worth much? Hawks fly in search of young chickens. My brother will be twelve on his next birthday. How softly pussy creeps along. Wrap the lemons in your apron. The queen often visits schools. Where did you buy that queer bottle? That lily is in full bloom. Scoop up the sugar. He threw the trunk and it burst open. What makes you sneeze? Tack down the loose carpet. Plump cheeks. Give proof of being good. 38 beech speech screech sleeve fleece cheese elm torn burnt Francis touch swarm mews smart needle To cr-- add ept, ied, ops, oss, ock, awl, ack, ib. Write all the words you can from the letters in 'catching,' 'dreamed.' Elm and beech trees grew about our school. The sleeve of my coat is torn. Francis burnt his heel; then he began to screech. Do not touch the cheese. The swarm of bees flew into an apple tree. He made a speech about cheese. Let us search for beech nuts. Sew a patch on your sleeve. Where is the needle? We need the fleeces of many sheep. John seems such a smart boy. The gray cat mews. 39 book shook brook wood hood stood lamb comb climb soot split barrel cosy dinner Friday Make new words in --ook with c, h, l, n, r, t, cr. To cl-- add am, ap, ock, uck, ub, ing, ip, ean, ear. John sawed and split the wood. Throw the soot into a barrel. What a cosy nook this is. Can you climb a high beech tree? See the crook in the stick uncle uses. Cook a lamb chop. Men comb wool and flax. I lost two fish hooks in the brook. The lamb cannot climb over that rock. My new hood is made from Scotch wool. Mamma cooks dinner on Friday. She took a look at my story book. He uses a black comb. 40 paid maid braid gain pain grain eleven thirteen fifteen Abel raise honest basin truth always With --ain put C, l, m, r, v, ch, pl, sl, st, br, dr, tr, spr, str. Add --teen to four, six, seven, eight, nine. (Note eighteen.) I paid eleven cents for braid. If sold for thirteen cents find the gain. Did you sprain your wrist? Yes, and it gives great pain. Abel was slain by his brother Cain. The maid has lain down. Wait till I raise the chest. The grain needs much rain. Strain the soup into a basin. Honest work is not done in vain. Always tell the plain truth. The iron chain has fifteen links. The main thing is not to be afraid of work. 41 fail jail snail air stair fairy clerk nobody month twenty thirty forty July April cruel Make new words in --ail with b, h, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, fl, fr, tr. Add --y to sh, sk, th, fl, sl, sp, st, dr, cr, fr, tr, spr. A steel rail was loose. The mail train ran off, nobody was hurt. Bail out your sail boat. The snail crawls under the pail. Were you afraid of a fairy? Flails were used to thresh grain. The maid with fair hair fell down stairs. The clerk was sent to jail for twenty days. Uncle is paid forty dollars a month. Fix that frail chair with a strong nail. April has thirty days, July thirty-one. It was cruel to cut off the tail of that dog. 42 died lied cried hoe foe toe chirp churn chunk spill whey first move David choose To ch-- add in, ill, aff, ew, ain, est, oose, eese, eck, ick, ore, air, arm, urch. With --ied put t, sh, sp, tr, fr, dr, pr. The hoe struck his toe and he cried. She tied her apron strings. The colt shied and tried to jump over the fence. The flowers soon died. A chunk of beech wood burns well. Spill the whey from the churn. David killed his foe with a sling. Which do you choose? I spied you first. She fried two lamb chops. We tried to move the buggy. The sun dried my hair. Robins chirp. They pried the boxes open. 43 (REVIEW) lamb fleece basin barrel screech jail first fairy speech eleven hoes chirp cruel cheese combs touch month climb choose nineteen cosy whey churn fried always He hoes beets. Lambs always look cosy in fleeces of wool. Eleven and eight are nineteen. Baby will screech if you touch his toes. Cheese is made in the warm months. Choose two combs. Pussy tried to climb into the churn. Throw the basin of whey into the barrel. First tell me a fairy story. He goes to jail for being cruel. Pork chops were fried. Hear the little birds chirp. 44 road load toad boast coast toast scrap scald scrawl drags ugly oven Percy satin pencil Make words in --oan with m, l, gr; in --oak with s, cl, cr. To sc-- add ar, arf, ow, owl, at, ud, um, alp, amp, otch, orch. Percy scrawls with a pencil. The horse drags a great load on a snow road. Do you think a toad ugly? We roast beef in an oven. She scorched her shoes. He likes to coast down steep hills. Toads croak in the spring. Lucy boasts about her satin scarf and cloak. There is a deep scar on his scalp. The hot tea will scald you. He gave me the loan of his knife. The Scotch boy moans and groans. Soak the scraps of toast in water. 45 boat float throat old sold scold crowd organ studying false dozen pantry tongs jelly pretty Put c, g, bl, with --oat; and b, c, f, g, h, t, with --old. Add --ty to six, seven, nine; eight + (t)y. Tie the scarf about your throat. The boat may not float with such a crowd. We sold our organ for ninety-four dollars. Goats often climb very high. Papa will scold you for not studying. I paid sixty cents for a dozen pencils. Fetch the jelly from the pantry. His uncle died at eighty-two. The iron tongs cost seventy-five cents. Be not bold or false. Lucy wears such a pretty gown. There was too great a crowd. 46 eat beat wheat beam cream scream dumb crumb thumb rich purse never hurl flask brisk Put h, m, n, s, ch, bl, pl, tr, with --eat; and s, t, st, gl, dr, str, with --eam. To gr-- add ace, ass, and, ab, ew, ain, asp. Lions eat raw meat. The beams of the sun make wheat grow. Hear the lambs bleat. Heat turns water into steam. Two horses make a team. What a neat seam you sew. Treat the dumb boy to some cream. Henry screams, for he hurt his thumb. Sweep the crumbs from the seat of the chair. A rich man lost his purse. Never cheat any one. Hurl the flask into the stream. Be brisk at your work. Which team beat? 47 ear dear spear bean mean clean shuns nurse rolled folk spilt foolish worn army towels With --ear put f, h, n, r, t, y, sh, cl, sm. Make new words with --eap and h, l, r, ch. Add y, in, ip, im, iff, ate, to sk--. The tears rolled clear down his cheeks. We will reap much wheat this year. The nurse shuns foolish folk. He spilt the beans near the door. Were the towels cheap or dear? The army had sharp spears. Does he mean to shear the sheep? My mother is very dear to me. His coat is much worn but clean. Do not smear your chin with candy. Do you fear to leap across that clear stream? It is easy to hurt the ear. 48 beak weak speak bead lead plead coax party color beard thorn scratch hazel bushes hungry Put l, p, sn, bl, str with --eak. Copy high, nigh, sigh, thigh. To str-- add ap, ip, ing, uck, ong, eet, etch, eam. Coax mamma, do not tease her. Aunt is too weak to speak. Glass beads are of many colors. Hear Helen sigh. The barrel leaks. Who leads the party? There are streaks of gray in his beard. Some birds have blunt beaks. A thorn scratched my thigh. The fox sneaks among the hazel bushes. The hungry man pleads for meat. Can you climb that high peak? A bleak road. Please lead us home. Push a chair nigh. 49 each teach preach east beast yeast loaf curse Thursday stroll taffy cover leave clover sense Write words in --each with b, p, r, bl. With --eal put d, h, m, p, s, v, st. Add atch, ub, ew, eam, een, to scr--. Each loaf is made with yeast. Teach us to weave carpets. We leave on Thursday for the east. A feast of peaches and cream. Good men preach that it is wrong to steal or curse. Each beast was given a meal of raw veal. They stroll along the sea beach. Reach down the taffy. Cover your thumb, it will soon heal. The bells peal for joy. Split open the beans. Copy a clover leaf. He has too much sense to sulk. REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS. about add afraid again air 5 among any apple April apron 10 army aunt awl baby barrel 15 basin bass beach beads beans 20 beard beast beat bees beech 25 beef beets before being better 30 bigger birch black bleed blew 35 blood bloom blue boast bottle 40 braid breeze broom brown buggy 45 bump burnt burst busy buy 50 buzz cabin calf camel Canada 55 candy carpet catch cents chair 60 chalk cheat cheeks cheese chew 65 chirp choose clean climb clown 70 clutch coal coast coax collar 75 color comb come copy cosy 80 cover crack crawl crazy cream 85 creek crept cried crowd cruel 90 crumb crutch cuff dawn dear 95 deer died dinner dirty ditch 100 does dollar done door dozen 105 drawn drew drown dumb Dutch 110 dwelt each easy eel eggs 115 eight eleven elm eye fairy 120 false fence fetch first five 125 fleeces flew float floor flowers 130 folk forty four fowl Francis 135 freeze front girl goats goose 140 great growl hair half happy 145 hawk hazel heap hear heel 150 Helen Henry high hitch honest 155 hungry idle iron jail kneel 160 knees knife lain lambs lawn 165 lazy leads lemon lied lily 170 lion little loaf loose lost 175 Lucy maid mail mamma main 180 many mean meat meet melon 185 moans month moose move much 190 needle never new next ninety 195 nineteen noise none nose oats 200 odd off often once one 205 orange organ oven owl oxen 210 paid pails pair pantry papa 215 paper patch paw peaches pears 220 peas peel pencil perch Percy 225 pinch please plump plums pony 230 porch praise preach pretty pried 235 proof pussy quick rabbit reach 240 road robin roof rye said 245 sail sailor satin sawed says 250 scald scarf school Scotch scratch 255 scrawls scream screech screw seam 260 search sense seven sew shawl 265 shied shoes shoo sigh silver 270 sketch skiff skull sleeve slept 275 small smoke snatch sneeze snuff 280 sofa soften some soot soup 285 speak spears speech split spoon 290 steals steam steel steer stiff 295 story straw stream street stretch 300 stroll studying such sugar summer 305 sure swamp swarm sweep sweet 310 swift switch table taffy talk 315 target tea teach team tears 320 tease there they thigh thirteen 325 thrash three thresh threw throat 330 throw thumb thump tie tiger 335 toad toe too towels toy 340 tried truth tweed twelve twist 345 two ugly uses vain very 350 waist wait walk warm watch 355 water weak wear weave wept 360 were wheat wheel where whey 365 who witch wolf woods worm 370 worn worth wrap wrist write 375 wrong year yell young your 380 bet betting hop hopping drop dropping rub rubbing brag bragging blot blotting come coming have having hope hoping live living use using like liking STANDARD II. GRADE 3. 1 ate plate slate face race brace size huge burst quite angry meadow larger became strange With --ate put d, f, g, h, K, l, m, r, sk, gr, cr, pr, st. Write l, p, pl, Gr, tr, sp, with --ace. Add --ing to see, be, free, flee. Does Grace skate? Place the wood in the grate. Brace up for a race. Keep a space for my school mate. Buy a pair of shoe laces. Little Jack Frog once spied a huge ox in a field. He told what a strange beast he had seen, larger than any frog in the stream. His mother became quite angry. She tried to puff herself out to as great a size. But she only burst and died. 2 bake shake drake game flame shame Nellie garden mother's tulip dainty basket proud bright Saturday Put c, f, l, m, r, s, t, w, fl, sn, sp, st with --ake. Write c, d, f, l, n, s, t, bl with --ame. Add --ful to spoon, hand, care, arm. Shake the grate and see the flame shoot up. Nellie grows flowers in her garden. Her mother's birthday was on Saturday. Then Nellie picked a basket of bright tulips. These she fixed in a dainty bowl, placed near her mother's seat at table. How pleased her mamma was, and how proud Nellie felt. 3 fade shade spade Jane pane plane age wage stage eager quiet kitten broke pieces smooth With --ade put m, w, bl, gr, tr; with --ane write c, D, l, m, s, cr. Put c, p, r, s with --age. Add --ly to last, great, swift, apt. He broke a pane of glass. My knife has four blades. Plane off the stage. What wages does Jane get? Two pretty gold fish were happy in a bowl of water. A young kitten spied them, and jumped upon the table. At first she was quiet, and watched them swim about. She was eager to touch one with her paw. She climbed up the smooth side of the bowl. But it rolled off and broke into many pieces. 4 gave shave grave ale pale whale able fable stable Topsy negro merry also learn garden Put c, p, r, s, w, br, cr, sl, st, with --ave. Write b, g, h, m, s, t, sc, st with --ale. Put c, f, g, with --able. Has a whale scales like fish? There are oak staves in the barrel. The male lion has a mane. Read a fairy tale or fable. A pale face. Pave the stable yard. Buy a stale loaf. Topsy is a jolly negro girl. Her father was once a slave. Now he owns a house and garden. He is able to grow many melons and lemons. Besides he raises some fine fowl. He is hale and merry. Topsy hoes the sugar cane. She learns quickly also. 5 mare share square gaze blaze graze cape shape scrape giant castle person thief robbed coming With --are put b, c, d, f, h, p, r, fl, sc, sn, sp, st. Write d, h, m, cr, gl with --aze. Put t, dr, gr, esc, with --ape. The mare grazes in the square. As crazy as a March hare. The fare is a dollar. Pare the apples. Scrape the walk bare. See the blaze flare up. Once there lived a huge giant eight feet high. His home was in a strong castle, often hidden by haze. He used to steal lambs, sheep and oxen. The thief spared no person. The farmers he robbed were very angry. But they were scared and tried to escape his coming. 6 (REVIEW) size huge giant angry castle quite graze stable smooth meadow eager negro quiet tulip dainty thief pieces escape basket square bright proud coming person Saturday They tried to escape from the giant's castle on Saturday. The angry negro was quite crazy. There were pieces of smooth cloth. The stable is of great size. The thief spied a dainty, square basket. The quiet pony grazes in a huge meadow. Who is that proud person coming along? Eager for some bright tulips. 7 haste taste waste dance chance France alive begged return early rising clothes could would should To tw-- add ice, ine, ig, irl, ist, elve, enty. Add --ed to visit, melt, start, hand, scold, load, drift, play, hoot, risk. Bears prance and dance. They waste little in France. I chanced to glance about. He should make haste. His mother begged Jack not to climb the bean stalk. She said the giant would be sure to know him, and he could never return alive. Jack kept quiet for he would not tell a lie. He put on his old clothes, and stained his face and hands a dark brown color. Rising early one summer day, he said he would try his luck again. 8 fire spire quire sore chore swore Bible wagon velvet jacket mason burden heavy silent healing With --ire put h, m, s, t, w, squ. Write b, c, f, m, t, w, y, sc, sh, sn, st with --ore. Add --er to clear, dark, soon, neat. A sore throat. A quire of note paper. The fore wheels and hind wheels. An apple core. He does chores after school. He snores very often. He swore on the Bible. The wagon tire broke. Squire Jones wore a velvet jacket. He climbs the church spire. Do you know the base-ball score? He bore a heavy burden. Hire the silent mason. His sore thumb is healing. Twist the wires in the cable. I tore my shoe there. 9 ice price twice file smile while death mince clever laugh lying lovely ropes plenty forever Put m, n, r, v, sl, sp, spl, with --ice; and m, p, t, v, w, with --ile. Sailors splice ropes. The slice of ice-cream was nice. You may fail twice or thrice, try again. It is worth while to smile or laugh. Lying is a mean vice. The price of a steel file. Put plenty of spice in mince pies. Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever; Do lovely things, not dream them, all day long; And so make Life, and Death, and that Forever, One grand, sweet song. 10 rove stove grove nose close chose flies built calico lively poplar greedy parent window hatched Write c, d, w, cl, dr, str, with --ove; and h, r, pr, th, with --ose. She chose a calico gown. Please close the stove door. A drove of sheep. They roved in a shady grove. They wove tweed from wool. He strove to cross the river. A pair of robins built their nest in a poplar tree near my window. There were four blue eggs after two weeks. From those were hatched four lively birds. They opened their mouths very wide, always greedy for food. The two parent birds were kept busy bringing them worms and flies. Young robins have downy coats. 11 blue glue cube cute mute flute cure pure rude money village robber market walking tumbled Write d, h, s, cl, fl, with --ue. Add --e to tub, cub, hug, plum, cur, us. Add --ly to love, false, wise, live, nice, sure, cool. She wears a blue plume. There is no clue to the cute robber. He sued for wages due. Smoke goes up the flue. Glue the cube. A lively milkmaid was walking to market to sell a pail of cream. This she bore on her head. She would buy eggs with the money, and raise chickens. These would bring high prices at the village. She could buy a new gown. She felt so proud she tossed her head. The pail tumbled down and all was lost. 12 (REVIEW) score twice village lying heavy Bible lovely chores poplar clothes cute mason wagon thrice chance built early could quire calico lively money tumble hatched window A village mason built a score of stables. A lovely calico frock. The Bible is lying on the window. His clothes are always too heavy. He was hired to clean the wagon and do chores. He offered twice or thrice the money. The cute ducks were hatched early. Buy a quire of paper. Could you tell a poplar tree? A jug of cream. By chance he tumbled down stairs. 13 loud cloud shroud hour flour scour spider insect tadpole fatter dipper friend appear become narrow A barrel of flour. Scour the dipper. Half an hour. Thou shalt not steal. Clouds in the south shroud the sun. Proud of his friends. The yeast was sour. The toad is dark brown, with a fatter body and shorter legs than the frog. Little warts cover its body. It eats insects, spiders and worms. From its eggs come little black tadpoles. Soon the hind legs appear, then the front ones. The long, narrow tail slowly becomes shorter. So, after some weeks, the tadpoles have turned into toads. 14 pout spout sprout couch crouch slouch quart quite quilt timid fellow supper can't seeing careful With --out put ab, g, r, sh, sc, sn, st, tr. To qu-- add ack, ail, een, eer, ill, iet. With --ouse put h, d, l, m, s, gr. Fetch the quilt to the couch. Timid quails crouch down and keep quiet. Walk quickly, do not slouch. Plants sprout in the spring. Not quite a quart of cream. "Be careful," said a mother trout to her son, "some school boys shout; they come here to fish." "They can't catch me," cried the foolish fellow, "I know their tricks." He swam off in search of supper. Seeing a plump worm twisting about, he snatched it. There was a loud splash, but one trout swam in the brook never again. 15 bound found ground ounce bounce flounce squaw animal settlers ripened Indians wigwam easily season between Write h, m, p, r, s, w with --ound. Sixteen ounces make a pound. A tiger pounced upon the hound. She wears flounces. Bounce your ball. He wound the clock. The French were the first white settlers in Canada. They found here many Indians. These lived by fishing and the chase. They dressed in the skins of animals which they had killed. Their wigwams were easily moved, and often this was done each season. The squaws tilled the crops. They ground the ripened corn between two stones. 16 light fight fright ought fought brought native safety bravely kettle candle tallow strange instead blazing With --ight put m, n, kn, r, s, t, br, fl, sl. The Indians were friendly at first, but later they thought it right to fight the French. But these settlers fought bravely. The guns they had brought frightened the natives, who sought safety in flight. The settlers built rude log houses, now a strange sight. Often oiled paper was used for glass. Tallow candles gave light at night. Instead of an iron stove a huge fireplace might be found. Over the bright blazing fire hung iron kettles for cooking. 17 edge wedge sledge judge budge grudge dodge badge bridge cradle simple lessons rattle paddle silently Write h, l, pl, dr with --edge. Put f, n, sm, dr, tr with --udge. Trudge to the edge of the bridge. Nudge John. He grudges a badge for the judge. We could not budge the wedge. He dodged the sledge. The Indian baby was strapped into a wooden cradle. The children played many games, and had simple toys, dolls and rattles. They had many lessons not found in books. They knew where to find the birds and animals. They could tell their colors and habits. When twelve the boy could build a boat, and paddle swiftly and silently. 18 (REVIEW) dodge fright cradle crouch simple easily bounce judges native blazing quilt ounce safety paddle friend kettle animal season grudge insect candle tallow sought Indian between The Indian crouched down and sought to dodge the animal. My friend paddled in safety to the blazing dredge. He grudges even an ounce of sugar. The judge bought a pound of tallow candles. Simple folk are easily frightened. I tumbled the quilts in the cradle. Are there many native insects? Bounce baby on your knee. A quiet season. Between you and me. 19 head bread spread health wealth stealth sweat threat breath solid travel mostly letter post-office newspaper With --ead put d, l, r, dr, st, tr, thr, r---y, st---y. Health is better than wealth. Horses sweat. He read tales by stealth. A steady breath. As heavy as lead. Ready to spread the news. Thread the needle. Does he dread such threats? For many years there were no horses in Canada. Travel was mostly by boat in summer. The solid log houses were built along the rivers. There were no post-offices; letters were sent by friends. Newspapers were not known, books were few. A few schools were kept for white or Indian children. 20 aught caught taught naughty haughty daughter world heart every glory honor nation assist respect fortune I caught the naughty boy and taught him a lesson. His daughter is haughty. Can I do aught to assist you? To all the world I give my hand; My heart I give my native land, I seek her good, her glory; I honor every nation's name, Respect their fortune and their fame, But love the land that bore me. 21 pause cause clause daub Maud fraud haul fault vault piano garret comma bundle chamber scrubbed Add --en to dark, black, fright, sweet, smooth, moist, weak. Should you pause at every comma? Read the clause again, Laura. A team hauls a load of pianos. He caused Paul to close the vault. The giant was a fraud. Wipe off that daub of paint. Was it Maud's fault? The young daughter washed the dirty dishes and scrubbed the floors. She swept the carpet in my lady's chamber. Her two elder sisters slept in cosy feather beds, while she had some bundles of straw in the garret; yet she bore all without finding fault. 22 bough plough lounge count fount mount coach stately ladder fancy magic hurried meant pumpkin Cinderella Join --ing to daub, mount, plough, hurry, count, scoop, hitch. Do not lounge at the plough. Count the boughs on the oak. Mount the ladder. A fount or spring of water. Cinderella hurried to the field and brought back a huge pumpkin. She could not fancy what use it was meant for. But the fairy scooped it out, then touched it with her magic wand. At once it became a stately coach, beaming with gold and bright colors. She found four mice caught in the trap. These were changed into stout horses and hitched to the coach. 23 lief chief grief fiddle riddle griddle banjo until gruel polite amuse relieve shinny visitor entertain Write un-- with able, safe, just, true, load, fair, learn, tried. I had as lief have a banjo as a fiddle. Do riddles amuse you? He ate gruel and griddle cakes. Shinny is our chief game. Silent grief is often deep. Always be polite to callers in your home. Should your parents be absent or unable to see the visitors at once, offer them chairs. Stand until they are seated. Try your best to entertain them until some older person relieves you. Then leave the room quietly, closing the door without noise. Be sure to pass behind, not in front of persons. 24 (REVIEW) chief coach fault fancy office banjo bundle nation health garret lounge wealth relieve shinny fiddle gruel thread plough visitor hurried naughty fortune chamber pumpkin daughter The count's coach hurried to the office. I know what the visitor sought in the bundle. A fiddle was lying on the garret lounge. Good men are the nation's chief wealth. Plough the pumpkin field. Shinny is healthy sport. It was that naughty boy's fault. His daughter's banjo. I fancy a bowl of gruel. Fetch the thread from my lady's chamber. I ought always to relieve my friends. 25 singe fringe ginger angel danger arrange orphan orchard coward sudden blunder thunder echo suffer account Add --es to sash, bush, porch, march, gas, press; as sash, sashes. Won't means will not; don't, do not; doesn't, does not. Can't I exchange the blue shawl fringe for a lighter hue? Arrange to have some ginger tea. Read the account of the orphan's sudden rise. She sings like an angel. I suffer from twinges of pain. Won't the hot iron singe the clothes? Yes, there is danger. How the thunder echoes! Don't the cowards cringe with fear? Doesn't Ralph plough the new orchard? By some blunder the fringe is tinged with red. 26 squat squash squall squint squirt squirm turnips parsnip parsley radish lettuce rhubarb sprays picture mixture Add --es to hatch, pass, hero, motto, tax, fix, negro. I've means I have; we've, we have; you'll, you will. Take a picture of the dog as he squats on the floor. The bright sunlight causes us to squint. You'll soon hear the baby's squalls. The larger squashes grow near the turnips. We've tender lettuce and rhubarb in the garden ready to use. I've sown parsley, radish, and parsnip seed in the pumpkin field. Charles sprays the bushes. He squirts the green mixture over the leaves. We've a rhubarb pie for lunch. Eels squirm like snakes. 27 clench drench quench locket packet bucket scheme scholar schooner captain certain curtain ribbon bonnet monkey Add --es to echo, lash, six, crutch, church, match; as echo, echoes. It's or 'tis means it is; 'twas, it was; they'll, they will. 'Tis the captain of the schooner. 'Twas the crew's fault. My gold locket. It's certain the scheme will cause some fun. A sailor clenched his fist. The scholars hurry home. The rain pours down and they'll be drenched. Quench the burning curtain with a bucket of water. Post the packet of letters. Tie my ribbon. The angry monkey tore the lady's bonnet. 28 Bertha Julia Louisa puddle huddle stubble real trial goal dizzy puzzle dazzle china facing closet Copy,--man, men; woman, women; gentleman, gentlemen; ox, oxen. E'er means ever; o'er, over; ne'er, never. Bertha lies on the sofa. The baking soda is in a jar in the china closet. A mud puddle. The chubby quail huddle close to each other, facing outward. Western farmers burn their stubble before ploughing. We won both goals. Louisa's coat is real seal. Try the puzzle. Make two trials. Julia is dizzy; there is buzzing in her ears. My eyes are dazzled. The muzzled bear is dancing. E'er be true; ne'er be false to anyone. O'er the hill the sun is setting. 29 urge charge George Noah Sarah signed anvil forge shoeing charcoal oatmeal porridge glowing bellows hammer Copy,--foot, feet; tooth, teeth; goose, geese; mouse, mice; louse, lice; this foot; these feet; that mouse; those mice. Noah was saved from the flood and stormy billows. Urge on the team. George, the blacksmith, is shoeing the mare. Will he charge much? He lights the forge with charcoal. Hear the bellows roar. Isn't the iron glowing red? Yes, he hammers and shapes the shoes on the anvil. See his tongs and big heavy sledge. We won't grudge the money. Porridge is made from oatmeal. Sarah signed the pledge. 30 (REVIEW) bonnet orphan ribbon curtain shoeing lettuce squalls sudden parsley George quench scheme monkey scholar porridge echoes puzzle coward radish captain 'twas ne'er you'll won't doesn't The orphan's bonnet has pretty ribbon. I've grown radishes, lettuce, and parsley. A monkey's face. Half a bowl of porridge. Shoeing the ponies. Why doesn't a scholar quench the blaze? 'Twas a coward's scheme. Hear the echoes. The captain told queer tales. Of course I won't. You'll work out the puzzle. So huge a squash on vine ne'er grew. Sudden squalls of wind. 31 rouse blouse spouse quaint quince question circle cinder cistern centre decent cement William deserve answer Write un-- with clean, kind, seen, hook, tie, loose, furl. I'd means I would; e'en, even; shan't, shall not. I'd rouse William. He's sleepy. He calls his wife 'spouse.' He deserves praise. I shan't wear a blue silk blouse. Quinces are somewhat like pears. My niece answers these questions. In the smoke from the coal fire were many cinders. The cistern is eight feet deep. The walls and floor are made of stone and cement. In the centre of the circle are a few quaint but decent folk. Of course, I hear. We told tales. 32 scum scuttle scarce notice recess vessel doctor excuse dismiss view raisin furnace surface surname surprise Write --ful and --less after pain, harm, joy, cheer, help, waste. Copy,--Mr. Hugh Lee lives on New Street. His house is No. 8. Notice the scum on the surface of the pond. Wait at the creek. It is useless to scold that scamp. There is scarcely a hair on his scalp. The window screens. The furnace room. The coal scuttle. After recess he ate some raisins. Will the teacher excuse a wrong answer? We dismiss at four o'clock. The clear view was a great surprise. What is the doctor's surname? 33 poured poultry shoulder court mould smoulder cider cipher recite senior junior period figure arrive pudding 12 m. means noon; a.m., before mid-day; p.m., after mid-day, as 9 a.m., 4 p.m. Sen., Senior; Jun., Junior. I poured sauce over the pudding. Hugh's daughter is as high as my shoulder. We've a coop for poultry. Birds and fowl moult. By the court-house is a huge boulder. Mould two clay figures. A piece of wood smoulders in the furnace. The senior scholars recite in an hour. They arrive at 9 a.m. The juniors leave at 4 p.m. They dismiss us at 12 m. Make a cipher or naught. Cider is made by crushing apples. 34 vein skein weigh Peter fever lever linen muslin chisel metal cocoa coffee Samuel tangled smother Write --er after play, mow, preach, print, paint, bank, mill, fish, sell. Add --en to short, tight, cheap, slack, thick. Notice the veins in Peter's wrist. The heavy coat will almost smother baby. Weigh the skein of tangled yarn. Iron is a useful metal. Rev. Daniel Robb will preach on Sunday, 9th inst., at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Samuel Johnson, Jun., was ill of fever. Dr. Brown uses cocoa and coffee. The chisel and the strong lever are made of steel. I spoilt my muslin dress and linen coat. 35 wreath wretch wriggle wring wrestle wrinkle object subject earnest aged ashore kindled drunken wrapped blanket N. stands for North; S., for South; E., for East; W., for West; N.E., North-East; S.W., South-West; St., Street. A wreath of flowers. The drunken wretch had sunken eyes and a wrinkled brow. I wring clothes. Sleigh bells tinkle. Boys wrestle. Eels wriggle. Learn the object of the busy black ants. Study four subjects. Aren't they in earnest? An Indian, his squaw, and his aged mother crossed the river in a canoe. He tenderly lifted ashore the old woman, wrapped in a blanket. Then he kindled a fire and cooked some food for her. 36 (REVIEW) blouse cinder quince centre answer view weigh metal skein lever wrestle junior cocoa wretch cipher doctor question cistern smother earnest Daniel wrinkle period circle poultry Dr. Jolly is visiting an unhappy wretch. A cinder lodged in his eye. Her blouse is wrinkled. Will you wrestle Daniel? He ciphers with the juniors. Answer my question. Weigh the cocoa, John. The centre of the cistern is a circle. A lever is made of metal. Let us view the poultry. Pare the quinces. A skein of yarn. For a short period we almost smothered. 37 berry cherry cherries suit fruit juice nectar number bumble honey perfume humming beauty quarrel blossom In berry, fly, baby, pony, story, city, change y to i and add --es. Use each word; as, One berry. Two berries. Spring! The berry bushes are clothed in green. The fruit-trees, cherry, apple, pear, and peach, have lovely white and pink suits. They are full of perfume and beauty. Hear the humming sound made by numbers of insects. See the honey-bees, bumble-bees, flies, and wasps. They are feeding on nectar, the sweet juice within the blossoms. Do bees often quarrel? 38 busy busily family owe tidy tiny debt doubt waist owner sower earning tongue shining bottom In busy, easy, lazy, happy, pretty, merry, change y to i and add --ly. Use each word; as, The busy bee. John works busily. We owe each tidy, busy worker a great debt. A bee tumbles down to the bottom of a flower. Here it reaches with tiny, shining tongue, the clear, sweet nectar. It is busily storing up for its own family, and no doubt earning money for its owner. But it is also doing another and a greater work for us. Without the bee's help we should have few juicy berries, apples, or pears. A sower sows the seed. The pail leaks. A girl's waist. 39 pollen yellow gather drones spines inside cells peal fleas hairy pocket slender rubbed setting carried In easy, lazy, greedy, happy, merry, change y to i and add --er, --est; as, An easy chair. An easier chair. The easiest chair. In the bee-hive is the comb of six-sided cells, made of wax. Bees gather pollen, the yellow dust on the tiny, slender spines inside the bloom. From this the workers make combs and bee-bread. The queen and the lazy drones have no wax pockets. A bee pushes its head and hairy body into a flower. Pollen clings to it and is carried into another blossom. There it is rubbed off and the setting of fruit is sure. Fleas bite dogs. Bells peal. 40 curly curve Arthur ruin bruin bruise butter cripple choking wound group croup crown shower drowsy In sky, candy, lily, copy, dolly, kitty, change y to i and add --es; as, The sky is blue. The skies are blue. Arthur is an honest player. He is tired and drowsy. Emma's maid has curly hair. Her eyebrows curve downward. The mail bag. Lilies are fair to see. The maid sighs. Butter will ruin the maid's gown. Bruin has a bruise on his nose and a cruel wound on his body. A group of children watch the wounded bear. A cripple is choking with croup. The sun's warm rays and summer showers will crown the fields with grain. 41 earth heard pearls aim ail aid cousin country courage whistle thistle bristle nestle glisten cottage In spy, party, poppy, pussy, change y to i and add --es; as, Is this a spy? Are these spies? Copy,--A steel pen. I heard rain patter. A load of earth. Dew-drops glisten like pearls. Aid cousin Anna. Her wrist is bruised. Aim to please. What ails the children? The country air will cure the croup. Scotch thistles have sharp points. Bristles are stiff hairs. Arthur is able to whistle a tune. Have courage; be brave. The humble cottage nestles beside the stately castle. Listen, I heard my cousin whistle. 42 (REVIEW) ruin suit debt earns group cells busily curve juicy doubt easily drowsy glisten heard bruise pearls cousin owner courage thistle Will the moist air ruin Lucy's suit? Does Thomas owe debts for coal? Groups of drowsy children. These young bees work busily making honey-cells. The pears are juicy. Arthur, no doubt, earns money easily. We heard of cousin John's painful bruise. The thistle blossom is light. Wear your necklace of pearls. The owner of the cottage lives at the curve in the road. Courage! my boys, dare to do right. The dew glistens. 43 arrow hollow swallow flown grown mown Stephen nephew cotton crayon yonder beyond staircase breakfast beefsteak In carry, fry, try, cry, dry, copy, change y to i and add --es, --ed; I carry wood. He carries wood. He has carried wood. Like an arrow from a bow the swallow skimmed the grassy hollow. The larks had flown before the mower had mown the field. Stephen, my nephew, has shown us cotton, grown in the fields. See the chalk or crayon marks on yonder cupboard beyond the staircase. I found some cold beefsteak. After breakfast I slept an hour. 44 Ruth Susan Luke eaten squeal squeak fully bitten middle believe cabbage suitable cases cocoon wander In sheaf, shelf, half, wolf, calf, loaf, thief, change f to v and add --es; as, One leaf, Two leaves. Copy,--Weigh the bee-bread. Ruth cleans the beans. Luke eats prunes. Mice squeak; pigs squeal. Look at Susan's cabbage plants! A number of leaves have been eaten off. Others have pieces bitten out. I believe this worm lying along the middle of the leaf has done it. Others are climbing the stalk, just the color of the cabbage. These worms, when fully grown, will wander away. In some suitable place they will cover themselves with little cocoons. 45 silken girdle almost dreary weaving creature higher flight unlike potted flitting sipping basking sunshine spinning In beauty, pity, mercy, fancy, change y to i and add --ful. In lazy, greedy, happy, pretty, change y to i and add --ness. All the long, dreary winter the green worm sleeps in its silken cocoon. This robe or girdle is made from its own spinning and weaving. Later on, a beautiful white butterfly will appear. This lovely creature with black-spotted wings is quite unlike the worm. Soon it will be flitting about among the blossoms. It is almost always sipping nectar and basking in the sunshine. It does not make higher flights. 46 Ralph Joseph Philip sleigh weight neighbor couple double trouble parcel cancel celery attic music public In make, shine, have, tumble, store, close, curve, pile, drop e and add --ing; as, Make bread. Are you making bread? Joseph is taking the trouble to pick us a couple of pecks of nice pears. Double as many, or four pecks, is a whole bushel. Philip weighs parcels of sugar. Cancel my order for raisins. I'm giving full weight. Ralph is busy driving the sleigh. Wrap up some celery for our neighbor's son. He studies music in the public school. Our house has a higher attic. Horses neigh. 47 writing written scribble pupil stupid student niece pierce fierce shield priest shriek pawn fawn yawn In take, drive, choke, weave, cure, please, bruise, clothe, drop e and add --ing; as, He is taking a walk. Copy,--The sun's rays. This student's writing is a mere scribble. Have the scholars written their spelling? The pupils yawn. They feel sleepy and stupid. Shield the little, spotted fawn. The fawn's mother is called a doe. Ella, my niece, gave a piercing shriek. A fierce dog sprang at the doe. Don't pawn your watch. The Indian chiefs believed the priest's words. 48 (REVIEW) nephew swallow believe breakfast currants sheaves thieves stupid courage cabbage Philip chiefly beauty spotted creature Stephen pierce weight couple raisins celery written parcel squeak shriek My nephew ate no breakfast. Stephen swallows the cabbage too hastily. See the beautiful sheaves of wheat. Notice chiefly their hue and weight. Thieves often lack courage. Shrieks pierce the air. Send some celery and a couple of parcels of raisins and currants. The doe and spotted fawn are not stupid creatures. Philip has written to our nephew. New shoes squeak. REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS. able aged almost angel angry 5 animal answer appear arrive arrow 10 Arthur assist attic aught badge 15 banjo beauty believe berries Bertha 20 between beyond billow blanket blazing 25 blossom blouse bonnet bottom bough 30 bounce breath bridge bright brought 35 bruise bucket built bumble bundle 40 burst busily bustle cabbage calico 45 candle captain carried castle caught 50 cause celery cells cement centre 55 certain chamber charcoal cheerful chief 60 chisel chore chose cider cinder 65 cipher circle cistern cities clause 70 clench closet clothes cocoa cocoon 75 coffee comma easier cottage cotton 80 country couple courage court coward 85 crayon crouch croup cube curtain 90 cute dainty Daniel daub dazzle 95 death debt dizzy doctor dodge 100 doesn't double dreary drench drowsy 105 eager earnest early earth easily 110 echo edge every excuse facing 115 family fancy fault fawn fellow 120 fever fiddle fierce figure fleas 125 flight flute forge fought fraud 130 friend fright fringe furnace fruit 135 garret gather George giant ginger 140 girdle glisten glue goal graze 145 grief grieves group grown grudge 150 gruel halves haughty haul health 155 heard heart heavy hollow honor 160 hour huddle hurried Indian insect 165 instead judge juice junior kettle 170 kindle laugh lesson lever lief 175 Louisa lounge magic mason metal 180 meadow meant mince money mould 185 monkey mower mown music nation 190 native naughty nectar neighbor nephew 195 niece notice oatmeal object office 200 orphan ought ounce paddle parcel 205 parsley pause pearls period Philip 210 piano pictures pieces pierce pitiful 215 plough polite pollen poplar poultry 220 poured priest public pumpkin puzzle 225 quaint quench question quiet quince 230 quire raisins Ralph recess recite 235 relieve rhubarb ribbon riddle robber 240 rouse ruin Sarah scarce scuttle 245 scheme scholar scour scrape season 250 senior servant settler shoulder shriek 255 shroud signed silent simple singe 260 skein sledge sleigh smother slouch 265 spied spouse squall squash squeak 270 squint squirm steak stealth stubble 275 student subject surface swallow suits 280 swore tallow taught thief thistle 285 threat tiny tongue trouble tulip 290 twice unfurl unloose until urge 295 vault vein village visitor view 300 waist waste wealth weaving wedge 305 weight whistle William world wound 310 wrapped wreath wrestle wretch wriggle 315 wring writing written yawn yellow 320 STANDARD III. JUNIOR. GRADE 4. 1 guide guard guess lose whose bosom prove worse worry worthy worship worsted beggar ragged stagger Add --er to fat, red, in, rob, up, hot, wet; as, fatter. Notice the single vowel and the single consonant at the end of each word. Guide the ragged beggar up the garret stair. He staggers. Whose bundle of clothes is here? I cannot guess. Fierce dogs guard the fruit. Fasten the bosom of your blouse. Did you lose any money? Don't worry. The trouble might have proved worse. Dr. Lee wears a suit of worsted. We worship the one living and true God. He is worthy of all praise. 2 cedar cellar cigar crocus cleanse custom mayor mirror parlor sponge shovel gloves circus govern common Add --ed, --ing to shop, grin, stir, skip, chat, strap, sun, grip, mop; as, shopped, shopping. The deep cellar has a cedar floor. Don't smoke cigars; the custom is too common. The crocus is in bloom. A circus with a wild beast show is coming here. The mayor governs the city. He has a dozen beautiful doves. They hover round our cottage. The mirror in the parlor is of plate glass. Shovel out the earth. Wear no gloves. Cleanse your hands with a sponge. 3 auger August autumn saucer sausage laundry author caution auction limbs yield bored scarlet harvest crimson Write in full: Sun., Mon., Th., Fri., Sat.; as, Sunday. Aug., August; Sept., September; Oct., October; Nov., November. August and harvest have passed. October and autumn are here. The leaves are scarlet, crimson, and yellow. Soon they will carpet the ground, leaving the limbs and branches bare. The birds have flown south. The fields now yield them no food. Who is the author of the book? My linen is in the laundry. I bored holes with the auger. Cover the fried sausage with a saucer. Buy with caution at the auction sale. 4 sorrow borrow furrow feather weather leather tough rough enough detain obtain remain people squirrel sparrow With --low put fel, mel, yel, wil, pil, fol, hol, tal, mal; as, fellow. Write other words in --low, --row, --dow; as widow. The sparrow, woodpecker, and chickadee remain. But few others of the feathered people can obtain enough to eat. The squirrels are busy hiding away food in their narrow houses for the rough winter weather. They pick to pieces the tough pine cones to obtain the seeds between the scales. Borrow a neighbor's wheelbarrow. Plough deeper furrows to-morrow. Our leather shoes. The widow's sorrow. I'll not detain you long. 5 ferns herbs verse wonder perfect pattern observe servant pleasant merchant January February curious furious serious Dec. means December; Jan., January; Feb., February; Mar., March; Apr., April. Spring begins Mar. 21; Autumn, Sept. 21. Winter! It is cloudy but pleasant weather. Snowflakes are quietly falling. Observe the curious patterns. The wind often breaks their frail points. Snow forms a perfect covering for the herbs and ferns. The furious storm did serious damage. The servants were filled with wonder. Merchants buy and sell. January and February are cold months. Recite your verses on New Year's Day. 6 (REVIEW) limbs yield herbs whose worry sponge cigar circus mirror enough guess serious people beggar furrow saucer perfect between weather autumn auction worsted squirrel pleasant February Boughs are strong limbs. Don't yield to worry. Govern your temper. I guessed whose circus he saw. Sponge off the cigar ashes from the mirror. He ploughs an almost perfect furrow. Great swamps lie between us. The beggar looks serious. The saucy squirrel eats from a saucer. Autumn weather is pleasant enough. Our people will auction worsted goods in February. 7 Daisy dairy mainly rainbow railroad sailboat wired pores fibres toward mustard custard explain contain breathing Add --ing to ask, add, farm, sell, print, chirp, shirk, whirl; as, asking. Notice the two consonants at the end. The "Daily News" praised Daisy's courage. In the dairy we make butter mainly. Hail the sailboat. See the arched rainbow toward the south. The railroad fences are wired. Explain why mustard seed is ground. I've a pailful of bait and two custard pies. The tired oxen were nearly mired. The surface of a leaf contains small pores for breathing. In the stalk are tough fibres or threads. 8 palm balm calm gnat gnaw bathe capsize allowed drowned canoe beaver healing borne divide purpose Add --ing to oil, bowl, seal, suit, cloud, aim, cook, boat; as, oil, oiling. Notice the two vowels before the last consonant. Healing balm will cure the sores in the palm of your hand. We'll bathe in the calm lake. My boat floats. Are we allowed to paddle canoes? We might capsize and be drowned. The air is full of gnats and flies. Beavers gnaw down trees and build storehouses. Trees have boughs with leaves borne on the twigs. Hidden in the earth are the roots, which divide into rootlets. Their main purpose is to obtain food from the soil. 9 icy icing icicle argue value avenue eaves except through alarms annual beneath reckon timber lumber To set, skim, spot, hum, sip, snap, plug, add --ing; as, setting. To pat, dip, spin, blot, chop, skip, drum, add --er; as, patter. Coasting down icy hills alarms me. Icicles hang from the eaves. Spread icing over the cake. Oak is of great value. We wheel on the avenue. We argued for and against it. Trunks of trees never grow higher except through cutting off some lower boughs. New growth is added just beneath the inner bark. Woodcutters observe these annual rings and reckon the tree's age. Timber and lumber are scarce and dear. 10 saddle peddle meddle reels beetle steeple syrup maple purple spruce balsam walnut molasses Tuesday Wednesday Add --ed, --ing to camp, dress, scald, lunch, track, clinch, thank, plough; as, camped, camping. Tues., Tuesday; Wed., Wednesday. Don't meddle with pony's saddle and bridle. Peddle ice. The beetle has curious wings. He prizes the flowers. The church steeple is ninety feet high. The maple, beech, birch, alder, poplar, and walnut lose their purple leaves every autumn. The pine, spruce, fir, cedar, and balsam remain green. The sap of the sugar maple, when boiled, yields syrup or molasses. Tuesday and Wednesday, the third and fourth of February. 11 knit knot knob knack knock knuckle tempt prompt glimpse whittle prattle bubbles coarse hoarse uproar Add --ed and --ing to groan, cheer, fear, aim, spoil, thread, seat, pout, fool; as, groaned, groaning. The knave has the knack of knitting quickly. The old knight kneels. Cut the knot with a knife. He knocked the door knob with his knuckle. Be prompt to do your duty. Tempt no one. We caught a glimpse of a vessel afloat. The captain had coarse clothes and a hoarse voice. Indians whittle. Hear the uproar. Babies prattle. We blew soap bubbles on Wednesday. 12 (REVIEW) knit calm bathe gnaw tempt borne fibres pores argue syrup divide walnut purple icicle balsam peddle hoarse knuckle glimpse Tuesday I knit mitts. A walnut tree. Calm music quiets us. He argues in a hoarse voice. We purpose using boughs of spruce and balsam for fires. The dog gnaws the bone. He ate fibres of lean beef. Peddle maple syrup. A purple ribbon tempts me to buy. We had a glimpse through a glass of the pores of the skin. The long icicle was borne away. The boys skinned their knuckles wiring stove pipes. Bathe my sore heel. 13 berth stern asters offer differ suffer lawyer lantern iceberg vowel trowel empire suppose support British Add --ing to hug, split, clap, flap, flag, wed, span, slam, jar, whir, whet; as, hugging, splitting. Arrange the asters in vases. They differ in color. I prefer a berth in the stern of the vessel. Icebergs float on the sea. Support the tired mason. Does he suffer pain? I suppose he dropped his trowel. Offer him a lantern. Uncle is a lawyer. The puppy tears the towel. Name five vowels. Potters mould clay. Canada is the largest country in America. In size it is one-third of the whole British Empire. 14 flirt shirk mirth stirred twirled thirsty angle jingle spangle ankle twinkle sprinkle pigeon dungeon luncheon Add --ed to stun, scrub, trip, brag, trim, tar, rip, club, fan, crop, spur, knit; as, stunned. Copy,--Scotland, Scotch. The first of July is Canada's birthday. The flirt shirks duty. Mirth is fun. I stirred a pailful of iced lemonade. I twirled about. The pigeons bathe. Spangles glitter. Silver coins jingle. Stars twinkle. Sprinkle roses. Luncheon is ready. We're hungry and thirsty. An ugly dungeon. I sprained my ankle. An angle of the road. Great Britain is the greatest empire in the world. 'Britons never shall be slaves.' 15 Turk turf lurch murmur turban disturb scuffle muffler shuffle musket muzzle union totter mutter stutter Add --ed, --ing to cheat, chat; root, rot; stoop, stop; chain, hem; as, cheated, chatted; cheating, chatting. Turks are often cruel and savage. The creek murmurs under the grassy turf. The boat lurched. Don't disturb the woman wearing the turban. Boys scuffle. Take off your wool muffler. He stutters. Play a game of authors. Shuffle the cards. The bridge totters. "Load the musket," he muttered. A fierce dog wears a muzzle. One-fourth of the land surface of the globe flies the Union Jack. 16 Adam human album capital several sentence enemy annoy employ enjoy royal loyal oysters destroy victory Add --ing, --ed to lock, blot; twist, fit; risk, dip; drift, ship; as, locking, blotting; locked, blotted. Copy,--England, English. Madam's album contains several fine pictures. Do you enjoy eating oysters? Enemies annoy me. Begin each sentence with a capital. Satan is the enemy of the human race. He tempted Adam and Eve. 'Alfred the Great' is a royal name. He was King of England many hundred years ago; he taught his loyal people to read and write. The Danes destroyed the English villages. The king offered battle and won a great victory. 17 plaid plait hotel twelfth welcome welfare level nickel flannel ague fulfil skilful shepherd sandwich handsome Add --ed, --ing to sup, sob, wag, bag, wet, step, hum, spur. A plain is a level stretch or tract of land. Braid your hair into a plait. A Scotch plaid is a shawl or scarf woven in different colors. The twelfth month. Skilful doctors differ. Muffle your throat with flannel. At the hotel we bought a sandwich and coffee for a nickel. Welcome the handsome shepherd. Look after his welfare. Fulfil my wishes. I have fever and ague. 18 (REVIEW) union fulfil angle ague plaid oyster scuffle loyal twirl ankle human jingle trowel pigeon enemy lawyer flannel thirsty welfare several skilful dungeon shepherd luncheon sandwich The skilful shepherd suffers from ague. He wears flannel and a plaid. The lawyer's ankles ached. We are loyal to the Union Jack. Several thirsty boys. A sharp angle. Oyster soup. Wait until luncheon for sandwiches. Twirl your thumbs. Sleigh bells jingle. A mason's trowel. Pigeons coo. Fulfil your promise. Satan disturbs human beings. He destroys the welfare of families. The king's enemy suffered in a dungeon. 19 roam loam foamy whoa hoard soaring gallop gallon dreamt dealt wharf dwarf measure pleasure treasure Join all-- to so, most, ways, though, ready, one, mighty; as, also. Notice that 'all' drops one l. Copy,--Ireland, Irish. The dwarf roams through the country for pleasure. He measures forty inches high. He dealt in teas. The boats are by the wharf. The ponies gallop. Shout, Whoa! The roan's mouth is foaming. The hawk is soaring higher. I dreamt of hoarding up treasures. A soil of sandy loam. I meant one gallon or four quarts. London in England is the greatest city in the world. 20 crease greasy ceased jewel gravel anthem collect correct connect grizzly bargain fountain inquire request butcher Add --ish to blue, white, purple, self, girl, boy; as, bluish. The butcher's gloves are greasy. His clothes are creased. My knitting unravels. What a clean gravel road! Correct this sentence. Collect their debts. Connect the two pieces. Elect a chairman. She offers her jewels at a bargain. The fountain has ceased flowing. Inquire the reason. In the Rocky Mountains there are giant cedars. In my travels there I saw grizzly bears. At the Mayor's request, we sang the National Anthem. 21 medal final bridal veil heir rein throne peace dying potato tomato buffalo tannery nursery creamery Add --y to gust, glass, cream, frost, curl, show; as, gusty. Add --ery to shrub, pot, slip, rob, pig, tan; as, tannery. Canada is at peace with all nations. Our creamery butter won the gold medal. The final match to-day. A horse's rein. The bride wears a bridal veil. Edward, Prince of Wales, is heir to the throne. Nursery tales may be bought for a quarter of a dollar. A loamy soil suits potatoes. The tomatoes are smooth. The buffaloes are dying of thirst. Leather is made in a tannery. 22 quill quiver quartz waltz knead dough Esther sword soldier temper temple granite expect attract factory Add --y to ease, breeze, slime, bone, rose, stone, smoke, shine, haste, mire, wire; as, breezy. Notice the final e is dropped. A leaf quivers. Old Gray's mane. I rapped loudly. Find my quill pen. Esther kneads the flour and yeast into dough for bread. The soldier's sword and shield attract us. We expect the Captain to invite us. Our factory is on the island. Play a waltz. He struck me on the temple. I knew his ill-temper. There is quartz in granite rocks. The male bird led the geese. 23 button mutton glutton pistol morsel nostril razor rascal pedlar nibble babble gabble accept offend defend Add --y to mud, fur, slop; and --ish to red, hog, thin; as, muddy; reddish. Notice the final consonant is doubled. Pardon my firing off the pistol. Gluttons eat too much. The pedlar sells buttons. An ill-bred rascal. Is it veal or mutton? He offended me. His nostrils bleed. Punish wrongdoers. Defend your country. Accept these red peppers. The razor is steel. Geese gabble. Chub nibble at the bait. Don't babble so much. Ontario stretches farther south than France. The king's throne. 24 (REVIEW) heir peace sword veil dough waltz knead dwarf jewel dying pistol attract island ceased quiver accept rascal gallon request bargain soldier buffalo pleasure fountain creamery "Peace on earth" the angel said. Cease waltzing. Soldiers wear pistols and swords. Knead the dough. A gallon of syrup. A tied veil. The fountain is near the creamery. I accept the buffalo robe with pleasure. A hare's nostrils. A rascal attracts notice. A bargain in jewels. Morsels of bread. A dying lawyer's request. The dwarf is heir to the island. Poplar leaves quiver. 25 prison poison sermon equal brutal usual heaven forehead threaten comfort compass company valise sardine machine Add --en to lead, wax, flax, birch, wood, earth, wheat, oat, ash; as, leaden. Copy,--A pale maid kneads dough for bread. Prisons and jails have few comforts. The bottle contains poison. Brutal deeds. Equal in size. The preacher's forehead was high. He spoke of heaven. As usual, the sermon was brief. Is your company coming? Fetch my leather valise. I value my sewing-machine. The needle of the compass points to the North Pole. December's skies threaten hail. The mounted police. A dreary season. The polar seas. A box of sardines. 26 rogue plague fatigue pastor favor humor ghost yolk balky bullet pulley pulpit rifle warble walrus Place un-- before do, lock, dress, veil, seat, fold, hinge, twine, clasp; as undo. Copy,--On the road are boughs and knotty wood. The rogue is tricky but good-humored. He requests a favor, a loan of a hickory stick. Thieves plague us. The rope passes through the pulley. The pastor of the church is fatigued. His pulpit is of carved walnut. The mules were balky. Rifle bullets are of lead. A ghost story. Eat the yolks of eggs. Birds warble. An Eskimo dresses in furs of the seal, walrus, or white bear. 27 onion million opinion error errand harbor ivory history horrid Olive parasol seldom region fashion cushion Put dis-- before like, please, grace, place, cover, agree, lodge, obey, appear; as dislike. Copy,--The sewing girl sews a seam. Millions of onions are grown in light soil. Olive seldom offers an opinion on any question. She makes few errors. I go on errands. Touch lightly the white ivory keys. Your parasol is quite in fashion. The cushion is lying on the lounge. Several steamboats made the harbor. Do you read history? That horrid wretch. The Eskimo dwell in the frozen regions. Their reindeer live on moss. 28 donkey jockey volley alley chimney turkey turtle curdle current nettle brittle tattle hostler hustled freckled Add --s to day, play, key, turkey, jay, monkey, boy, joy, alley, toy, way; as, days. Notice the vowel before y. Two jockeys rode the prize donkeys. Fire two volleys up the valley. I lent four dozen alleys. Chimneys are built of brick and mortar. Turkeys are dear. He sees a turtle caught. The current of the river is rapid. The milk curdles. The crowd hustled the thief along. A freckled face. Nettles scratched his palms. A hostler stayed at our hotel. Don't tattle. Hickory is not brittle wood. Goats graze in the lane. 29 journey nourish flourish carrot beckon buckle baggage engine endure civil citron citizen belief mischief kerchief Add --ful (full) to fear, harm, trust, shame, truth, fright, grace; as, fearful. Copy,--A well-bred youth won the medal. Boiled carrots nourish calves. Reckon the cost of your journey. Palm trees flourish in the south. Buckle my straps. Our friends beckon to us. The baggage is checked. I build steam-engines. I can't endure liars. This soldier prays every day. He is civil and polite to the citizens. Do no mischief. It is my belief that the thief carried off the citron in his handkerchief. 30 (REVIEW) belief usual ivory valise alley ghost onion guest equal citizen sermon fatigue poison seldom plague heaven parasol engine compass current machine journey opinion chimney mischief She carries a parasol. Poisons usually kill. The heavens are the higher regions. A muddy stream seldom has a strong current. Our guest's valise. An ivory-handled knife. Sermons on our belief. A narrow alley. Long journeys fatigue me. A knitting machine. A sailor's compass. The hostler plagues me. His good-humor and mischief amuse the citizens. A toy engine. My friend grows onions and citrons. Be civil children. 31 parrot ballot balloon ascend descend lecture erect direct expect tassel stirrup rescue pursue avenue continue Add --less to law, sleep, cease, leaf, shoe, smoke, dust, cloud. The parrot says "Pretty Polly." Vote by ballot. We ascend in a balloon. The guide directs us. We intend to descend in half an hour. Stand erect. He expects to lecture. My cushions have tassels. The saddle has stirrups. Hounds pursue the hare. A team of balky ponies on our avenue drew a crowd of people. Continue to improve. Rescue us from being drowned. Jacob and Esau were the sons of Isaac. Rachel was Joseph's mother. 32 awful awkward awning grumble thimble ramble oblige refuge college package passage message choir chorus anchor Add --en to wide, white, like, straight, bright, broad, light; as, widen. Copy,--I need a whole bundle of tracts here. An awful example. We sought refuge in a narrow passage, under an awning. The package is awkward to carry. Oblige me by taking this message. The student rambles about the college grounds. Esther grumbles over her sewing. Her thimble is too large. I'll sing the low bass notes. Join in the chorus. The ship's anchor is heavy. The value of Canada's wheat, cheese, and cattle increases rapidly each year. 33 myth hymn lynx Egypt gypsy system mimic comic frolic antic picnic cambric violet violin violent Add --er to bake, bathe, bite, write, smoke, vote, poke; as, baker. Copy,--Ring the bells. The church bell tolled slowly. Myths are strange stories. The lynx is a cousin of the tiger. Sing hymns, not comic songs. The parrot mimics my voice. The black-eyed gypsy tells fortunes cleverly. Play the violin gently not violently. Smell the odor of violets. What system of writing are you taught? Watch the antics of the young bears as they frolic in their den. A cambric handkerchief was tied in knots at the picnic. 34 type style rhyme ceiling receive deceive either neither column gospel gossip gosling tomb ostrich purchase Put --'s after turkey, donkey, company, army, fly; as, The fly's wing. Copy,--A steel knife. The brakes creak. Purchase the nursery rhymes printed in large type. Either style will suit. Gossips tattle idly. The ceiling is high. I received neither the ribbon nor the ostrich feather. Doesn't he deceive you? Add the column of figures. A gosling is a young goose. 'Gospel' means good news. Richard, the Lion Heart, was a brave knight. He fought the Turks in the Holy Land to rescue from them the sacred tomb of our Lord. 35 idea eagle measles total profit secret ocean voyage truant prosper whisper whisker Canadian guardian Christian Add --er to cut, dig, chop, chat; as, cutter. Add --y to knot, fat, sun, star, spot, wit; as, knotty. Copy,--Hurrah for Santa Claus and Christmas! The doe's fawn. New Year's Eve. Eagles are birds of prey. I have an idea that the children have measles. The beaver is a Canadian emblem. Kittens have whiskers. The truant whispers a secret to his guardian. Many merchants prosper. Their total profits increase. Our forefathers came from Christian countries. Their ocean voyage required several weeks. 36 (REVIEW) idea gypsy type picnic hymn rescue tassel ceiling ascend parrot chorus oblige awful anchor college secret violet truant rhyme violin frolic total eagle ocean column A gypsy's idea. We need faith and courage. The hymns, rhymes, and choruses are in small type. Lambs frolic. Rescue the bitten parrot. The descent was awful. The ocean steamer is a total wreck. Oblige me by singing a college song at the picnic. The truant watches the eagle. Our secret thoughts. The columns ascend to the ceiling of the tomb. My parasol has a violet tassel. We received a message to weigh anchor. 37 jostle bustle gristle chatter shatter shutter gamble nimble rumble release increase decrease salad salary banana Add --ish to snap, style; fat, rogue; pet, slave; red, ape; hog, blue; as, snappish, stylish. Copy,--Don't stare at the nun's veil. The pupils wrestle and jostle each other. Try the lettuce salad. He bustles off to close the shutters. There is gristle in the beefsteak. Will the price of bananas increase or decrease? Monkeys chatter. Their fingers are active and nimble. Heavy wagons rumble along the road. Does thunder shatter window-panes? Release the prisoner. He moans and groans. He loses money by gambling. The honest youth wears stylish clothes. His salary is paid weekly. 38 deny reply supply chequers chestnut chipmunk burly furled sturdy occur fluid bacon process success subtract Add --ing, --es, --ed, to pity, copy, deny, reply, study, supply; as, pitying, pities, pitied. Copy,--A baby's shoe. A burly butcher supplies our bacon. Can you subtract? I'll explain the process. The sturdy boy denies throwing chestnut burs. It often occurs. I'm chuckling over my success at chequers. Please reply by next mail. Beef teas are fluid. The chipmunk has stripes on its back and pouches in its cheeks. He unfurled the Union Jack. Busy until recess. 39 copper cobbler toddler tingle mingle shingle jangle wrangle bungled scorn scoff scowl address express possess Add --ing, --es, --ed, to spy, pry, bury, marry, hurry, worry; as, spying, spies, spied. Copy,--Our family's name. Don't linger any longer. My fingers tingle with cold. Wait for the wee toddler. The maid's proud gait. Men jangle and wrangle over such trifles. Value this bungled piece of work. Two foul creeks mingle. Shingle the roof. The copper kettle. The cobbler sews shoes. He should scorn to beg. Don't scoff, or scowl at beggars. Doesn't he possess great wealth? Send the parcel by express to my address. 40 novel hovel panel rocket bucket bracket slipper blister distress perfect permit perform repeat defeat retreat Add --ing, --s, --d, to die, tie, lie, hie, as dying, dies, died. Copy,--The enemy's camp. A lady's veil. In these hovels the women are almost always reading novels. Paint a perfect panel. The rockets ascend and burst. An oaken bucket or pail. Fasten the bracket with a nail. A pair of leather slippers. Blisters may cause much distress. Permit me to repeat the tale. Perform gracefully. Their army suffered defeat. Many soldiers perished in the retreat. 41 alter halter reward squad squib esquire tether whether together insult result sultry dictate imitate separate Add --ing, --s, --ed to pay, say, lay; as, paying, pays, paid; and --ly, to gay, day, as gaily. Copy,--He sees leeks in the lane. Alter the figures. What is the result? What reward does Thomas Johns, Esquire, offer? See the squads of soldiers drilling. Don't insult our friends. Make a squib of this firecracker. A sultry Tuesday. Tie this rope to the horse's halter. Tether him to the stake. Imitate Paul's groan. Dictate loudly. I don't know whether they board together or in separate cottages. 42 (REVIEW) chatter gamble dictate rumble gristle reply occur salad bacon fluid linger scowl jangle cobble novel banana possess defeat esquire wrangle whether increase subtract success separate My teeth chatter. A dog chews tough gristly meat. Have some bacon or salad. It won't occur again. A train rumbled past. Try a banana. Fluids flow easily. Choose a novel. Subtract ninety. Squire Hughes lingers a moment. The cobblers separate. The miners jangle and wrangle as they gamble. One chuckles, the other scowls. Increase the learning you now possess. Sometimes defeat has led to success. 43 engage carriage marriage serge gauze sieve whoop giggle wiggle aisle brake script trustee prosper tobacco Copy,--due, duly; true, truly; whole, wholly. The trustees have engaged a teacher. The carriage has a brake to check its speed. Don't crowd in the aisle of the church to see the marriage. May they prosper. Boys whoop. Girls giggle. Read the words in script. Make screens of thin gauze. Use a coarse sieve. Your serge suit smells of tobacco. Eels squirm and wiggle. Yours truly. Duly paid. Wholly evil. 44 abuse accuse refuse funeral murder further bury coffin hearse edging stingy bleach elegant elephant alphabet Never abuse dumb animals. We accused him of stealing. He refused to talk further about the murder. Bury the dead. A plain coffin. The black hearse. Tying his shoe. The edging is torn. A stingy quart. The cotton is bleached. The elephant's figure is not elegant or graceful. Repeat the whole alphabet. Dare to do right! Dare to be true! The failings of others can never save you; Stand by your duty, your honour, your faith, Stand like a hero and battle till death.--_Wilson._ 45 cough trough depth length strength breadth injure minute promise declare prepare compare pious famous nervous My clerk is cheerful but pious. A cough makes me nervous. Famous doctors. Promise to prepare. Under the eaves is a zinc trough. Don't injure your health. Compare answers. The judge will declare the result in a minute. The length and breadth are equal. All hail to the broad-leaved Maple! With her fair and changeful dress, A type of our youthful country, In its pride and loveliness. 46 coins noisy loiter voice rejoice appoint acre agent crate soul choir reign instant distant station Collect old coins. King George reigns. The noisy freight train. A distant station. The busy agent sells crates of choice wares. He doesn't loiter an instant. Half an acre. Appoint the hour. The choir sang a hymn. I rejoice to hear that the ointment will heal your wound. The clothes were washed, wrung out, then dried on the smooth beach. Tow the boat. Choose an awl. There is constant pain in my eyes. 47 desire retire advise advice decide excite pitcher catcher hatchet repair rowdy memory anxious plumber umbrella Add --ing, --d, to dye, singe, eye, toe, hoe, shoe, canoe; as, dyeing, dyed; toeing, toed. Dyeing the cloth red. The pitcher is excited. The catcher desires to retire. The team is anxious. Give the rowdy some good advice. His memory fails him. The plumber advises me. I decided to buy a hatchet. Repair my umbrella. 48 (REVIEW) acre soul coin sieve choir serge aisle brake bury gauze bogus whoop hearse accuse trough injure nervous loiter anxious plumber minute tobacco breadth marriage elephant An acre of land for a burying ground. The soul never dies. A sieve to sift flour. A cloak of blue serge. The choir march up the aisle. Indians whoop. Apply the brakes. Don't touch poison-ivy. A thin gauze covers the glass hearse. We accuse the plumber of using bogus coin. Tobacco injures the health. Drive the calves from the trough. We rode the elephant. For some minutes we were nervous. The breadth of the field. I loitered to view the marriage. 49 motor liquor police justice goblet brooch social special christen attempt hearsay farewell exercise examine example scramble eyesight fortnight bedstead headache multiply arithmetic lonesome good-bye Write in a short sentence each word in these columns. Use properly in sentences each of the following: too, knows, here, their, new, write, wring, pair, fore, buy, blew, road, aunt, cent. Canada, Canada, land of the Maple, Queen of the forest, and river, and lake; Open thy soul to the voice of thy people, Close not thine heart to the music they make.--_Reade._ RULES. 1. The letters _f_, _l_, or _s_ at the end of words of one syllable and after a single vowel are usually double; as, muff, ball, grass. 2. Words ending in _e_ usually drop it on adding _ing_ or any other suffix beginning with a vowel; as, come, coming; bride, bridal; love, lovable. 3. Words of one syllable, and words accented on the last syllable, if they end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it, usually double the final consonant on adding _ing_, _ed_, or any other suffix beginning with a vowel; as, rob, robbed; mad, madden; admit, admitting; begin, beginner. 4. Words in _y_ with a consonant before it usually change the _y_ into _i_ when a suffix not beginning with _i_ is added; as, cry, cries, crying. 5. The apostrophe (') is used to indicate the omission of one or more letters; as, didn't for did not; can't for cannot; let's, let us; I'm, I am; you're, you are; isn't, is not. REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS. accept accuse acre address aisle alley alphabet anchor ankle annual 10 anxious argue arithmetic ascend attempt auction auger August author autumn 20 avenue awkward awful awning baggage balky balloon balm balsam banana 30 bargain bathe bedstead belief beneath borne bosom breadth bridal brittle 40 brooch buffalo brutal butcher calm cambric canoe capital capsize carriage 50 caution ceiling cellar chestnut chimney choir chorus christen Christian Christmas 60 circus cleanse citizen coarse college column compass continue cough creamery 70 crease curious current curtain cushion custom dealt deceive descend dictate 80 divide dough drowned dungeon dwarf eaves either elephant enemy engine 90 English enough equal error example except excite exercise eyesight fatigue 100 feather February flannel flourish forehead fortnight fuel fulfil funeral furious 110 gamble gauze ghost glimpse gnaw good-bye gristle grizzly guardian guessed 120 guest guide gypsy handsome headache hearsay heaven heir hoard hoarse 130 horehound hostler humor hustled hymn iceberg icicle imitate injure ivory 140 jewel journey justice kerchief knead knit knock knots knuckle laundry 150 lawyer liquor loiter lonesome luncheon lynx machine marriage mayor measles 160 measure medal meddle merchant message million minute mirror mischief molasses 170 morsel muffler multiply muzzle myth neither nickel nimble nostril oblige 180 occur ocean onion opinion ostrich oysters palm parasol parrot peddle 190 pedlar people picnic pigeon pistol plague plaid plait pleasant plumber 200 poison police possess potato prompt pulley pulpit purchase purpose pursue 210 quartz quiver rascal razor receive refuge region reign reins rejoice 220 request rescue rhyme roam rogue rough royal saddle salad salary 230 sandwich sardine saucer sausage scramble script scuffle secret seldom sentence 240 separate serious several shepherd shovel sieve skilful soaring social soldier soul special sponge squirrel stirrup 255 subtract success sword syrup system tassel temple tempt thimble thrones through tobacco together tomb tough 270 toward treasure trough trowel Tuesday twinkle union until usual valise veil victory violent voice volley 285 voyage weather Wednesday welcome welfare wharf whether whose worship worsted wrangle yeast yield yolk zinc 300 Thy choicest gifts in store On him be pleased to pour, Long may he reign! May he defend our laws, And ever give us cause To sing with heart and voice, God save the King. PRONOUNCE. NOTE.--See that the italicized letters are distinctly pronounced. acorn, ā´korn acts, ak_t_s again, a gen´ alder, a̤l´dėr always, a̤l´wāys alms, ämz ant, ant any, en´ni apron, ā´prun asked, as_k_t aunt, änt balm, bäm bath, bäth baths, bäTHz bathe, bāTH beard, bērd burst, bėrst calf, käf calm, käm can't, känt catch, k_a_ch creek, krēk crept, krep_t_ dance, dans daub, da̤b daunt, da̤nt deaf, def dew, dū dost, dust duke, dūk duly, dū´li e'er, ār elm, elm err, er every, ev´ėr-i fluid, flṳ´id food, föd for, for from, from gape, gāp God, god grimy, grī´mi half, häf halve, hav haunt, ha̤nt helm, helm hoist, h_oi_st hoof, höf idea, ī-dē´a ivory, ī´vōri just, j_u_st kept, kep_t_ laugh, läf leapt, lēp_t_ length, len_g_´th lief, lēf loam, lōam loose, lös lose, löz moth, moth new, nū niche, nich none, nun oaths, ōTHz of, ov often, of´n orphan, or´-phan oven, uv´n palms, päms peril, per´il piano, pi-ä´no plaid, plād plait, plāt poem, pō´em pretty, prit´i psalm, säm quoit, koit quoth, kwoth real, rē´al resin, rez´in rinse, rins roof, röf said, sed salve, säv several, sev´ėr-al sewer, sū´er shrub, s_h_rub since, sins sixth, siks_th_ sleek, slēk soot, söt suit, s_ū_t syrup, sir´up taunt, ta̤nt teat, tēt tepid, tep´id tiny, tī´ni tulip, tū´lip with, wiTH yeast, yēst Fāte, fa̤ll, fär, fat; mē, met, hėr; pīne, pin, nōte, not, möve; tübe, tub, bṳll; TH, _th_en, th, _th_in; oil, chain. STANDARD III. SENIOR. GRADE 5. 1 halve salve salmon almonds quality quantity squander squabble tenant vacant gallant remnant balance distance instance substance Add --ing to lose, line, lace, pare, idle, leave, ache; as, losing. Apply salve to the gallant soldier's sore eyes. He halved the citron in an instant. Divide the almonds. Don't squander your substance or earnings. Our tenants paid the balance due. The cottage is some distance off. Squabbling, for instance, hinders quiet work. The remnant of the serge is of choice quality. Great quantities of salmon are caught in the Fraser. 2 ulcer cancer grocer officer famine imagine heroine medicine primary library contrary burglary guidance grievance entrance hindrance Add mis-- to step, state, spell, spend, sent, shaped; as, misstep. A primary pupil's guidance was welcome. The burglary at the grocer's puzzles me. A narrow, misshapen entrance to the library will prove a serious hindrance. Contrary to orders, the officer misspent the money. He gulped a dose of acid medicine. Don't misspell common words. She imagines herself a heroine. The India famine. The knight's grievance. Cancers and ulcers are diseased growths. 3 altar almanac alderman balcony warrior warrant warfare war-whoop alms isles phases phrases tedious various bilious studious Add --ing, --es, and --ed to empty, reply, marry, bury, study, supply, defy, satisfy; as, emptying, empties, emptied. The warrior knelt at the altar. The tedious warfare had wearied him. The almanac foretells the moon's various phases. What ails the studious scholar on the balcony? Merely a bilious headache. I bade him total the column. I'm satisfied with the supplies. Phrases are not sentences. Isles in the ocean. An Indian's war-whoop. Elect an alderman. Asking alms is begging. 4 fertile sterile hostile reptile badger cudgel burrow burial merely anxiety nuisance riddance lattice poultice crevice liquorice Join --ing to upset, begin, forget, omit, prefer; as, upsetting. Poultice your sore throat. Liquorice relieves a cough. I ate oyster patties. Huge ants crept through the crevice. Alter the lattice porch. His enemies, trudging along with heavy cudgels, looked very hostile. He brews ale or beer from malt. The soil is not fertile, but sterile, fit merely for a burial ground. I relieved a lawyer's anxiety about his collie. Are lizards reptiles? We made a riddance of the badgers. Their burrows were a nuisance. 5 honest exhort exhibit exhaust stomach monarch vinegar vineyard plumage foliage drainage advantage barrier carrier terrier furrier Put dis-- before honest, loyal, proved, agreed, lodge, quiet, honor, credit, figure, own; as, dishonest. The Monarch of Great Britain and Ireland. Italy has many vineyards. The mail-carrier exhorts us to be honest. I'm exhausted by climbing the barrier. Farmers know the advantage of tile drainage. The furrier exhibits an Irish terrier. Vinegar disagrees with my stomach. Parrots of gayest plumage flew through the dense foliage. 6 (REVIEW) isle salve altar grocer vacant honest foliage exhaust anxiety furrier phrases nuisance terrier library stomach exhibit riddance almonds poultice medicine vineyard squabble grievance hindrance Grocers sell teas, coffees, spices, almonds, but not salves or medicines. The furrier exhibits a lynx. Thieves are dishonest. In the library the owner of the vineyard aired his grievance. The thorny brambles and thick foliage were hindrances. The Scotch terrier knows the mail-carrier's knock. A weak stomach causes anxiety. Poultice my thumb. Buried in a sacred isle. 7 starry scarred giraffe lacrosse bargain chieftain scaffold stubborn vague league plague brogue gallery slippery millinery machinery Copy,--A baby's brooch. I bought two ladies' brooches. A lady's blouse. Ladies' blouses for sale. Enemies' camps. The rogue used Irish brogue. Slippery stairs led to the gallery. I'm captain of the lacrosse team in the junior league. The starry skies. Ladies' millinery is often expensive. The Scottish chieftain was a stubborn fighter. He had a vague idea of escaping the scaffold. The giraffe is scarred with wounds. A plague of gnats and flies. The machinery was sold at a bargain. 8 credit summit culprit benefit severe severity persevere interfere piety nicety gimlet eaglet delicate intimate fortunate porcupine Copy,--A jockey's horse. Two jockeys' horses. A donkey's travels. Monkeys' tricks. Donkeys' ears. Moderate supplies will not satisfy the eaglets on the rocky summit. A porcupine's quill pierced the unfortunate culprit's thigh. Persevere in boring the hole; but don't interfere with my gimlet. The severe weather will benefit my niece. Notice the nicety of their speech and the piety of their intimate friends. High ceilings. A hart is a male deer. A fierce boar chased Ernest. 9 frolic traffic elastic electric crystal mystery bicycle tricycle cleanly heather cunning lullaby inferior superior interior exterior Copy,--Men's and boys' overcoats. Women's parasols. Girls' waists. Infants' wraps. A turkey's feather. Turkeys' wings. The exterior and the interior of the engine are polished. Most babies' eyes look cunning. A sweet lullaby. I prefer a bicycle to a tricycle. An elastic band disappeared in the frolic. The electric light is a mystery. Employ cleanly and superior servants. Freight traffic is heavier. Dye the arrows red. Ewes graze in the meadows. Heather is purple. Water, clear as crystal. 10 crackle shackle chuckle speckled lynch syringe patient quotient agreed indeed proceed succeed familiar peculiar horizon horizontal Add --d, --ing to glide, disable, glance, grudge, provoke, tremble, trickle, trifle, trudge; as, glided, gliding. He agreed to proceed slyly. Shackle the prisoner. The torch is crackling. Use the syringe. He chuckles as he buckles the harness. His eyes seem familiar but his walk or gait is peculiar. The horizon seems ablaze. Negroes are sometimes lynched in the Southern States. Horizontal beams. Be patient, the quotient is correct. 11 preface surface retrace embrace bureau biscuit ketchup moustache knoll knavish increase decrease vagrant fragrant stagnant ignorant Join --ness to slow, fast, rough, smooth, weak, numb, coarse, prompt, calm, deaf, mean, even, plain, keen; as, keenness. The brief preface shows sense. The whole surface seemed knolls, rough boulders, and stagnant pools. The knavish pedlar carries biscuits and ketchup. The vagrant twirls his moustache. A quaint bureau fragrant with roses. Ignorant of Canadian customs. Pause for each clause. Misers' hoards increase; their comforts decrease. Retrace your footsteps. A mother's embrace. 12 (REVIEW) clause league culprit knavish bureau quotient peculiar chieftain persevere ignorant moustache machinery biscuit syringe patient decrease lacrosse mystery lynch giraffe gallery bicycle superior delicate Our maid was ignorant of the mysteries of dyeing. By persevering she succeeded in kneading dough for biscuit. She has a peculiar stare, but is certainly a superior servant. The chieftain waxes his reddish moustache. They may lynch the culprit who knavishly interfered with the machinery. On the bureau is a model of a bicycle near a picture of a giraffe. The patient is in delicate health. 13 gaudy pauper haunted gauntlet musical medical musician physician withhold nowhere loophole threshold accident hesitate meditate obstinate Add --ness to saucy, heavy, weighty, cleanly, lazy, lively, easy, chilly, hasty, musty; as, sauciness. The musician meditates on a new hymn. The heir's birthday. Nowhere would physicians or medical men withhold medicine from a pauper. The obstinate knave's laziness and sauciness made them hesitate. The great heaviness or weightiness of lead. I innocently caused an accident. The door-hinges creaked. He threw the gauntlet on the threshold of the haunted chamber. 14 hyena hyphen cycling hyacinth victuals cayenne conquer conquest dye-stuff rye-bread therefore buckwheat ravine vaseline benzine magazine Add --y to humble, noble, single, double, forcible, ease, able, ample, simple, wheeze; as, humbly. "Rye-bread" requires a hyphen. Before the tempest it was calm in the ravine. Use cayenne pepper sparingly on victuals. Benzine removes stains. Vaseline is advertised in the weekly magazine. The savage hyena was conquered. We see lovely hyacinths when cycling. Lye comes through leaching ashes. Dye-stuff injured his eyesight, therefore he wears glasses. 15 talons dragon ransom random baffle ruffle tussle muddle mumble hubbub smuggle straddle infancy vacancy resemble assemble Join --d, --ing to meddle, tattle, haggle, prattle, crinkle, cackle, kindle, stifle, puddle; as, meddled, meddling. The eagle's cruel talons. St. George slew the dragon. A blazing chimney baffled the brigade. After a severe tussle he seized the smuggler's dagger. Avoid mumbling words. Random efforts are usually vain. Ransom the captive from the tower. Choose a roan mare. In infancy he resembled my nephew whose legacy he enjoys. Crowds assembled. Fill the vacancy. A good policy. 16 ulster bolster upholster register moisten moisture pastime furniture tangle triangle mangled dangling garbage herbage encourage discourage Write --ing after piece, pierce, grieve, dangle, jingle, arise, deserve, drizzle, resemble, assemble; as, piercing. My ulster resists moisture. Weigh the feather bolster. Erase their names from the register. Flying kites is a boy's pastime. A triangle has three corners. Moisten the clothes. A mangled limb. Bury the decayed herbage and other garbage. See the cord dangling. Upholster the lounge at the furniture factory. Encourage the scholar. He seems discouraged. 17 affect protect inspect prospect bantam banners fleeting greeting plight delight sight-seer twilight satchel thatched petticoat hoar-frost To worthy, hungry, speedy, crusty, cheery, airy, weary, angry, sturdy, dreary, add --er, --est; as, worthier, worthiest. The prospect of bathing at twilight delights us. Satchel in hand, he inspected our quiet village. Even the sight-seers were affected by the children's greeting. A thatched roof often leaks. See the hoar-frost glisten. A sorry plight, a clumsier gait. Protect the herdsman's bantams. Baby clutches a red banner. The fleeting hour. 18 (REVIEW) gaudy plight ravine tussle affect hyphen ransom ruffle satchel smuggle victuals moisture pastime muscle cycling fatigue nowhere therefore cayenne withhold vaseline physician threshold magazine Hewing wood exercises the muscles. Cycling for pastime causes slight fatigue. A whole horde of smugglers. My victuals were withheld. A sorry plight. He threw the magazine on the threshold, and seized his satchel. He was fined for using foul oaths. My heart was, therefore, sore with grief. Nowhere in the ravine have I seen moisture or hoar-frost. Physicians wrap up in furs. 19 dealt deafness stealthy endeavor trounce trousers aroused announce matron sexton summon Solomon vulgar grammar similar particular Put en-- before able, noble, large, rage, circle, dear, camp, wrap, feeble, slave, title; as, enable. The hale and hearty sexton is threatened with deafness. The matron of the hospital dealt with the rogue. The thief in tweed trousers was severely trounced. Endeavor to learn grammar. The calendars are similar. We received a summons to haul down our colors. The sun's rays. Steer for the pier. Vulgar talk arouses the wrath of the officers and guests. A sly, stealthy step. 20 sinews pewter skewer steward oarsmen boarding reproach approach rebel tunnel spaniel Spaniard Arctic Pacific Atlantic Antarctic Add --ful to mourn, power, respect, hope, delight, youth, trust. The injured oarsmen moan and groan with pain but utter no oaths. A gaunt Spaniard sought a boarding-house. He reproached his spaniel for approaching the gray mare and foal. Near the tunnel entrance is a lime-kiln. The rebels swore on the Holy Book. Through a clever ruse we won a goal. A pewter spoon. The steward's muscles and sinews are strong. A skewer fastens the roast. The Pacific and Antarctic oceans. 21 terror horror traitor portrait insane profane baneful hurricane absence essence commence difference vicious precious gracious spacious Copy,--Negro, negress; emperor, empress; duke, duchess; prince, princess; actor, actress; hunter, huntress. Their profane oaths, baneful and vicious language filled us with horror. A fire commenced in our absence. The servants were almost insane with terror. Portraits and precious keepsakes of our gracious empress were seized by the traitors. Many rare jewels were buried on the ocean beach. There is a difference between the juice and the essence of lemon. A furious hurricane. 22 adore encore restore explore necktie nickname shamrock shipwreck thrifty panther Sabbath sheathed wallop wallow drenched wrenched Join --ful to will, skill, peace, grace; as, wilful, graceful. Swine wallow in the mire. The soldier on guard was drenched with rain. He sheathed his sword. He wrenched the pistol from the villain's grasp, and walloped him. In exploring the Arctic seas, we heard awful tales of shipwreck. Select pieces for encores. I admire the four-leaved shamrock. Panthers and hyenas are savage. Avoid nicknames. Plaid neckties. The holy Sabbath. Worship and adore Him. Restore all borrowed supplies. 23 zero cargo volcano mosquito quarry quarrel bankrupt scripture sulphur triumph prophet camphor comical festival vertical practical Add --ess to lion, poet, heir, count, baron, govern; and to mister, tiger, hunter, songster, waiter; as, mistress. Write a zero or naught. A practical builder hews stone from the vertical walls of the quarry. The cargo of bankrupt stock has arrived. The harvest festivals are announced in autumn. The chief returned in triumph. The New Testament Scriptures. I smell camphor. Great musical revivals commenced in Wales. The mosquitoes annoy the actress. Sulphur is hurled from the volcano. 24 (REVIEW) zero dealt encore quarry Arctic wallow arouse traitor profane essence trousers vertical vicious sulphur quarrel prophet summons wrenched portrait approach scripture mosquito precious difference A vicious beggar approached the lime-kiln. His profane oaths aroused the portrait painter's anger. The hale old sailor hauls loads of sulphur to the piers. A hearty encore. The deer has lain down among the fir trees. The giraffe was led to a high stake and tied there. A quarrel commenced near the quarry. The Arctic Circle. The prophet Daniel. Read the Scriptures through. 25 accent decent century innocent victor victim verdict Victoria science scissors scenery scented element elevator skeleton celebrate Put im-- before pure, proper, perfect, polite, patient, prudent. The victim of the wreck was an innocent pianist, skilled in the elements of science. The victor was a decent but impatient lawyer with a Scottish accent. What delightful, rugged scenery! An imperfect skeleton of a buffalo. The verdict was in our favor. The storm destroyed a huge elevator. The twentieth century celebrates Queen Victoria's birthday. A scented cambric handkerchief. He peddles scissors and skeins of yarn. 26 solemn condemn Saviour behavior gouge indulge draught laughter twitch twitter whinny whimper peasant pheasant assistant assistance Place dis-- before mount, lodge, courage, grace, unite, continue. The crippled peasant dreaded the assistant's threat to poison his pheasants. Be truthful in business. Swallows twitch and twitter. The steeds whinny when unhitched from the whipple-trees. The hounds whimper. The Chief Justice solemnly condemned the officer. The Saviour of the world awed their wicked behavior. The chimney-flue has a great draught. Roars of hearty laughter. 27 afford assort absorb portion apparel apparent excellent continent assert dessert goddess headdress sculptor bachelor professor conductor Put fore-- with tell, see, run, warn, show, stall; as, foretell. After dessert, a professor read a droll essay on our continent. The celebrated sculptor is apparently a bachelor. He moulds the figure of a goddess. The excellent actress in neat apparel is absorbed in headdresses. The heiress foresees fraud but feigns assent. The conductor jostled the people in the aisle. Assort a portion of the colors. Use minnows as bait for bass. 28 whir whirl virgin origin intrude confuse consume conclude salute dispute compute execute visible possible terrible horrible Put in-- before correct, complete, direct, human, exact, active. The barren trees are consumed. Virgin soil has never grown grain. Horrible crimes possibly owe their origin to disputes. The intruder withdrew, seeming quite confused. Whirled round by machinery. Terrible bruises were visible. The dead bugler's bier. Salute the duchess. I concluded the accused would duly execute the dredging. A partridge whirred past. 29 acute curate cucumber cultivate adult consult druggist luggage polar popular regular singular movable probable valuable vegetable Join mis-- to chance, use, lay, lead, led, call, deal, hap, quote. The curate suffers acute grief. Consult a physician or a druggist. A teaspoonful of this draught is probably enough for an adult. Cultivate wholesome vegetables or cucumbers. Silk caterpillars are valuable. Polar bears devour seals. An inhuman butcher slashed the dun-colored deer. Regular attendance. Singular behaviour. The dyer seems popular. 30 (REVIEW) whirl essay polar twitch curate whinny origin actress dessert accuse solemn sulphur terrible execute regular skeleton decency valuable visible scissors prophet bachelor cucumber headdress The bachelor's scissors are valuable. An essay on the origin of sulphur. For decency's sake. The actress wears a movable wreath as a headdress. Two terrible dragons were visible. Of course the lynx steals bait. The prophets were accused and executed. A sign of meanness and baseness. The curate's speech at dessert was too solemn. Regular meals improve one's health. 31 brier fiery variety society debtor editor janitor operator opinion religion rebellion dominion permit admitted remitting submission Add --ed, --ing to admit, remit, permit, submit; as, admitted. Legions of British soldiers and fiery hordes of savages fought during the rebellion in Egypt. All debtors must settle their accounts with the editor. The janitor of the school paid the operator. "Good-day," cried the mower, whetting his scythe. Briers have grown among the lilies and furze bushes. Permit no wrong. The gambler's companions submitted. Our country is a dominion. We have a variety of opinions in our society. 32 cutlet omelet banquet pamphlet jovial billiards burdock bulrush ruffian guardian historian librarian fraction affection recollect collection Put --ly after cool, cruel, royal, central, jovial, natural, exact. At the banquet I ate a cutlet and an omelet. Our guardians seized the ruffians. He coolly knelt. I guessed the quantity exactly. Do you recollect my collection of problems on fractions? The genial historian has written a pamphlet. The librarian bought tracts. He pried into the secret of our large profits. The actor is jovial and plays billiards. A burdock is a coarse weed. Bulrushes or cat-tails grow in swamps. 33 oval vocal petal formal oral coral floral mortal infinite definite opposite favorite admirable reasonable confession profession Put --er, --est, --ly with icy, haughty, guilty, shabby, steady, sleepy, pretty, gloomy, noisy, mighty; as, icier, iciest, icily. Petals are oval-shaped. What admirable vocal music! I made an oral confession. Act reasonably. Coral beads. Bicycle pedals are made of steel. Dredge opposite the pier. Florists deal in floral wreaths. The prophets taught the people to value their immortal souls. Mention a definite sum for freight. The heavens seem infinite. 34 valiant brilliant ridicule vestibule dribble dwindle constable estimable appeal reveal conceal congeal cavalry mineral political principal Add --able to love, move, tame, blame, value; as, lovable. A valiant cavalry charge won the fight. Bleak, level plains. The syrup dribbles. The profits dwindle away. Conceal the precious minerals. The brilliant light revealed several new features. Lambs bleat. Sun-bleached linen. The vestibule floor creaks. You resemble our estimable principal. Ice is water congealed. He ridicules the miner's bare pate. The choir chants a psalm or hymn. Observe the pauses. A political speech. Appeal to the judge. 35 general eternal internal external forgery drapery drollery drudgery actual gradual punctual continual derrick barracks bullock hammock Write over-- with rate, run, ride, reach, joyed; as, overrate. The generals alight. Their arrival at the barracks was the signal for freeing negroes from slavery. Internal or external injury. A gradual growth. Almighty God is eternal. The pale widow's mite. Two mettlesome steeds. The drapery blazed up. Forgery is a serious offence. Drudgery is continual labor; drollery, odd humor. 36 (REVIEW) fiery blight creak bleach actual vocal debtor floral omelet ruffian conquest punctual several eternal conceal banquet guardian drudgery rebellion recollect admitted ridicule opposite reasonable Conceal the gilt sword. Ruffians tease the bear. At the banquet the guardian seemed bored by debtors. Gamblers admitted their profits. The mason's plumb-line. I recollect the Indian rebellion. The debtor's temper was fiery and unreasonable. The vocal solo was ridiculed. The conquest of several islands. Nuns' veiling. This floral wreath seems actually bleached. An eternal scourge. 37 dairy despair exclaim claimant bronze apology hideous listener statue tissue immense specimens juvenile appetite dove-cot anecdote Put --ing after urge, charge, rage, dodge, pledge, judge, manage, oblige, race, measure, praise; as, urging. An immense statue of bronze metal was visible. Goblins were hideous. I wear a specimen medal on my mantle. "A lion's mane!" exclaimed he. A faithful dairy maid. Peel the oranges in tissue paper. No apology is needed. The claimant for damages suffers an agony of despair. An amusing anecdote. A keen appetite. A juvenile carpenter built a dove-cot. 38 ewer ewe-lamb dewdrops brand-new wizard hazard gizzard blizzard lobster canister cashier clothier obedient obedience experience experiment Add --ed, --ing to model, level, travel, equal, quarrel, cancel, ravel, shovel; as, modelled, modelling. The cashiers were obedient and rarely quarrelled. Meddle less with minor affairs. I heard a clothier's experience. A brand-new plate glass. Ewers or jugs of water. Maize is Indian corn. He hazards his safety by travelling in blizzards. Fowls have gizzards. Our mettle won the main battle. The wizard's charms. Try some experiments. Tea canisters. Boiled lobsters. 39 captor captive candor clamor cholera character backache mechanic ear-rings Methodist memorize accompany canvass carcass trespass windlass Join --ed, --ing to tunnel, pencil, label, gravel, tassel, barrel, carol, gambol; as, tunnelled, tunnelling. Captors of negroes used blood-hounds. The captive women sold their ear-rings. Canvass the mechanics. Obscure sounds of a startling character accompanied the earthquake. Memorize the chorus. They meddle with our windlass and trespass on our premises. They're labelling the parcels. Speak with candor. Avoid noise or clamor. Bury that carcass. Cholera is unknown here. 40 borax smilax conveys surveys soldered dandelion cinnamon raspberry allspice colander Yukon Montreal effect difficult architect catechism Add --ing to inquire, increase, suppose, accuse; as, inquiring. Were you conveying allspice or cinnamon from the freight train? Survey the wreaths entwined with smilax. Borax is used in soldering metals. Squeeze the raspberries through a colander. What effect has chilly weather on dandelions? The architect's scheme is difficult to grasp. He knows the catechism by rote. The Yukon is many leagues from Montreal. 41 commit command commence recommend excel expel compel comrade compass cardinal hiccough knowledge caress assess discuss district Put --s, --ed after obey, annoy, survey, employ, display, array. Add --es to grocery, dairy, ally, folly, quarry; as, groceries. I recommend that we command the officer to commit the comical rascal to jail, and expel his comrades. The district will compel the Mayor to aid the villagers. We've commenced to discuss business. He excels in a knowledge of the cardinal points of the compass. Caress the child with hiccoughs. A wheelwright makes naves and spokes. 42 (REVIEW) dairy boggy sphere chord effect wizard clothier survey commit camphor despair hiccough colander architect blizzard ear-rings catechism blackguard raspberry obedience The patient clothier wears a bronze medal. The trails seem a maze of cross-roads. Pare the juicy pears. The sweet-scented, new-mown hay. Hawks soar o'er the strait. My thick-soled shoes creak. A chord in music. A wizard's tricks. In obedience to the architect. I fear a blizzard. Hiccoughs annoy me. I despair of ever committing the catechism to memory. 43 bakery brewery pottery knavery surgery delivery discovery embroidery tinware barefoot cylinder clergyman council surround boundary warehouse Join --able to admire, desire, excuse, dispute; as, admirable. Delivery wagons haul flour to the bakery. A brewery at the city boundary is wrecked. The clerk's knavery. A lone warehouse near the freight yard. Elect eight aldermen to the city council. The iron roller is a hollow cylinder. I cut my bare wrist on a piece of pottery or tinware. The clergyman is distinctly heard. Idol worship exists in India. She wears rare finery and embroidery. He made a discovery in the surgery. 44 necessity necessary possession procession attach attacked mucilage pencilled rigor vigor honor harbor complain Champlain waistcoat mail-pouch Add --y to paste, grease, pebble, sponge, possible; as, pasty. Attack them with vigor. Attach pieces of rope if necessary. Detached rocks made the descent dangerous. Mucilage is a necessity in an office. Champlain explored several rivers in the interior of Canada. The mail-pouch was rifled. My waistcoat pocket. Her pencilled eyebrows. The lynx's lair. Complain to the City Council. The procession took possession of the street. 45 ballad ballast cannon channel laurel auburn assault applause signal arrival ordinary asparagus oneself bayonet gingham dumpling Put --some after glad, delight, bother, trouble, blithe, frolic. Vessels need ballast to cross the channel. Wrest the reed or cane from that liar. The wreck is wrapped in mist. My niece is combing her auburn hair and tying it with dyed ribbons. She sang several ballads, winning laurels. An ordinary gingham apron. Tender asparagus for dessert. Manual training is of great benefit to oneself. The gradual descent of the road. An apple dumpling. The pilot made no assault. The captain's bayonet. 46 torrent decorate monitor astonish villain mermaid maintain remainder cooing cuckoo raccoon heirloom castor bishop scallop atmosphere Join --ness to clumsy, flimsy, gaudy, haughty; as, clumsiness. The monitor's haughtiness was maintained. A torrent's roar. I rowed near the sea-beach with sculls. An enemy's revenge. A bishop's white robes. Decorated with scalloped lace. The villain's prison cell. A drier atmosphere. Cooing pigeons. The cuckoo clock is an old heirloom. Buffalo and raccoon robes for sleighs are made without seams. Castor oil is prepared from seeds. 47 receipt leisure seizing deceive swoon saloon balloon spittoon journal courage courtesy adjourn gentry laundry foundry gallantry Add --ness to weary, steady, muddy, woolly; as, weariness. The cooper makes barrels of hoops and staves. The saloon-keeper wrung his hands in sheer despair and swooned. I'm aware that courage and courtesy are national traits of the French. The council adjourned. The foundry moulds iron patterns. Erase all false entries. A daily journal. A receipt from the laundry. His leisure and gallantry deceived the gentry. 48 (REVIEW) villain leisure council descent brewery bayonet flavor assault camphor oneself raccoon cylinder channel torrent spheres necessary ordinary warehouse heirloom mucilage boundary waistcoat necessity atmosphere He leant against the lime-kiln. The lynx has lain down in his lair. I need a key for the mail-pouch. Idols are deaf and dumb. A great herd of deer. Raccoon overcoats. Torrents make their descent through the rugged channels. Warehouses are not necessary in ordinary business. Cylinders are not spheres. REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS. absence absorb accent accident actual acute adjourn admirable advise affect almanac almighty almonds alms altar allspice anecdote announce anxiety apology apparel appeal appetite applause approach arrange asparagus assemble assert assistant atmosphere attach auburn bachelor backache baffled balance balcony ballad banquet barefoot bargain barrier bayonet behavior benefited benzine bilious billiards bleach biscuit borax boundary brier brilliant brogue bronze bureau burglary burial cancer candor canvass cannon captive camphor carcass carrier cashier castor catechism caterpillar cavalry cayenne chaplain Champlain channel character chieftain chuckles cinnamon claimant clamor cleanly clothier colander commence companion compel complain conceal condemn conductor confession conquest continual council courtesy crackle crevice crystal cucumber cudgel cultivate curate cycling cylinder dairy dandelion deafness debtor decayed decency deceit decorate decrease definite delicate delivery dearth despair dessert difference difficult discourage discovery dominion draught drollery drudgery dwindle dye-stuff ear-rings effect elevator embroidery encore endeavor estimable ewe-lamb excellent exclaim execute exhaust exhort experience exterior external familiar famine favorite festival fiery foliage foresee fortunate foundry fragrant furrier gallant gaudy gauntlet gingham giraffe gizzard goddess gouge gracious grammar grievance grocery guidance haddock harbor hazard headdress heather heirloom herbage heroine hesitate hiccough hideous hindrance hoar-frost horizontal hyacinth hyphen immense innocent interfere irregular isles jovial knavish knowledge language lattice league leisure librarian liquorice luggage lullaby lynch magazine maggot mail-pouch maintain manual mechanic medicine memorize merely millinery moisten monarch monitor moustache movable mucilage musician mystery necessary nuisance obedience obstinate omelet oneself opposite origin Pacific pamphlet paragraph particular pastime patient peasant peculiar petticoat phrase pheasant physician plague plumage political popular porcupine portrait possible poultice practical precious principal professor prophet punctual quotient raccoon raspberry reasonable rebellion receipt recommend rectangle remnant reptile riddance ridicule ruffian rye-bread salmon salve satchel Saviour scaffold scenery scissors science seizure severity sexton shackle similar sinews skeleton slippery smuggler solder solemn Solomon spacious specimen sphere spittoon squabble stagnant sterile steward stomach stubborn studious sulphur superior summon surgery survey tedious terrier therefore threshold traffic traitor triumph trudging tussle unusual upholster valiant various vaseline vertical vestibule Victoria victuals vigor villains vineyard virgin warehouse warrant warrior war-whoop windlass withhold wrenched STANDARD IV. JUNIOR. GRADE 6. 1 baboon harpoon caboose papoose survive surmount surround surrender melody harmony injury industry melodious harmonious injurious industrious Add --ful to care, spoon, pail, mouth, tear, sorrow, wonder, mirth. The whale survived the harpoon's injurious effects. The city will surrender ere the troops surround it or surmount the towers. Their melodious voices seem in perfect harmony. The squaw's papoose slept in the caboose. The industrious carpenter's adze. Wear a ruff. Our yacht is a swift sailer. Baboons are apes. 2 dial diary diamond dialogue falcon weapon jealous zealous fidgety hedgehog partridge cartridge colony colonial envious previous Put --less after speech, flaw, fault, shame, tear, thought, doubt. Falcons are trained hawks. Partridge are called grouse. The hedgehog's weapons are quills. The zealous preacher's diary contained an account of a previous wreck. Be not jealous or envious of people wearing diamonds. Colonial means belonging to a colony. The dial of a clock. Alter our dialogue. The fidgety maiden dreaded all weapons. We load pistols with cartridges. 3 liable denial defiant reliance peony surgeon sturgeon melodeon grateful pressure forbade forbidden angular irregular circular particular Add --ing to lodge, trudge, grudge, pickle, crumble, curdle, gurgle, cripple, pierce, rescue, partake; as, lodging. After some pressure the surgeon sent a defiant denial. Put no reliance in irregular scholars. Angling with bait for sturgeon is strictly forbidden. You are liable to be fined. In this particular case a surgeon dressed the wound. In vain he forbade their teasing the lynx. I gratefully accepted the red peony. Play the melodeon. Make angular blocks. 4 notify modify signify qualify divine divisor division diligent esteem redeem peevish discreet twopence threepence halfpenny blackguard Join --able to note, love, tame, cure, endure, adore, advise, remove, dispute; as, notable. Notify the buyers that we'll modify our terms. Twopence per ounce is the wholesale price. The diligent are esteemed. Redeem your sundial. The division is correct but the divisor is wrong. Only a blackguard would steal a child's halfpenny. Place circular rows tier above tier. Our discreet physician has a peevish patient. Are you qualified for the position? 5 tunnel funnel furnish burnish savor flavor tumor rumor suet cruet frequent eloquent describe subscribe description subscription Place un-- before envied, noticed, settled, erring, foreseen, christian, known, married, merciful; as, unenvied. At the inquest I was frequently requested to furnish a description of the stolen cruet. The steak has the flavor and savor of suet. Accept half-yearly subscriptions from the subscribers. Burnish the brass funnel. Rumors of a wreck in the tunnel. The eloquent doctor cures tumors. 6 (REVIEW) melody weapon caboose fidgety jealous surgeon liable funnel qualify forbade diligent previous colonial frequent circular pressure irregular injurious surround diamonds twopence halfpenny partridge subscribe At the Colonial Exhibit I bought funnels for twopence. Jealous of a friend. A brooch of real diamonds. Liable for damages. "To forgive is divine." Written in a diary. The fidgety student was diligent and frequently eloquent, but could not qualify for a surgeon. Surround the circular table. The intense heat may prove injurious. During the previous day the pressure of business demanded every minute. 7 guilty guilds guitar guinea cavity brevity nobility humility reverse disperse immerse converse ancient deficient efficient sufficient Join --ity to scarce, pure, cave, false, secure, chaste; as, purity. The miner has sufficient gold for a guinea. The women's guild has dispersed. Its members plead for purity and chastity. The guilty officer often shows traits of nobility. This efficient player on the guitar converses with brevity. Be not deficient in humility. Ancient chinaware is very expensive. The staid donkey brayed. Reverse the engine. Immerse the beef in brine. 8 despise chastise Chinese Japanese sorcery slavery archery flattery armor vapor poached encroach luscious delicious suspicion suspicious Write dis-- with abuse, allow, approve, claim, arrange, color, favor, credit, satisfy, respect, qualify, possess; as, disabuse. The Japanese were encroaching on Chinese territory. The poacher is under suspicion. The luscious peaches and the delicious ice-cream vanished like vapor. Despise flattery. I ate poached eggs. We chastise people for sorcery. The brood of pigeons soared above the stile. Warriors wear steel armor when repairing breaches in the walls. Bowmen boast of their archery. 9 hearth hearken heartiness heart's-ease parade paradise parable paragraph blighted lightning thorough doughnut election direction dictation dictionary Place un-- before aided, aware, bearable, buried, ceasing. Hearken to the parable of the sower. Soldiers were on parade during the election. The heartiness of their welcome. The doughnut dropped on the hearth unnoticed. We can imagine scenes in paradise. The lightning blighted the beech-tree. The officer gave directions. A wry face. A thorough examination of the skull. Choose a paragraph for dictation. The pansy is called heart's-ease. Consult your dictionary. 10 heathen sheared teamster seamstress hallo coasting wherever wherefore lustre lustrous wondrous monstrous genuine masculine feminine glycerine Place dis-- with taste, honor, honest, united, pleased, loyal. Seamstress is feminine gender, while teamster is masculine. The sheared goat chased the wheelwright across a rood of pasture to butt him. Hallo! What dangerous coasting! They show a genuine interest in the heathen. Diamonds possess wondrous lustre. These monstrous beasts browse wherever there is no grazing. The captain wrung my hand. Buy four bottles of glycerine. 11 lilac rival final spinal pinafore separate tomahawk marmalade niggard braggart sluggard drunkard engineer volunteer auctioneer mountaineer Join --ing to hem, refer, regret, expel, wrap, begin, forget, compel, occur; as, hemming. Her pinafore was daubed with marmalade. The engineer made a final attempt to rescue the drunkard. Ants are neither sluggards nor braggarts. The volunteer will broach the subject. The auctioneer had spinal trouble. The mountaineer wrapped his plaid around him. He was niggardly on his bridal tour. The Indian sought to fight with the tomahawk. 12 (REVIEW) scene bridal hearth guitar weapon sheared breaches lustrous separate paradise deficient feminine genuine disperse election thorough luscious referring sufficient glycerine lightning occurring dictionary auctioneer Make a thorough search in the dictionary. Is the weapon a genuine pistol? The fuel on the hearth is sufficient. Glycerine is sold by druggists. Buy a new medal. What a lustrous bronze color! Seeing the lightning, the timid women dispersed. I'm referring to colonial acts and scenes. Breaches of the law occurred daily. The auctioneer offered silk, deficient in lustre. 13 pilot otter felon heron colonel oppress express distress majestic domestic gigantic romantic ransack knapsack knick-knacks knickerbockers Write in-- before curable, elegant, different, human, sufficient. Their chief seized the felon's leather knapsack. I ransacked auction rooms for knick-knacks. The clerk carried some accounts in his knickerbockers. Otters are not domestic animals. We knew the pilot's signals of distress. An address on our romantic scenery. He expressed sorrow for his fault. A gigantic fraud. Never oppress the weak. The colonel's majestic bearing. The crane resembles the heron. 14 coolly woolly shrilly squally solar lunar relapse collapse disguise dissolve persuade camomile addition petition partition competition Add --ed to shrivel, parcel, gambol, control; as, shrivelled. A competition in rapid addition. A solar day and a lunar month. Lambs with woolly fleeces gambol in the vale. Squally weather. Don't give camomile flowers to our friends. Dissolve the powder in vinegar. Persuade the guests to sign a petition. The choir sang shrilly. The patient suffered a relapse. He coolly bored through the partition with an auger. The walls collapsed instantly. 15 sewer lewd shrewd jews'-harp stanza veranda mastiff slouched miracle manacles obstacle spectacle massive passive strolling toll-gate Join --er, --est to simple, nimble, obscure, secure; as, simpler. The shrewd lawyer sought a clew. The huge mastiff slouched off the veranda. Recite the fourth stanza. I leaned against a massive sewer pipe. He strolled along, playing a jews'-harp. The manacles on his wrists were serious obstacles. I dropped a pair of spectacles at the toll-gate. A lewd, base fellow. Miracles startle the wisest or the simplest. 16 russet jagged gossip daffodil atlas paltry asphalt falsehood verdant verdure suggest gesture surged purging passenger messenger Add --ing to engage, examine, kindle, bundle, behave, provoke, relieve, grieve; as, engaging. The roaring, foaming surge caused the passengers to make gestures. Suggest a cheaper passage. Purge the filthy lanes. A quick messenger took my message. The dancing daffodils. Gossips spoke base falsehoods. The rocks had jagged edges. A Canadian atlas for sale. Asphalt pavement. Paltry excuses. The lawn is verdant. Showers and sunbeams cause verdure. A russet apple. 17 bison talons beckon reckon cruise council malady granary promote postpone wholesale wholesome mansion expansion omission submission Join --er, --est to fleecy, bulky, foggy, cleanly; as, fleecier. The council may postpone their cruise. Promote the expansion of wholesale trade. I need a cleanlier maid. I tied a coarse cord in knots. Their submission led to the omission of salads from our usual fare. A mansion with a princely salary. A dreadful malady. The falcon's beak and cruel talons. The bison's horns. 18 (REVIEW) pilot surge lunar felon sewer bison cheque shrewd quartz gossip cleaver verdure gesture asphalt colonel collapse omission persuade disguise domestic gigantic barracks wholesome spectacles Do gossips discuss wholesome subjects? Persuade the city to build a gigantic asphalt sewer. See the felon on the domestic's finger. The omission of gestures and disguise would improve the actress. A shrewd rogue signed a cheque for gold quartz. The colonel left his spectacles in the barracks. Verdure is greenness. The total collapse of the building. The butcher's cleaver is dull. Hunt the bison. The pilot fears the surging sea. 19 insure assure demure procure tinsel damsel morsel counsel abates abandon whet-stone homestead overseer foreseen industrial caterpillar Write be-- before wail, witch, grudge, moan, numb, smear. Though hoarse I was relieved by a morsel of horehound. A demure damsel assured us that we were heartily welcome. A caterpillar's cocoon. Procure a whet-stone. As was foreseen, the homestead was abandoned by the settler. Tinsel is of slight value. I assure you he will counsel insuring the industrial school. Rubbing abates the aching in my knee-joint. 20 decline refined entwine combine verbal proverb perjury jurymen revise comprise preside confide evident penitent president confident Join --ness to clumsy, dreary, gaudy, silly, ruddy, haughty, manly, womanly; as, clumsiness. That witness, wearing the ruff or collar, declined to commit perjury. A refined physician reported verbally. Evidently the judge confides in the jurymen. The counsel is confident that the penitent prisoner will be released on bail. The club comprises a president, the necessary officers, and nineteen members. Revise the old proverb. 21 tonic topic tropics frolicsome italics mandolin Catholic cathedral marigold navigate obstinate vaccinate solitary sanitary military imaginary Add --d, --ing to ridge, bridge, wedge, lodge, hedge; as, ridged. Print in italics. The Catholic church is a beautiful, sanitary cathedral. Give that obstinate invalid a tonic before vaccinating him. Captains and pilots navigate ships. The tropics are imaginary lines. The topic discussed was military weapons. A frolicsome youth played a mandolin. I wore a brooch fashioned like a marigold. The draught made the solitary lamp flare. 22 census isthmus surplus omnibus pallet mallet gorilla vanilla uniform unicorn universe universal instinct distinct extinguish distinguish Write in-- before come, close, dwell, trench, dent, lay, grain. The hotel omnibus meets us. A nutmeg grater. Hares and lambs leap and gambol by instinct. The design is uniform but made of distinct patterns or units. Rude pallets of straw. The isthmus of Panama. Put the surplus money in the wallet. Extinguish the flames. Flavor the custard with vanilla. Does the mayor deign to bow? The universe is the world. I can distinguish gorillas from bears. The lion and the unicorn. A census of the village. 23 syllable analysis symbol sympathy latitude solitude multitude destitute corrupt interrupt multiple chipmunk footwear bearskin postscript door-jamb Add --es to belfry, diary, nursery, grocery, daisy, charity, misery, dairy, century, lobby; as, belfries. The destitute hermit dwelt in solitude. The sign or symbol of addition. In a postscript he showed a system of finding our latitude. I'm too hoarse to utter a syllable of sympathy. Clad in bearskin cap and heavy footwear. Substitute zinc for lead. A multiple of four. A multitude of chipmunks scampered off. I interrupted their review. The analysis of the sentence. 24 (REVIEW) census tropics surplus vanilla symbol isthmus counsel district Catholic perspire overseer analysis sympathy interrupt extinguish military vaccinate imaginary frolicsome individuals A new system of analysis. The census reveals a surplus of officers in one military district. A heavy omnibus. The overseer of these individuals is perspiring. The isthmus is guarded. Imaginary fires are difficult to extinguish. Vaccinate the Italian as a sanitary measure. Despise not his counsel in tropic seas. The symbol of peace. Flavor with vanilla. 25 intense expense suspense nonsense select defects afflict affliction heifer mullein rat-trap mattress lenient convenient audience convenience Write up-- before heave, raise, rear, roar, lift, stroke, risen. An Indian uprising caused intense excitement, much inconvenience, and great expense. Captains mustered their volunteers. Faint from suspense we awaited further news of our sore affliction. Select mattresses of convenient size with no defects. A touching, musical selection greatly affected the large audience. The peer showed affection for children. What nonsense to set a rat-trap there! A heifer grazed among the mulleins. 26 advance romance prudence violence cutlery battery culvert accident induced reducing produced introduce culture vulture torture structure Join --s to delay, essay, employ, pulley, parley, kidney, volley. Produce the cutlery which was concealed in the culvert. An electric battery may cause accidents. Vultures attacked the wounded creature with great violence, and tortured it with their beaks and talons. They exhibit prudence, culture, and knowledge in erecting convenient structures. The yeast is in a jar on the hearth. A legend or romance. The English bow was made of yew. 27 genial menial trivial material particle decayed pickerel mackerel swath thwart reject bazaar religion religious foreign sovereign Place under-- with bid, drain, brush, value, mine, rate, score. The blithe mower's machine cuts a narrow swath. Menial labor is no trivial affair. This genial sovereign knows several foreign languages. Reject all material a particle decayed. One's religion affects others' lives. The injured engineers attended their bazaar. He endeavors to thwart every religious scheme. Buy a pickerel or some mackerel. 28 agate palate rebate frigate assume presume dispute compute irritate fugitive liniment regiment eminent prominent semicolon semicircle Write --ed, --ing after deny, glory, envy, tarry, reply, study, steady; as, denied, denying. A prominent village officer envies my agate ring. The delicate pilot on the frigate has an irritated palate. He assumes charge. I presume the captain neither denies nor disputes his ability. Compute the interest. A fugitive from the regiment asked a citizen for liniment. Dr. Sunshine is a most eminent physician. Use fewer semicolons. A semicircle is a half-circle. A rebate for cash. 29 easel weasel resign design refrain abstain extreme supreme terrify territory interred referred partial initials essential confidential Add --er --est to silly, naughty, ruddy, stalky, puny, tardy, wiry, noisy, icy, greedy; as, sillier, silliest. A partial design lies on the easel. A supreme court official says it is essential to resign. Strictly confidential. Refrain from sardines and abstain from ale or beer. The late colonel was interred in the new cemetery with martial honors. Acquire more territory. A terrified weasel fled. Whose initials are written here? 30 (REVIEW) weasel cutlery lenient produce mullein suspense scythe foreign trivial fugitive violence structure palate thwart assume material sovereign semicolon initial terrify acquaint referred irritated prominent Mow the mulleins on the terrace with scythes. Be lenient with a prominent citizen. Listening in suspense. A foreigner attempted violence on our sovereign. Buy steel cutlery of the best material. A terrified fugitive. I assumed you were acquainted. The initials should be capitals. He referred to trivial faults in their language. 31 cactus tactful contact attract trophy gopher dolphin typhoid ebony agony economy scoundrel denounce pronounce mahogany toboggans Write --s after halo, solo, folio, piano, banjo, lasso, canto, memento; as, halos. The greyhound caught a gopher. Our curlers won the trophy. Denounce the scoundrel. The senior judge pronounced sentence. A tactful phrase. Erect the steeple according to the contract. The coroner at the inquest. The dolphin often changes color when dying. Ebony is dear. Practise economy. The sewing-machine cover is mahogany. He cried in agony. A lassoed ox gored him. A toboggan slide. 32 recruit pursuit herring haddock divorce corridor tortoise porpoise career pioneer peelings teeming antelope envelope velvety roly-poly Place inter-- with line, lock, mingle, meddle, marry, lard, leave, twine, view, weave, space; as, interline. Gild the frame. A porpoise pursued the herring. The envelopes in the corridor are of velvety material. Tortoises are turtles. Creeks, teeming with salmon. A pioneer's career seldom led to divorce. In subduing a nation we use forcible means. The roly-poly is surely cooked. The peelings of the potatoes. Eat some haddock. The young recruit started in pursuit of an antelope. 33 fatal brutal psalm pshaw release meagre features deceased quoits feigned slaughter smudged pumice avarice jaundice sacrifice Join --ly to guilty, hearty, heavy, happy, saucy; as, guiltily. The disease proved fatal. The details of deceased's career were meagre. Pumice floats in liquid. I feel fatigued. A brutal slaughter. The features seem calm. Release the prisoner afflicted with jaundice. Avarice and greediness are undesirable qualities. Their sacrifice was only feigned. Select a psalm. The smudged moulder can pitch quoits. Pshaw! the file was too brittle. 34 nozzle drizzle palings parings adieu ochre euchre Europe frigid average revenge challenge adventure calculate aggregate congregate Add --er, --est, --ly to speedy, plucky, hasty, weary, knotty. Reuben bade adieu to Europe. The victor challenged us to a game of euchre. The aggregate is forty-four, the average eleven. They congregate to seek revenge. The sunbeams glare on the snow in frigid lands. I can gauge a barrel of ale. The apple parings are frozen and rigid. Paint the fence palings with yellow ochre. He held the nozzle of the hose in a drizzling rain. Calculate the cost. 35 sorrel gospel marvel sentinel gluey clayey exempt brethren route tourist artery energy spinach chicory grievous mischievous Copy,--Gov. means Governor; Gen., General; Col., Colonel; Prof., Professor; B.C., Before Christ; A.D., In the year of our Lord. The sentinel challenged with great energy a mischievous tourist. The colonel cut an artery. The sorrel horse followed by a different route. The clayey soil was gluey, too stiff for spinach. An exhibition of sleight-of-hand tricks. A mixture of chicory and coffee. He marvels at our grievous affliction. Preach the gospel. 36 (REVIEW) ochre pshaw quoits tourist energy meagre nozzle career clayey grateful pioneer forcible recruit typhoid release brethren grievous features economy envelope mahogany challenge mischievous congregate The pioneer practised economy in his whole career. Paint the door-jambs with yellow ochre. A crowd congregated. I was grateful for my release. He laments over his brethren's grievous attacks of typhoid fever. A mischievous recruit turned the nozzle on the tourists. The supply of mahogany wood is meagre. A blue envelope. 37 pacify crucify glorify specify reveal bereave pasturage orphanage avail prevail delaine maimed colonize apologize patronize economize Add --d, --ing to guide, grieve, cease, receive, plague, erase, scare, relieve; as, guided, guiding. A quaint carriage conveyed the bereaved waifs to an orphanage. The maimed woman is dressed in delaine. Specify a chance to economize. Apologize to the mayor for the pasturage. Colonize the islands and patronize their people. If he prevailed, some would glorify, others crucify him. Endeavor to pacify the rebels. It is of no avail to reveal the secret. 38 bamboo grooved dragoon kangaroo applaud defraud fraction fractured intimate emigrate obstinate ventilate advocate suffocate summary rummage Put in-- before direct, distinct, constant, decent, capable, corrupt. The squeamish dragoon has a vein of humor. He obstinately refuses to emigrate. Our intimate friends applaud the supple kangaroo's tricks. We shall suffocate unless you ventilate this chamber. The fractured limb was cut off. What fraction of eight is four? Write a summary of the scene. Advocate honesty. The bamboo was grooved. He was defrauded at a rummage sale. 39 Saxon caldron squadron simpleton scandal placard numeral scabbard numerous generous accustom customary positive inquisitive negative interrogative Add --ous to fury, study, melody, envy, vary; as, furious. The simpleton read the placard. He gives negative or interrogative answers. He is positively furious at the scandal. Soup was supplied to the squadron from a generous caldron. Draw forth the sword from the scabbard. The inquisitive dwarf, wrapped in numerous robes, occupies his customary seat. We grate nutmegs on the grater. Numerals as four. Briton and Saxon are one. The detective's sight is not defective. 40 jersey blarney abolish demolish idiot patriot chariot champion merino tapioca myrtle pyramid delegate desperate reverent tenement Write --es after mulatto, mosquito, motto, calico, domino. Could the pyramids of Egypt be demolished by cannon? I've read of Scottish patriots and warriors. Speak reverently to aged women. Is their son an idiot? We'll abolish crowded tenements. A delegates' meeting. In a chariot rode a wizard clad in myrtle green. I ate tapioca pudding. A desperate rogue tried to blarney us. The champion Jersey cow. Merino wool. 41 acquire acquaint prairies porcelain treacle theatre stirrup innings scalawag vengeance geography photograph turnstile valentine turpentine Hallow-e'en Write --es, --ed after copy, glory, envy, pity, fancy, modify. Hallow-e'en is the eve of All-Saints' Day. Buy a porcelain bowl, and a quart of turpentine. A scalawag emptied treacle upon the turnstile. We upbraided her for acquiring a craving for the theatre. St. Valentine's Day. His stirrup broke on the prairie. Photograph the maid studying geography. 42 (REVIEW) Saxon jersey treacle crucify patriot placard theatre merino prairie scandal bereaved summary accustom negative suffocate acquaint squadron vengeance positive fraction generous dialogue desperate economize Wear a jersey. He speaks plain Anglo-Saxon. A generous patriot is bereaved. The woollen cloak is merino. Thieves were crucified. Here is a summary of the squadrons of Europe. The theatre has fine prairie scenes. A desperate character vowed vengeance. I am positive he was accustomed to economize. May peace prevail. Placard the house. A suffocating chamber. 43 agile fragile docile domicile penance peninsula moderate temperate mania petunia betwixt probable indolent insolent crocodile chocolate Join --ed to pad, fulfil, blur, strip, excel, mob; as, padded. The indolent volunteer will probably do penance for insolence. Use chocolates moderately. Be temperate. The elephant is docile. An agile squirrel. A mania for stealing. Petunias have fragile stalks. They flourish betwixt the baron's castle and our domicile. I saw crocodiles lying on a sandy peninsula. 44 phial phlox phonic phlegm abrupt illustrate disciples discipline Leonard leopard jeopardy prophesy flexible perplexed occasion assurance Put en-- before camp, chain, circle, close, courage, girdle, graft. His disciples had too much assurance. Abrupt words caused a rupture in the discipline. Leonard's life was in jeopardy from a leopard. You seemed perplexed. There is phlegm in my throat. A phonic primer. These flexible stalks are tough. The cheque is genuine. I prophesy a famine. The phlox has purple flowers. A phial of medicine. Illustrate this occasion. 45 pennon saffron suburbs curbstone landscape hailstorm honeysuckle huckleberry edifice precipice cowardice prejudice alcohol swollen observant attendant Write --able after cure, imagine, note, laugh, reason, fashion. A swollen limb. Alcohol contains poison. The landscape gardener made their residence attractive with honeysuckle. The hailstorm ruined their huckleberries. The wolf's cowardice. His wary attendant is yellow as saffron but is very observant. He built an edifice near a steep precipice. See their pennon float. He has a prejudice against curbstones in the suburbs. 46 (REVIEW) docile mania phonic fragile phlegm edifice saffron leopard betwixt penance alcohol prophesy assurance precipice geography swollen disciples observant prejudice photograph Photograph the spotted leopard near the precipice. We prejudiced him against alcohol. Betwixt the saffron leaves were slight stalks. Fragile glass in a pasteboard box. His docile, observant disciples had assurance of success. I prophesy a failure in geography. He has a mania for sketching ancient edifices. A few moments of leisure. REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS. abate adieu afflict alcohol analysis armor artery asphalt assurance attract audience avarice average barracks battery bazaar beetle bereaved betwixt brethren caboose caldron cathedral census challenge camomile champion chariot chastise chicory Chinese circular clayey collapse colonel colonial coolly congregate convenient conveys cowardice crocodile crucify cruet cruise customary cutlery decease decayed defiant defraud delaine delegate delicious denial denounce describe desperate destitute dial dialogue diamond diary dictionary diligent disguise dissolve distinct divorce docile dolphin domestic domicile drizzle economy edifice efficient encroach engineer entwine envelope essential Europe excavate expense extreme falcon features feigned feminine fidgety flattery footwear forbade forcible foreign fractions fracture fragile frolics fugitive funnel genuine geography gesture gigantic gluey glycerine gopher gorilla granary grateful grievous grooved guiltily guinea guitar halfpenny hallowed harmony hearken hearth heartiness heathen hedgehog heifer herrings hallo homestead hose-reel humility illustrate imaginary immerse industrial initial injurious innings insolent instinct interred interrupt introduce irritate isthmus italics Japanese jaunty jealous kangaroo lenient leopard loyalty luscious lustrous mackerel mahogany maimed majestic mallet mandolin marmalade martial masculine massive mattress mauve messenger military miracles mullein navigate nozzle numeral obstacles occasion ochre omnibus oppress overseer pacify palate palings parable paradise particles partition partridge passenger patriot patronize penance peninsula penitent perjury permanent persuade petition phlegm photograph pickerel pilot pioneer pinafore porcelain positive prairies precipice president pressure previous probable proverb psalm pshaw pumice pyramid quoits quoting rat-trap rebate recruit reduction referred refrain regiment reject release reliance religion resign revenge reverent reverse romance route rummage rumor russet sacrifice saffron sanitary scabbard scalawag scandal scoundrel scripture seamstress semicolon sentinel service sewer shrewd shrilly signify singular slaughter solar solitary sorcery sorrel sovereign specify spectacle spinach squeamish stanza stirrup strangle strolling structure sturgeon subdue subscribe suburbs sufficient suffocate suggest summary supreme surged surgeon surrender survive suspense suspicious syllable sympathy swath swollen tactful tapioca tendency tenement terrace territory theatre thorough thwart tomahawk torture tortoise tourist treacle trivial trophy tropics tunnel turnstile twopence typhoid tyrant unicorn upbraid vaccinate vagabond valentine vanilla vapor velvety vengeance ventilate veranda verbal verdant vigor volunteer weapon weasel wherefore wherever wholesome wondrous woolly yacht zealous PRONOUNCE. NOTE.--See that the italicized letters are distinctly pronounced. ally, al-lī´ arctic, är_k_´tik area, ā´rēa asphalt, as-falt´ avenue, av´e-nū almond, ä´mund balsam, ba̤l´sam barren, bar´en because, bē-ca̤z´ beneath, bē-nēth´ breadth, bre_d_th brethren, breTH´-_ren_ bristle, bris´l barrel, bar´el castle, kas´l cemetery, cem´-ē-ter-y chimney, chim´ni clothes, klōTHz collie, kol´i column, kol´um depths, dep_th_s donkey, dong´ki drought, drowt eleven, ē-lev´-n English, ing-glish errand, er-ran_d_ February, Feb´rṳ-a-ry flannel, flan´el follow, fol´lō foundry, foun´-dri friends, fren_d_s figure, fig-ūr forbade, for-bad´ glisten, glis´n greasy, grē´zi genuine, jen´ū-in height, hī_t_´ hearth, härth heroine, her´ō-in history, his´-to-ry instead, in-st_e_d´ kettle, ket-l kiln, kil launch, länsh leisure, lē´zhūr lettuce, let´is livery, liv´er-i minute, mi-nūt´ _adj._ mouths, mouTHz nephew, ne_v_´ū nothing, nuth´-ing peony, pē´ō-ni perhaps, pėr haps´ pumpkin, pum_p_´-kin princess, prin´-ses really, rē´al-li recess, rē ses´ recipe, res´i-pe respite, res´-pit ruffian, ruf´_i_-an ru´-in, rö´in saliva, sa-lī´va several, sev´ėr-al shriek, s_h_rēk shrill, s_h_ril slaked, slāked soften, sof´n solder, sol´dėr sterile, ster´il strength, stren_g_th stupid, stū´pid toward, tō´ėrd Tuesday, t_ū_z´dā turnip, tėr´nip violet, v_ī_´-ō-let Fāte, fa̤ll, fär, fat; mē, met, hėr; pīne, pin; nōte, not, möve; tūbe, tub, bṳll; TH, _th_en; th, _th_in. STANDARD IV. SENIOR. GRADE 7. 1 typical renewal magical chemical botanical valiant hydrant indignant stimulant luxuriant assailant occupant incessant applicant consonant cereals alleged civilian secluded abominate Join --al to comic, logic, cubic, sign, brute, recite, remove, arrive. The applicant made indignant denial of his alleged scheming. The occupants of the secluded domicile gambled incessantly. A valiant civilian shielded a mulatto from a brutal assailant. Our fertile prairies yield a luxuriant growth of cereals. Chemical changes appear almost magical. The rector abominates the use of whisky or like stimulants. The city's hydrants need renewal. With breech-loading rifles we defended breaches in the rampart. 2 miscreant intolerant mendicant immigrant descendant critical tragical physical identical fanatical prodigal cannibal acquittal occasional economical incite censure beseech stalwart lieutenant Add --ant to account, assist, claim, defend, attend, repent, depend. His descendants were prodigal, not economical. Finally they became mere mendicants. Immigrants are intolerant of even occasional censures. The lieutenant was critical of his recruit's physical courage. A stalwart miscreant accused of cannibal practices secured acquittal. Another tragical scene occurred at that identical spot. Pontiac readily incited the fanatical Indians to revolt. An adept in botanical lore went on a canoeing trip. Lye for cleansing woollen shawls has lain here for eight weeks. A mere mite of a bugler moaned beseechingly for a draught of water. 3 raiment adjacent reticent opponent diffident indulgent competent consistent provident permanent marvel sequel infidel citadel trammel gibbet penitent obligation protector antiquated Write --ent with differ, insist, confide, reside, provide, compete. His wily opponent was reticent, divulging few secrets. A gibbet was erected adjacent to the citadel. His antiquated raiment is consistent with his provident custom. Is he competent to revise any permanent obligations? Though hesitating and diffident he stubbornly maintained his stand. The sequel showed how indulgent the protector was to penitent rebels. Do not trammel the posse of police in pursuit of the kidnapper. Broken treaties led to conflict. Consult a treatise on ague. The lawyer gave good counsel to the mayor and village council. 4 deceit conceit ceiling conceive receiving fiend shriek achieve relieve reprieve prevalent expedient stringent intelligent benevolent pleurisy catarrh manifest bigamist machinist Catarrh and pleurisy are prevalent. Satan is the arch fiend. The court received urgent requests to reprieve the bigamist. Success is achieved by intelligent effort. It is expedient to use metal ceilings. The benevolent machinist is believed to be conceited. The villain shrieked when his deceit was manifest. Customs officers conceived it necessary to make stringent rules against smugglers. Pistils are seed-bearing organs. Rewarded according to his deserts. A stream with cascades and cataracts. NOTE: When sounded like long _e_, _i_ comes before _e_, except after _c_. 5 elegance defiance alliance variance appliance arrogance ambulance reluctance annoyance conveyance surfeit forfeit counterfeit heinous inveigle project dynamite terminate excessive explosive NOTE: When not sounded like long _e_, the order of the letters is _ei_. Use an ambulance for his conveyance to a hospital. A surfeit of wealth leads to arrogance. The use of dynamite and other explosives was an excessive annoyance. With reluctance a counterfeiter produced his skilful appliances. The elegance of his address diverted suspicion from his heinous crimes. As the allies are at variance, the alliance may terminate. By their defiance of justice they forfeited our assurance of relief. His soul was teeming with projects of deceit. A Hindu fakir inveigled me by his cleverness. A wretch reeled over but, seizing the reins, he reseated himself. 6 (REVIEW) cereal achieve incite typical catarrh heinous renewal fiendish reticent variance civilian physical adjacent pleurisy inveigle dynamite reprieve expedient miscreant acquittal counterfeit descendant assailant consistent machinist benevolent lieutenant conveyance Improvident mendicants made incessant appeals for relief. A reticent lieutenant achieved mastery over his assailant. Is it expedient to reprieve the miscreant who incited to such heinous crimes? Pleurisy and catarrh are physical ailments. Was it fiendish to use dynamite in besieging a citadel? An arrogant but benevolent machinist deemed it consistent with honor to inveigle counterfeiters. Wheat is a typical cereal. A renewal of the civilians' league led to many variances with the soldiers. 7 offence defence pretence eminence diligence deference eloquence indolence excellence recurrence device entice suffice spliced indict bulwarks maintain inditing commodore despicable Form words in --ence from prefer, infer, confer, reside, revere. Give verb forms corresponding to advice, device, practice, prophecy. For a recurrence of the despicable offence he was promptly indicted before a magistrate. The eloquence of the lawyer sufficed for his defence. In deference to the commodore's request he spliced ropes with diligence. His indolence was truly a pretence to cloak knavery. A bulwark is perched on the lofty eminence. Savory fruits enticed the saucy ruffian. The excellence of his device for maintaining warmth is acknowledged. The document was indited and sealed. It is a wise practice not to prophesy about elections. 8 malice novice cornice solstice artifice estuary obituary dromedary secretary arbitrary auxiliary adversary sanctuary temporary stationary wether brigand bureau enumerate incredible Add --ary to beg, note, vision, infirm, imagine, mission, custom. The malice of his adversary was incredible. Though a mere novice in business, he is made temporary secretary of the grocers' guild. The obituary notice was deceiving. The brigands fled on dromedaries beyond the Nile estuary. The cornice meets the sanctuary ceiling. Is the sun stationary at the solstice? The arbitrary tyrant was won over by a clever artifice. Enumerate the auxiliary verbs. From a circle around the moon many augur foul weather. A tainted wether of the flock. An ermine mantle occupied the mantel-piece. The adze and auger are carpenters' tools. A handsome bureau adorned the ladies' waiting-room. 9 roguery quackery colliery cemetery artillery cajolery treachery shrubbery monastery stationery axis oasis crisis gratis trellis mechanism ingenious delectable periodical revolution Join --ery to brave, scene, pot, mock, slave, brew, distil, bake. Can you distinguish between quackery, cajolery, and roguery? A corps of artillery quelled the feud at the colliery. A cemetery near the monastery is concealed by profuse shrubbery and vines climbing on trellises. The treachery of the guards occasioned an alarming crisis. An oasis in the desert is delectable. The earth's revolution on its axis is shown by an ingenious mechanism. His services are given gratis. Purchase the periodicals at a stationery store. A stationary engine is one not movable. A stationer sells stationery, as a confectioner sells confectionery. 10 oratory cursory dilatory lavatory dormitory directory desultory obligatory compulsory promissory harass cutlass trespass abscess embarrass merciless malignant merchandise curriculum interrogative Put --ory or --tory with direct, deposit, prepare, purge, explain. The college lavatory adjoins the dormitory, not the vestibule. A dilatory customer was embarrassed by the cashier's refusal to discount a promissory note. A cursory glance revealed a malignant abscess. Desultory attacks in the merciless warfare harassed our adversaries. Trespassers were frightened off by guards equipped with cutlasses. Oratory is made obligatory by the new curriculum. I certified to the completeness of the revised directory. Freight charges on the cargo of merchandise are not satisfactory. Alter the exclamatory sentence to an interrogative one. 11 destine doctrine aniline gelatine sanguine profile ductile missile imbecile projectile license incense dispense condense recompense superseded destructive apothecary temperament Dreadnought Form words by adding --e to bath, cloth, loath, wreath, breath. Condensed aniline dyes seem destined to supersede other varieties. He advocates the doctrine of recompensing owners of revoked licenses. The projectiles hurled from a modern Dreadnought's batteries are most destructive missiles. The apothecary does not dispense gelatine or incense. The imbecile is obstinate. Gold is ductile. His countenance as seen in profile indicates a sanguine temperament. The marshal mustered the troops levied in populous centres. A circus troupe delighted the populace. 12 (REVIEW) indict missile artifice roguery harass aniline dilatory obituary imbecile guerilla cemetery business auxiliary sanguine solstice secretary projectile supersede recurrence ingenious despicable eminence promissory curriculum apothecary embarrass treachery Dreadnought A stationer was indicted for roguery. The artifice of his counsel sufficed in that crisis. The novice was dilatory in inditing the secretary's obituary notice. The apothecary was embarrassed by despicable treachery. Offensive warfare harassed our auxiliaries. The Dreadnought's eminence is due to projectiles of incredible force. The apparatus for aniline dyeing is ingenious. Sanguine of business success. A recurrence of the solstice. A new curriculum of studies supersedes the old. Ancient missiles are found in a cemetery facing the sanctuary. I purchased two bureaus. 13 ratable pitiable laudable palatable acceptable deplorable impassable inestimable inflammable controllable sabre lucre sombre spectre sceptre equipped battalion compassion phosphorus expenditure Form words in --able from agree, excite, prove, deplore, conceal. The emperor's sceptre is of inestimable value. Few mountain barriers are now impassable. The tax on rateable property is for controllable expenditures. Filthy lucre is a term applied to money got by deplorable practices. The battalion were equipped with acceptable sabres. The spectre in the theatrical scene wore a sombre mien. His laudable attempts to relieve pitiable distress. Phosphorus is highly inflammable. Castor-oil is usually unpalatable. Commiseration lessens grief, yet the lesson of affliction is invaluable. After dessert he usually dozes on a lounge. 14 legible audible credible plausible digestible eligible feasible admissible corruptible contemptible creator incisor impostor executor competitor affidavit plaintiff testimony signature cauliflower Add --ible to force, resist, divide, digest, sense, corrupt, produce. A credible witness made affidavit that the plausible professor was an impostor. The laughter was inaudible. The competitor was ineligible, nor was his testimony deemed admissible. Beavers possess forcible incisors. The executor of the plaintiff's estate is incorruptible. God is our creator. The signature is illegible--a contemptible scrawl. Though perplexing, the project is feasible. Is cauliflower fairly digestible? They were admitted to the queen's presence and their beautiful presents accepted. Undue severity towards criminals is rarely permissible. I gain nought by climbing a knoll. The belle wore a pearl brooch at the bridal party. 15 traceable chargeable changeable damageable manageable peaceable noticeable serviceable advantageable marriageable integer coroner diameter conjurer idolater czar forte duet cede queue diet lieu guise alien adage Note that the _e_ is retained to preserve the soft sound of _c_ or _g_. An alien idolater was in the guise of a native conjurer. The czar is a peaceable ruler. A serviceable rule for finding the diameter of a circle. The Chinaman's queue is noticeable. Coroners' fees are chargeable to public funds. He has two marriageable daughters. Wrestling is my forte. Use goblets in lieu of tumblers. An unmanageable team of ponies. His ideas are changeable. Malleable iron is made into wagon tires. France ceded Canada to England. The celery was unsaleable. Wrap the damageable goods in linen. Two-thirds is not an integer. 16 facial official glacial especial judicial artificial beneficial provincial commercial appointment gamester gossamer barrister chorister scavenger bouquet recently government responsible community Note the hyphen in well-bred, ox-eyed, air-tight, text-book, able-bodied, well-meant, high-flier, lion-hearted, fire-escape. Canada has wonderful commercial advantages. The barrister aspires to a judicial appointment from the provincial government. Glacial action is largely responsible for our Great Lakes. The scavenger's duties are beneficial to the whole community. The facial expression of the gamester is especially severe. A bouquet of artificial lilies was recently presented to the chorister by the choir officials. Gossamer has an interesting derivation. Europeans were here later than the Indians; the latter are dying out. His lax behavior proves that he lacks self-control. 17 physic mimic traffic shellac bivouac picnicker mimicking trafficked rollicking bivouacked spiritual inspiring aspiration dispiriting conspiracy urchin extinct corridor galvanized wearisome NOTE: _k_ is used in these words to keep the _c_ hard. Zincked or galvanized iron is serviceable. Trafficking in negroes is not wholly extinct. The frolicsome urchins mimicked the simpleton. Bivouacking is usually wearisome. Some rollicking picnickers suffered later from colicky pains. He shellacked the corridor floors. A prominent doctor believes in physicking his patients. He has aspirations to be a pianist. We have spiritual as well as bodily comforts. It was dispiriting to find the conspiracy so widespread. The address on science was most inspiring. 18 (REVIEW) spectre integer bouquet incisors coroner acceptable plausible pitiable sceptre feasible affidavit palatable signature chargeable bivouac battalion beneficial artificial competitor conspiracy government eligible plaintiff impostor noticeable trafficker scavenger cauliflower The coroner's signature is noticeable in the affidavit. It was pitiable to see the scavenger wasted to a mere spectre. The bivouac of the battalion was highly beneficial. Cauliflower is palatable. The plaintiff charged his competitors with conspiracy. The government favors a feasible scheme of artificial drainage. The plausible impostor is not eligible for office. A bouquet of daisies was acceptable. Integers are not fractions. Gnawing animals have sharp incisors. Is he a trafficker in liquor licenses? 19 option fiction diction sanction rejection deception expedition absorption temptation competition rudiment nutriment merriment impediment compliment hazardous physiology examination conscience proposition Write words in --tion from create, defect, rotate, quote, dispose. I await the sanction or the rejection of my proposition. Even keen competition need not induce deception. The author received compliments on his recent fiction. We had the option of joining the expedition but deemed it too hazardous. There is an eager absorption of nutriment by a healthy system. He has an impediment in speech, but his diction is choice. Their merriment implies no deception. He tries an examination on the rudiments of physiology. Obey your conscience despite temptations. Send a petition to the city council against flimsy partitions in buildings. 20 terrific aquatic athletic despotic pathetic prolific intrinsic pugilistic democratic aristocratic vehement implement settlement amazement complement ensue beverage exhibition programme agricultural Add --ic to angel, hero, tone, algebra, botany, drama, mason. Pugilistic exhibitions were excluded from the athletic programme. The regiment had a full complement of heroic privates. In the newer settlements agricultural implements are necessary. Our government is democratic, not despotic or aristocratic. We viewed with amazement their use of alcoholic beverages and the pathetic scenes that ensued. The naval conflict was vehement, even terrific. The walrus is aquatic in habits. Our prairies give a prolific yield of wheat, whose intrinsic or inherent worth is great. The United States is a republic. A frantic struggle with a lunatic. 21 deity agility facility civility sincerity iniquity docility alacrity vicinity dexterity Grecian magician optician politician electrician prescribe displayed negotiate worshipped certificate Join --ity to intense, absurd, plural, noble, fatal, sincere, docile. An optician prescribed for my eyes. The politician dwelt on the iniquity of his opponents and his own sincerity. A magician displayed agility and dexterity. Ancient Grecian deities were publicly worshipped by sacrifices. An electrician negotiated for a residence in our vicinity. Civility and sincerity are certificates of refinement. Accepting the challenge with alacrity, he showed his facility in handling weapons. Don't meddle with the gas-meter. Juicy pears are extremely agreeable to the palates of fever patients. 22 apprise criticise catechise advertise supervise analyse paralyse enterprise compromise enfranchise gaiety surety sobriety notoriety propriety collapse habitual definition disputant intoxicating NOTE: Chastise, comprise, demise, despise, devise, disguise, exercise, merchandise, revise, surprise, surmise, also end in ise. There is no surety that the enterprise will not collapse. He criticised the propriety of using gestures. The deceased was paralysed for years before his demise. To analyse means to resolve into simpler elements. The disputants compromised by agreeing to accept my definition. I apprised the foreigners that they could not vote, as they were not enfranchised. Their disloyalty was a matter of public notoriety. Habitual temperance in using intoxicating liquors is laudable sobriety. Mention the provinces comprised in Canada. Explain the meaning of numerator and denominator. 23 baptize utilize realize civilize tantalize patronize authorize familiarize emphasize sympathize addict verdict dedicate contradict predicate assertion missionary justifiable licentious bereavement Join --ize to equal, brutal, real, central, signal, pauper. He realizes that the verdict is justifiable. Emphasize the predicate. I am authorized to contradict his assertions. Refrain from tantalizing dumb creatures. Patronize home products. The church was dedicated to divine worship. The heathens were baptized in the presence of many spectators. Previously they were addicted to licentious practices. Missionaries aid in civilizing savage peoples. I sincerely sympathize with you in your bereavement. Familiarize yourself with the means of utilizing waste products. 24 (REVIEW) gaiety aquatic analyse civility beverage sincerely sanction facility criticise optician paralyse dexterity negotiate magician docility decision vehement recognize conscience intoxicate physiology spectator implement emphasize worshipper competition programme bereavement The worshippers criticised the spectators for lack of civility. The magician's dexterity was advertised on the programme. The optician vehemently condemns beverages that intoxicate. Recognize the sanction of a sincere conscience. He analyses sentences with facility. The mayor's decision recognized the aquatic exhibition. He negotiated a loan to organize an implement factory. His bereavement has paralysed all gaiety. Elephants are remarkable for their docility. There is keen competition in our physiology class. The missionary emphasized the iniquity of perjury. 25 genius radius exodus impetus stimulus gladiolus terminus narcissus apparatus ignoramus siphon graphic epitaph phaeton phantom vision solicitor extraordinary encouragement manufacturing Use no hyphen in barefaced, greyhound, breastplate, breadstuffs. The Bible contains a graphic account of the exodus from Egypt. The narcissus and gladiolus are favourite flowers. Describe the difference between a phaeton and a carriage. The epitaph on the solicitor's tomb was composed by a genius, not an ignoramus. The radius of a circle can readily be computed without special apparatus. Encouragement is a great stimulus to exertion. The terminus of the steamboat route is an important site for manufacturing. The weight of the atmosphere causes liquids to flow in a siphon. A phantom is a fancied, not a real, vision. Abundant harvests give an extraordinary impetus to trade. 26 perilous covetous timorous frivolous poisonous felicitous disastrous boisterous gluttonous miraculous mileage acreage mortgage equipage disparage republic allowance adventure exaggerate automobile Add --ous to fibre, nerve, pomp, resin, riot, venom, wonder, zeal. The acreage under cultivation is exaggerated. He disparages the importance of our felicitous relations with the republic. A gluttonous person is too covetous of dainty victuals. Senators have an ample mileage allowance. To the timorous the adventure appeared perilous. His recovery after swallowing the poisonous draught was miraculous. The automobile is our latest equipage. It may be disastrous to mortgage the residence. Avoid being frivolous or boisterous. Beware the bite of a venomous reptile. 27 session evasion version decision collision derision omission dimension dissension digression ninths eighths twelfths thirtieths ninetieths calculate utterance parliament penniless pronunciation Form words in --sion from confuse, infuse, possess, depress, omit, revise. Add --ths to forty, sixty, eighty, hundred, thousand. There was an omission of two-eighths from the total. The utterance of a penniless passenger gives a new version of the collision. Dissensions in parliament prolonged the session. How many ninetieths equal eleven-thirtieths? His address contained serious digressions from the main issue. Calculate the dimensions of the rectangle to the twelfth of an inch. The decision to modify pronunciation was greeted with cries of derision. There should be no evasion of duty. How much is two-thirds of one-ninth? 28 function quotation exemption redemption completion inflection institution conjunction transaction consumption mosque opaque unique oblique antique renown campaign chameleon congratulate triumphant Write words in --tion from exert, digest, donate, incline, reject. The conjunction has no inflection. His collection of antique vases is renowned. The chameleon is unique in some respects. What is the function of the hyphen? The worshippers in the mosque are not Christians. I congratulated the general upon the triumphant completion of his campaign. Explain the difference between vertical and oblique lines. Ground glass is somewhat opaque. A foreign institution secured exemption from taxation. Consumption is often fatal. I cited quotations from English authors. The redemption of the notes was a costly transaction. 29 duellist jeweller traveller towelling imperilled chiselled medallist apparelled councillor victualler gentian artesian comedian barbarian Presbyterian decrepit costume extricate scrutinize exhaustible Note: Words ending in one _l_ double it on adding a vowel suffix. The comedian is a noted duellist, excelling in the use of the sword. The traveller was apparelled in the native barbarian costume. The councillor advocated artesian wells to give an inexhaustible supply of excellent water. The jeweller chiselled a gentian on the medallist's watch. The licensed victuallers scrutinized the quality of the towelling. A Presbyterian clergyman imperilled his life to extricate the decrepit vagrant. He shovelled the snow away to steer the sleigh easily. People who affect too much politeness rarely effect much real good. 30 (REVIEW) opaque acreage epitaph twelfths decrepit covetous solicitor oblique phaeton equipage omission mortgage frivolous ninetieths victualler inflection campaign counsellor apparelled apparatus felicitous completion automobile miraculous parliament exhaustible congratulate Presbyterian There was an omission of the phaeton, automobile, and other equipages from the mortgage. The frivolous solicitor was covetous of being made king's counsellor. The epitaph of the Presbyterian minister is very felicitous. A decrepit victualler was oddly apparelled. The acreage under cereals is a great encouragement. Parliament congratulated the army upon the completion of the campaign. Our prairies appear inexhaustible in fertility. How much is eight-twelfths of seven-ninetieths? A miraculous rescue. 31 labor valor dolor arbor fervor succor rancor glamor splendor demeanor honorary valorous dolorous humorist clamorous cypress corporal sycamore appreciate accomplish NOTE: Instead of the final _or_ in many noun forms _our_ is recognized as a variant. The _u_ in the latter form is invariably dropped when the suffix _ous_ is added. The mien of the humorist when off the stage is dolorous. The corporal's valorous demeanor was highly commended. He was elected honorary president of the federated labor union. The villain's malice and rancor were severely censured. Her beauty and splendor cast a glamor over all. Deeds of valor are accomplished in the joyous fervor of youth. When in danger of drowning he was very clamorous for succor. In my garden is an arbor sheltered by cypress and sycamore trees. Filled with dolor at the prospect of death. I appreciate Arbor Day. 32 duteous piteous aqueous gaseous bounteous righteous plenteous nauseous courteous erroneous typify mystify rectify beautify sanctify illuminate almsgiving manuscript compassionate circumstantial Add --ify to class, pure, false, glory, ample, intense, just, diverse. Steam is aqueous vapor. He was very courteous when requested to rectify the erroneous statement. Castor-oil typifies a nauseous draught. Bounteous almsgiving and righteous behavior beautified his life. Gaseous products from coal illuminate our houses. A plenteous peach yield. The circumstantial evidence merely mystified the jurors. Her piteous appeal fell on compassionate ears. A duteous daughter sanctifies a home. He was accused of falsifying the manuscript. A pair of moccasins. He related an anecdote of a penniless acquaintance of ours. 33 dubious hilarious obnoxious laborious penurious notorious delirious ingenious luxurious abstemious rarefy liquefy putrefy stupefy rascality corduroy telephone vagabond phonograph temperature Join --ous to injury, envy, mystery, vary, victory, study. When delirious his temperature was so high as to cause anxiety. He seemed dubious of victory. When he won there was hilarious rejoicing. Heat liquefies metals. Using tobacco tends to stupefy a youth. He is not luxurious, but rather penurious, in his tastes. Obnoxious weeds should be ruthlessly destroyed. Instances of long life are chiefly among the abstemious. Putrefied meat is poisonous. The vagabond was notorious for his rascality. Edison is a type of the laborious and ingenious inventor. To him we owe the phonograph. The telephone was invented by a Canadian, Dr. Bell. The air is rarefied as one ascends. Corduroy trousers. 34 cavalier fusilier grenadier brigadier chevalier gaselier chandelier electrolier financier chiffonier geranium aquarium gymnasium harmonium nasturtium resolute originally inadequate discordant establishment NOTE: No capital is needed in such phrases as, morocco leather, plaster of paris, french polish, prussian blue, turkey red, etc. Originally soldiers were described by the particular weapon used; as, grenadier, fusilier, bombardier. The chandelier is the most ancient, next the gaselier, and now the electrolier. The financier encouraged the establishment of a gymnasium. Place a bouquet of geraniums and nasturtiums on the chiffonier. The brigadier was resolute in exacting obedience. Our school aquarium is inadequate. The church harmonium is woefully discordant. Cavaliers or chevaliers were armed horsemen. 35 mutineer domineer gazetteer buccaneer scrutineer athlete compete secrete complete concrete secede accede concede precede stampede cupola asthma militia naphtha orchestra NOTE: Agreed, exceed, indeed, proceed, succeed. The mutineers seized the ship and started as buccaneers. He proceeded to complete the cupola. The athlete conceded the advantage to his rival. He graciously acceded to my request. Some dissatisfied members seceded from the orchestra. A wooden pavement preceded the concrete one. The scrutineer succeeded in preventing our secreting the ballots. The militia domineered over the citizens. Purchase a naphtha launch. Fire caused the tethered horses to stampede. We did not compete for publishing the gazetteer. Asthma is frequently fatal. 36 (REVIEW) accede militia piteous asthma cypress concrete succor gaselier naphtha adequate sanctify splendor ingenious rascality putrefy telephone sycamore plenteous aquarium humorous orchestra financier geranium preceding nauseous obnoxious demeanor manuscript The militia proceeded to succor the cavalry. The financier's demeanor was obnoxious to the orchestra. Sycamore trees are plenteous, but cypresses are scarce. The orchestra played humorous pieces at the aquarium. Concrete the cellar. It was piteous to witness the asthma patients. Telephone for an adequate supply of naphtha. A piece of ingenious rascality. In the preceding year the queen acceded to the request of her subjects. Putrefying vegetables are dangerous. A manuscript shows a gaselier. 37 judicious capacious malicious audacious sagacious veracity ferocity vivacity scarcity capacity adhere sincere austere cashmere hemisphere reticule renegade adherence characterize archipelagos Change ferocity, vivacity, capacity, sagacity, veracity to forms in --ous. Make nouns in --ity from atrocious, capacious, sagacious. The sagacious collie exhibits no ferocity. The audacious renegade adhered to his malicious fiction. Though austere in features he has great vivacity in manner. A sincere, judicious adherence to right principles characterized the governor. I am conscious of the scarcity of men with eminent business capacity. Veracity signifies strict regard for truth. Genuine cashmere shawls come from Asia. There are few archipelagos in our hemisphere. A foreign guide carried a bowie knife in a capacious reticule. 38 fictitious vexatious ambitious infectious expeditious curiosity inferiority generosity university immensity opium asylum gypsum quorum museum committee inordinate overwhelm magnificent acknowledge Make noun forms of words in --ious, and adj. forms of those in --ity. The university possesses a magnificent museum. Infectious diseases are readily spread. Hire an expeditious conveyance. Be cautious to abstain from opium. The patients at the asylum gave fictitious names. Gypsum frequently contains the fossil remains of extinct animals. Owing to the lack of a quorum the committee transacted no business. Inordinate curiosity is often vexatious to others. Though almost overwhelmed by adversity they manifested princely generosity. The immensity of the British empire is now fully acknowledged. He is ambitious to control the woollen industry. 39 secrecy privacy delicacy clemency obstinacy cordial congenial parochial centennial testimonial beacon matron venison environs oblivion beguile revenue heighten ceremony complexion Write sec. person sing. of pray, prayed, bless, hate, ruled; _e.g._, burnest. The delicacy of the matron's complexion is very noticeable. The city's environs have asphalt avenues. The emperor is renowned for clemency. The centennial ceremonies rescued many quaint customs from oblivion. The rector maintained secrecy as to his parochial revenues. Congenial companions beguiled a tedious voyage. Obstinacy merely heightened the culprit's guilt. The princess is most cordial towards friends in the privacy of her home. Beacon lights are essential to the safety of sailors. I won a testimonial for good behavior. Savory venison is digestible. 40 accurate duplicate intricate elaborate collegiate initiate fascinate anticipate expectorate emancipate indicative nominative transitive subjunctive comparative obscene crescent sciatica ascertain condescend Write verb forms like prayeth, from love, mourn, fear, see, reign. I ascertained that the principal of the Collegiate Institute anticipates a big attendance. The crescent moon is the Turkish symbol. His scheme is too elaborate and intricate. I sent a receipt in duplicate. He distinguishes accurately between the indicative and the subjunctive mood. The empress condescended to occupy a comparatively mean cottage. Serpents are said to fascinate and stupefy their prey. England emancipated negro slaves about 1808. Refrain from obscene language. A skilful doctor relieved my sciatica. Avoid coughing and expectorating phlegm on the street. REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS. abscess absorption abstemious acceptable acknowledge acquaintance acquittal adherence adjacent admissible adversary affidavit agriculture amazement ambitious analyse anecdote aniline annoyance anticipate apologize apothecary apparel appliance appreciate aquarium archipelago aristocratic arrogance artesian artifice artillery ascertain asphalt asthma asylum athlete audacious austere authorize automobile auxiliary baptize barbarian battalion beneficial benevolent bereavement beverage bivouac boisterous bouquet bounteous brigadier buccaneer campaign cannibal capacity cashmere cataract catarrh cauliflower cavalier cemetery centennial cereals ceremony chandelier changeable characterize chorister citadel civilian clamorous clemency collegiate colliery comedian commercial committee commiserate comparative compassionate competition complete complement complexion compliments compulsory concede conceit concrete confectionery congenial congratulate conscience consonant conspiracy consumption conveyance cordial corduroy cornice coroner corridor costume councillor counsellor counterfeit courteous covetous crescent criticise curriculum cursory cypress damageable deception decision decrepit deference delicacy delirious demeanor descendants despicable dexterous diameter dilatory diligence disparage dissension divisible docility doctrine dromedary duplicate duteous dynamite economical electrician eligible eloquence emancipate embarrass emphasize enfranchise encouragement epitaph equipage erroneous especially estuary exaggerate excellence exclamatory executor exemption exhaustible expedition extinct extraordinary facility familiarize fascinate fanatical feasible felicity ferocious fiction financier frivolous function gaselier gentian gluttonous gorgeous government Grecian gymnasium hazardous heinous hemisphere humorist identical idolatrous imbecile immigrant impassable impediment imperilling implement impostor inadequate incessant incisor indolence infectious integer interrogative intoxicant intricate inveigle judicious license lieutenant liquefy luxuriant machinist magician magnificent malicious manuscript marriageable merciless merriment mimicking miraculous moccasin mortgage museum naphtha nasturtium nauseous negotiate ninetieths nominative nutriment obituary obligatory obnoxious obscene offensive officious omission optician opponent orchestra original overwhelm palatable paralyse parliament parochial peaceable penurious periodical permanent phaeton phonograph phosphorus physical physiology picnicker piteous plaintiff plausible plenteous pleurisy politician preceding predicate Presbyterian pretence privacy programme projectile promissory pronunciation provincial putrefy raiment rancor rascality receipt recurrence recommend redemption renewal renowned reprieve rescuing resolute reticent reticule revenue righteous roguery sagacious saleable sanction sanctuary sanguine savory scarcity sciatica scrutinize seceded secrecy secrete secretary serviceable shrubbery signature sincerely sobriety solicitor solstice spectator splendor stampede stationary stationer stimulus suffice supersede supervise surfeit sycamore sympathize tantalize telephone temperament temptation testimonial timorous tragical transaction treachery triumphant typify utilize utterance variance vehement venison veracity vexatious vicinity victualler vivacity wearisome woollen worshipper SMALL DIFFICULT WORDS. accede acreage adage adhere adze agile alien allies antique apprise aquatic arbor axis basque beau beguile belle blonde bureau cede chord cite civility crisis deceit deity diction diet dozing draught ductile duet duly eighths ensue ermine evasion eyelet facial fakir fervor feud fiend fossil forte fusilier gaiety gibbet glacial gnash graphic gratis guild guise gypsum harass haunch heighten hoax incite indict indite issue joist knack lair legible lieu lilies loathe lore lucre mauve meagre merely mien mileage militia missile mites mosque novice oasis oblique odious opaque option oriole pitiable plague posse prairie precede profile prolific pshaw queue quorum rarefy rateable realize recent rectify rector relief revenue roguish rouge rout route sabre sacque sceptre scrawl sequel session shield siege sieve siphon site sleight sparsely spectre stealth stupefy succor surety symbol toque trellis troupe truly twelfth typical unique vagrant valor version villain vision wether wholly woeful wrought STANDARD V. JUNIOR. GRADE 8. NOTE.--In this grade exercises in derivation should be given for seat-work. 1 nuisance grievance compliance accordance significance allegiance resistance pursuance inheritance perseverance artificer poulterer interpreter fishmonger parishioner maritime pedestrian relinquish attachment indefatigable By indefatigable perseverance the rector won the loyal attachment of his parishioners. A skilful artificer executed this emblem. The fishmonger's stall adjoins the poulterer's. The interpreter converses fluently in several languages. In 1812, the Canadians offered valiant resistance to the Americans. On a pedestrian tour baggage is a nuisance. The Boers recounted their alleged grievances. In accordance with the judge's decision, the sheriff secured inheritance of the estate. Their allegiance to the sovereign is of great significance. In pursuance of treaty agreements they relinquished all maritime possessions. Ready compliance with requests. 2 incessant defendant irrelevant exorbitant extravagant malignant supplicant conversant complainant predominant auditor ancestor aggressor chancellor benefactor affability boatswain handiwork confederate cousin-german The complainant and the defendant are cousins-german. He asks exorbitant prices for his handiwork. His predominant characteristic is affability. The auditor says the outlay for police is extravagant. Our ancestors scarcely comprehended Canada's wonderful wealth. Cancer is a malignant disease. The haughty aggressor gave his confederate a significant look. The boatswain's testimony was deemed irrelevant by the chancellor. The incessant entreaties of a wretched supplicant were answered by a generous benefactor. I am conversant with all the circumstances. 3 lamentable formidable remediable accountable commendable irrevocable disreputable inconceivable indispensable irreconcilable adjutant buoyant pageant confidant ascendant tariff sumac suavity premier combating Samson's one lamentable failing wrought his irrevocable ruin. A buoyant spirit sustained the adjutant when combating formidable foes. The historic character of the Quebec pageant is accountable for its success. The disaster to the relief corps is irremediable. The premier's uniform suavity is most commendable. His disreputable behavior changed stanch friends into irreconcilable enemies. The distance to the fixed stars is inconceivable. Make few confidants. The high-tariff party was in the ascendant. Bring only indispensable necessaries. Sumac leaves are used in tanning. The Protestant divine wore a surplice. 4 delinquent malevolent antecedent fraudulent belligerent recipient proficient armament munificent omnipotent accessible invincible susceptible exhaustible corruptible paraffin kerosene marauder firmament resources Their armament, vaunted as invincible, was readily conquered. The starry firmament proclaims the omnipotent Creator. The belligerent tribes offered a stout resistance to the marauders. Be not susceptible to flattery. He inherits his ancestors' malevolent disposition. Paraffin candles were antecedent to kerosene oil. The delinquent debtor had made fraudulent statements of his resources. The fortunate recipient of the prize is a proficient musician. He was a munificent benefactor to the hospital. He evinced inexhaustible energy. Were the city's officials wholly incorruptible? The ibex browses at almost inaccessible heights. 5 deference existence penitence negligence conscience precedence abstinence occurrence abhorrence interference ostensible intelligible discernible irresistible imperceptible eclipse telescope seniority gratifying enunciation "Conscience doth make cowards of us all." During the earthquake we trembled for our very existence. Prolonged abstinence from a meat diet impaired his strength. Such gross negligence is indefensible. The tornado was irresistible. His penitence was more ostensible than genuine. Clear enunciation aids in making reading intelligible. In deference to his seniority he was accorded precedence. I feel abhorrence for interference in politics by women. The eclipse was discernible through a telescope. A slight, even imperceptible difference. A gratifying occurrence. 6 (REVIEW) pageant ancestor artificer nuisance existence maritime recipient benefactor gratifying susceptible occurrence fraudulent enunciation parishioner bulletin caravan upheaval fulfilment sacrament matrimony enthusiasm corpse episode vacation banisters shanghai appendix rhinoceros The parishioners made their generous benefactor the recipient of a salver. Our ancestors' fanciful costumes were seen in the pageant. A recent edition of the book has the addition of an appendix. The episode of their rescue was a gratifying occurrence. A fierce grizzly bear mauled his prey. Though in attendance, the hospital assistants and attendants were of little assistance to the surgeon. The artificer was susceptible to cajolery. He acknowledged the existence of fraudulent receipts. In vacation I go to the maritime provinces. The mangled corpses were a grisly sight. 7 raillery dysentery effrontery buffoonery debauchery interstice dentifrice armistice apprentice accomplice judgment argument lodgment abridgment acknowledgment lichen lenient gratuitous miscreant cantaloupe The apprentice is addicted to debauchery. The dentifrice was a gratuitous gift. A respite from buffoonery. The Commander-in-Chief signed an armistice after an argument. Lichens found lodgment and grew in the interstices of the cliff. Well-bred people rarely descend to raillery. The judgment of the court inflicted a severe penalty upon the counterfeiter's accomplices. Dysentery resulted from eating unripe cantaloupe. He censured the miscreant's shameless effrontery. An acknowledgment of his offence resulted in a lenient sentence. An abridgment is the whole in little. 8 culinary hereditary mercenary alimentary incendiary exemplary sanguinary preliminary penitentiary anniversary synopsis paralysis emphasis verdigris parenthesis utensil inspector aluminum subordinate deportment Correct emphasis gives pleasing variety to speech. The incendiary was sentenced to the penitentiary. Culinary utensils made of aluminum are preferred in hotel kitchens. Our national anniversary is celebrated on July 1st. He is distinguished for exemplary deportment. There was a sanguinary encounter preliminary to the main battle. Formerly many sovereigns employed mercenary troops. Verdigris is poisonous. A tendency to certain diseases appears to be hereditary. Enclose the subordinate clause in parentheses. Paralysis of the alimentary canal interferes with digestion. The inspector requested a synopsis of Queen Victoria's reign. 9 offertory derogatory peremptory promontory conciliatory ejaculatory valedictory observatory explanatory inflammatory crucial financial sacrificial prejudicial controversial analyst soprano eliminate teetotaler chloroform The valedictory address was enlivened by ejaculatory remarks from the audience. During the offertory the soprano rendered a fine solo. I made a peremptory demand for salary due. The appeal was inflammatory, not conciliatory. This treatise is explanatory of the elaborate sacrificial rites of the Jews. All controversial points were eliminated from the report. He is accused of uttering statements derogatory to the teetotaler's sincerity, and prejudicial to the state. An analyst made a crucial test of the purity of chloroform. Scrutinize the financial report. 10 alienate emaciate negotiate facilitate assimilate accelerate syndicate confiscate gesticulate corroborate celestial influential equinoctial reverential confidential despatch detective asbestos mastication benediction Excise officials confiscated an illicit whisky still. The politician alienated influential adherents. With reverential mien the vicar invoked a celestial benediction. Many foreigners gesticulate freely in talking. The detective's confidential report corroborated my statement. Several capitalists were incorporated as a syndicate. They negotiated for an asbestos mine. Accuracy and despatch facilitate business. Equinoctial gales accelerated the yacht speed. Thorough mastication aids the assimilation of food. His emaciated appearance excites compassion. The frigate's crew mutinied. He is repairing the dilapidated edifices. There was much cordiality in his greeting. A suit of linen pyjamas. 11 linear jocular jugular globular muscular requite expedite parasite anchorite anthracite integrity depravity perplexity tranquillity susceptibility sawyer bequeath mistletoe mercantile intersperse The mistletoe is a parasite on the oak. His jugular vein was nearly severed in two. Anthracite is accorded preference over bituminous coal. A lone anchorite aims to live in tranquillity. I am in perplexity as to linear and cubic measures. He requited my hospitality by bequeathing a generous legacy. Such degradation and depravity are attributed to savage barbarity. Extreme susceptibility to weather conditions materially weakens the patient's vitality. Punctuality expedites mercantile affairs. Secular interests differ from spiritual. Many recent balloons are not globular in shape. A muscular-looking sawyer interspersed jocular remarks. 12 (REVIEW) raillery bequeath dysentery facilitate emphasis dentifrice miscreant paralysis teetotaler apprentice gesticulate benediction explanatory conciliatory bailiff attitude steadfast stratagem detriment calcimine diametrically tarlatan trillium pictorial cretonne vanquish loathsome masquerade The teetotaler's emphasis and gestures evoked the apprentice's raillery. Detectives were despatched to seize the miscreant's accomplices. Amity and enmity are diametrically opposed. The navvy interspersed jocose remarks about the use of a dentifrice. Nothing can exceed my desire to accede to your request for mistletoe. My sire bequeathed me his benediction. His conciliatory attitude towards the anthracite miners facilitated negotiations. A difference of a few instants menaced the success of our stratagem. I related an instance of the bailiff's deference. 13 fallacy efficacy celibacy advocacy obstinacy intricacy democracy supremacy episcopacy aristocracy futile facile textile ductile versatile cheviot loyalist platinum persuasive Shakespeare The fallacy of the critic's argument was evident. The principles of democracy rarely find advocacy among members of the aristocracy. Within his realms the king holds supremacy. The ductile nature of platinum permits nice intricacy of design. None ever surpassed Aristotle in versatile genius. Cheviot cloth is a textile fabric. Celibacy of the clergy is a trait distinctive of the Catholic Church. The majority of the loyalists embraced Episcopacy. He vouched for the efficacy of the liniment. Shakespeare's facile pen has delighted many generations. The tyrant's obstinacy rendered futile our most persuasive appeals. 14 heresy ecstasy apostasy courtesy hypocrisy curtsy epilepsy amateur grandeur chauffeur tragical sceptical fanatical majestical ecclesiastical succumb transient obeisance palmistry bumptious A stranger's courtesy often exceeds a friend's. Revere sincerity, shun hypocrisy. Even transient visitors were unwearied in lauding the grandeur of the scene. Judas's apostasy consigned him to the reprobate class. "Waked to ecstasy the living lyre." The tutor succumbed to epilepsy. She made a graceful curtsy or obeisance to the duchess. I dissuaded him from employing a bumptious amateur in lieu of an experienced chauffeur. The procession swept majestically along. His bigoted, fanatical views were resolutely suppressed. Subsequently he was sceptical of the claims of palmistry. The curate was tried for heresy before an ecclesiastical tribunal. The ruffian met a tragical fate. 15 decency currency tendency efficiency emergency vagrancy brilliancy occupancy discrepancy repugnancy radical identical technical tyrannical alphabetical redoubt schedule catalogue veterinary vaccination "Want of decency is want of sense." Evidently there is some radical defect when young men descend to vagrancy. None doubted the efficiency of the veterinary surgeon. The auditor found no discrepancy in the schedules. The Kaiser's occupancy of the castle was brief. The impostor has a tendency to use spurious currency. In case of emergency the militia will defend the redoubt. The brilliancy of the meteor was obscured by vapor. The catalogue of the technical school gives an alphabetical list of apparatus. That is the identical excuse you proffered previously. Our evil inclinations are our most tyrannical foes. I feel no repugnancy towards vaccination. 16 velocity sagacity audacity duplicity simplicity elasticity loquacity complicity reciprocity eccentricity lineage heritage assuage scrimmage hemorrhage woeful stevedore surcingle subpœna malefactor In children simplicity is usually preferred to loquacity. All men appreciate the heritage of a noble lineage. I endeavored to assuage his grief for his niece's death, due to a hemorrhage. Accused of complicity in the plot, the malefactor was served with a subpœna. The elasticity of rubber is familiar to all. The stevedore displayed great audacity in the scrimmage. The initial velocity of a cannon ball is tremendous. The artist's eccentricity of manner is woeful. He accused me of duplicity in advocating a policy of reciprocity with the United States. He is noted for the sagacity of his judgments. Get a snaffle and surcingle for the pony. 17 diversity verbosity animosity immensity perversity intensity pomposity propensity monstrosity impetuosity hypocrite plebiscite exquisite requisite perquisite reconcile conciseness disinfectant amphitheatre sanctimonious A sanctimonious hypocrite evinced great propensity to deceit. Part beast, part bird, the creature was a monstrosity. The pomposity of the speaker aroused the animosity of his audience. The immensity of the amphitheatre was revealed by the intensity of the light. Conciseness of style is preferable to verbosity. A diversity of opinion exists as to the utility of disinfectants. A suite of exquisitely fitted rooms is a perquisite of the viceroy's. Explain the requisite qualifications for a voter in the plebiscite on local option. A stubborn perversity of will may accompany impetuosity of action. 18 (REVIEW) ecstasy assuage amateur exquisite identical schedule obeisance subpœna hypocrite efficiency transient veterinary hemorrhage eccentricity pretext optical warily mirage illusion cymbals humane chemise embezzle primitive semaphore crucifixion inseparable sauer-kraut Has he the remedies requisite to assuage the stevedore's hemorrhage? A subpœna cut short the amateur's ecstasy. These concise schedules are not identical. A mirage is a transient optical illusion. No allusion was made to the veterinary's apostasy, but his eccentricity is plain. The mace is a symbol of authority. His offer to play the cymbals was merely a pretext for soliciting alms. An eminent physician was most humane in prescribing for the wretch, who was in imminent danger. Sea-sickness induced violent retching. The secretary has a record of the ayes and noes. 19 igneous ligneous beauteous cutaneous miscellaneous gorgeous courageous outrageous advantageous simultaneous galleon dudgeon bludgeon puncheon chameleon assassin suzerain eruption accordion ingredient Granite is an igneous rock. Sailing in the gorgeous sunset, the galleon was a beauteous sight. The editor found the use of miscellaneous items very advantageous. The suzerain was in high dudgeon at the outrageous conduct of subordinates. Cutaneous eruptions are cured by balms. The two courageous firemen emerged from the ruins almost simultaneously. The assassin used a heavy bludgeon. The chameleon was drowned in a puncheon. The metal box has a ligneous appearance. In accordions the tones are generated by means of metallic reeds. What are the ingredients in the mixture? 20 vexatious rebellious fastidious contagious mysterious ingenious illustrious salubrious amphibious ignominious plebeian meridian tragedian equestrian grammarian jonquil hygiene anatomy cyclamen hysterics People so fastidious about appearances are most vexatious. An ingenious physician proved the disease to be contagious. The illustrious tragedian died at the meridian of his glory. Many amphibious animals live in salubrious climates. The grammarian preserved a mysterious silence. The oppressive laws enacted by the nobles made the plebeians rebellious. The equestrian performance in the circus was an ignominious failure. The cyclamen and jonquil bloom profusely. Hygiene was substituted for anatomy. A frenzy of grief induced hysterics. Nicotine from tobacco is highly poisonous. 21 spirituous impetuous sumptuous ambiguous contiguous superfluous conspicuous tempestuous promiscuous contemptuous pavilion cotillion vermilion postillion contagion crochet croquet furlough insomnia barricade A free use of spirituous liquors was once believed to prevent contagion. Contemptuous treatment often gives rise to tempestuous scenes. Contiguous to the infirmary is a barricade. A promiscuous crowd danced a cotillion. Conspicuous among these by his vermilion necktie, was the postillion. Later, a sumptuous banquet was served in the pavilion with scrupulous care. The use of superfluous phrases renders his meaning ambiguous. Is he apt to be crotchety when playing croquet? The ensign's furlough was curtailed. Laudanum should not be used for insomnia. 22 mucous ludicrous dexterous garrulous tremulous scurrilous unanimous marvellous anonymous omnivorous routine aquiline crinoline guillotine tambourine courier missive attorney intercede restaurant Fishwives are noted for scurrilous language. Viewed merely as a literary work, the Bible is a marvellous volume. The attorney was tremulous when interceding with the jury. The restaurant waiter is garrulous. A courier received an anonymous missive. Mucous expectorations contribute to spread disease. The guillotine is so named from its introducer. A swarthy gypsy maiden played a tambourine dexterously. Stylish ladies may resume the wearing of crinoline. The bugler has an aquiline nose and a ludicrous squint. I found solace in the routine of daily duties. Swine are omnivorous feeders. The vote for the aqueduct was unanimous. 23 melee decree refugee matinee employee pedigree fricassee guarantee mortgagee chimpanzee baptism witticism fanaticism hypnotism rheumatism fraught symptom foreclosure marchioness pianoforte He guarantees seats for the matinee at the theatre. The chimpanzee's appearance is uncouth. A forlorn refugee evinces symptoms of chronic rheumatism. Judgment and witticism are often at strife. Cæsar issued a decree to his subjects to be enrolled. The chicken fricassee was insipid. Several instances of lunacy have developed from fanaticism. Four weeks' notice of foreclosure was issued by the mortgagee. I enquire into no man's pedigree. Hypnotism is fraught with danger. The marchioness is bountiful towards her employees. 24 (REVIEW) hygiene plebeian furlough symptom guillotine beauteous guarantee assassin witticism tragedian dexterous marvellous rheumatism equestrienne auricle palisade Jehovah opossum abstinence vindictive hallelujah philopena variegated diaphragm somersault œsophagus appropriate sarsaparilla The attorney interceded to save the tragedian's assassin from the guillotine. The observance of hygiene alleviated all symptoms of hysterics or rheumatism. The prophets of old were persecuted. A sergeant prosecuted his search for recruits for his regiment. The athlete observes a strict abstinence as to fricassees and spirituous liquors. The beauteous and dexterous equestrienne is marvellously fastidious. I have studied about the auricles of the heart, the œsophagus, and the diaphragm. "The oracles are dumb." Though of plebeian origin his witticisms guaranteed him a place at court. 25 friction abolition cessation discretion laceration repetition extinction exhaustion conciliation exaggeration typhus fungus octopus humerus hippopotamus bunion species ultimate epidermis chilblain Oiling a machine lessens friction. Moulds are a species of fungus growth. "Discretion is the better part of valor." Repetition induces a habit. Exaggeration is frequently due to a too lively imagination. I dislocated my humerus; there was also a laceration of the epidermis. The abolition of slavery led to the American Civil War. The ultimate extinction of the hippopotamus is probable. Typhus fever is accompanied by great exhaustion. The Board of Conciliation effected a cessation of hostilities. The octopus has attained notoriety from tales of its ferocity. Bunions and chilblains are annoying. 26 calibre accoutre mediocre fracture stricture massacre saltpetre sepulchre manœuvre reconnoitre inscription specification stupefaction annunciation conflagration curfew suture ligament decipher carbine Saltpetre is used in curing bacon. Scouts were detailed to reconnoitre. Is the inscription on the pendant decipherable? Every manœuvre of the battalion was exact. There were frequent massacres of the pioneers by the Indians. A stricture of the intestines made an operation necessary. Christ's sepulchre was rock-hewn. The militia are accoutred with carbines of small calibre. The sexton gave a minute description of the conflagration. Orchids grew in the fissures of the cliff. The niche is occupied by a handsome statue. He sells dentists' forceps. Stupefaction was due to his inhaling gas. The apostles made annunciation of the gospel. "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." The sutures of the skull are not tied by ligaments. 27 allusion incision precision ascension dissension pretension oppression suppression intercession condescension indigo portico sirocco stiletto armadillo Messiah Israelite wielding subjugate quadruped In surgery precision is essential in making incisions. The oppression of Christians began after Christ's ascension. The author has pretensions to elegance of diction. Suppression of feeling strengthens character. The portico is of Roman style. The Queen's intercession secured a reprieve. The sirocco poisons the atmosphere. Condescension is a noble quality. Indigo is a permanent dye. The assassin was proficient in wielding a stiletto. Our geography has an allusion to the armadillo. There were lively dissensions among the Israelites regarding the expected Messiah. 28 minuet minaret parapet clarionet flageolet gazette coquette etiquette quartette mignonette plateau tableau chateau trousseau portmanteau capsule quinine discern specialty parachute Her trousseau was conveyed in a portmanteau. A recent issue of the gazette describes the count's chateau. The coquette is an adept in dancing the minuet. The graceful minaret was readily discerned from the height of the plateau. A series of tableaux was a complete hoax. The best instruments in the quartette were the clarionet and the flageolet. Does etiquette permit ladies to promenade on the parapet? The florist makes a specialty of mignonette. Take quinine in capsules. I descended in a parachute, swinging on a trapeze. The accounts of the diocese show a deficit. His post at the union depot is a sinecure. Buy sachet powder. 29 alleviate castigate eliminate exhilarate capitulate fluctuate accumulate concentrate approximate contaminate quiz baize azure cozen chintz osier crosier malign benign arraign vizier epicure macaroni benevolence Archbishop He could neither malign nor cozen the judge. His benign countenance indicates benevolence. Ski-ing is exhilarating. A deacon bore the Archbishop's crosier. Censure arraigns both private motives and public actions. The sky was vested in azure. The price of baize and chintz fluctuates. The vizier concentrated his troops, and the besieged garrison capitulated. The ringleaders were castigated, but the sufferings of the troops were alleviated. Accumulate knowledge rather than wealth. The epicure disdains macaroni. Give an approximate estimate of the cost. Simplicity should not be imposed upon, nor virtue contaminated. 30 (REVIEW) plateau coquette mediocre repetition exhilarate exaggerate trousseau massacre mignonette manœuvre quadruped stupefaction conflagration hippopotamus cotyledon forfeiture patrimony aggravate vocabulary orthography presumptuous biassed reynard equinox colleague miniature enrolment instalment The manœuvres of the army corps were to prevent a repetition of the massacres. The hippopotamus is a species of quadruped not yet annihilated. Explain the uses of the calyx, the cotyledon, and the tendril. Acquire an extensive vocabulary and correct orthography. My adherence to the king resulted in forfeiture of my patrimony. Very exhilarating is the climb to plateaux perfumed by mignonette. His presumptuous adherents aggravated the quarrel. The loss of her trousseau in the conflagration stupefied the coquette. He exaggerates his mediocre abilities. 31 abattoir reservoir delirium laudanum pendulum cerebrum linoleum petroleum mausoleum meerschaum repellent recipient delinquent fraudulent antecedent calumny sapphire amethyst attribute superintendent Linoleum and petroleum are got wholesale at an emporium. The pendulum is of nickel. Distinguish between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. A public abattoir replaced the slaughter houses. The patient's delirium is attributed to doses of laudanum. The superintendent was the recipient of a meerschaum pipe. The delinquent auctioneer was accused of fraudulent dealings. The mausoleum is adjacent to the reservoir. His query was to elicit the antecedent of the relative pronoun. Calumny was utterly repellent to him. The amethyst and sapphire are precious stones. 32 tenacious atrocious malicious efficacious avaricious capricious loquacious precocious pernicious pugnacious decalogue pedagogue demagogue synagogue avoirdupois homicide fascinate literature etymology commodity The decalogue is kept in every synagogue. The precocious child was very capricious. He prescribed an efficacious elixir. The pedagogue taught syntax and etymology. The poet is avaricious of fame. The larceny of the diaper towelling and dimity was a malicious act. The demagogue incited a political intrigue. Cats are tenacious of life. Is the chamois pugnacious? Pernicious literature should be suppressed. Though handsome, she is too loquacious to fascinate her auditors. The cumbrous avoirdupois system is still used for weighing coarser commodities. He wreaked dire vengeance for the atrocious homicide. At the approaching session of Parliament the cession of territory will be broached. I throttled the dastard who vilified you, my liege. 33 nutritious licentious pretentious contentious superstitious seditious facetious propitious ostentatious conscientious cuticle canticle chronicle corpuscle tabernacle aerie specie sortie reverie menagerie Rice is highly nutritious. Licentious and superstitious, the Roman Empire fell. Though facetious in speech he is not ostentatious in manner. A pretentious subaltern solicited leave to head a sortie. The weather was not propitious for a nocturnal expedition. Listening to the canticles in the synagogue, I fell into a reverie. The ancient chronicles relate many trivial episodes. While contentious in harangue he is not seditious in act. The conscientious physician prescribed for my carbuncle. Exercise develops muscle. The cuticle envelops the body. He robbed the eagle's aerie. The Puritans proscribed theatres. At the menagerie, wages are paid in gold specie. The blood corpuscles readily coagulate. 34 nuptial deferential reverential providential consequential decisive deceptive seductive initiative diminutive recipe epitome anemone extempore catastrophe anchovy bologna scimitar souvenir gratitude The sentinel's warning averted a catastrophe. An influential friend of ours contemplates building a substantial residence. Consequential people often aim to take the initiative. He wrote an epitome of the extempore speech. A diminutive hussar dealt a decisive stroke with his scimitar. The seductive path bordered by anemones proved deceptive. On receiving a souvenir of the nuptial ceremony he expressed his gratitude. Omit the recipe for anchovy sauce. Lightning struck a boat that was lightening its load. Bologna sausage satiated his appetite. The escapades of the dissolute servitor were scandalous. Dahlias, fuchsias, and zinnias. 35 regatta guerilla insignia dilemma cyclopædia influenza neuralgia scarlatina dyspepsia pneumonia conducive suggestive consecutive competitive appreciative copse spigot faucet geyser trophy vassal cañon tactics gauger vivacity Our lacrosse team won the trophy in two consecutive years. Is scarlatina infectious? Is he appreciative of the stimulus afforded by competitive examinations? Influenza and pneumonia are very prevalent. The insignia of office were conferred after the regatta. Every library requires a cyclopædia. Dyspepsia and neuralgia are not conducive to vivacity. The gauger was in a sad dilemma when the faucet and spigot were lost. The skirmish is suggestive of guerilla tactics. The closing of a business letter may be, "Yours respectfully." Knight or vassal, let each respectively do his duty. Near the cañon is a geyser, beside a hazel copse. 36 (REVIEW) recipe guerilla intrigue decisive souvenir scimitar facetious defrayal reservoir apoplexy dyspepsia diminutive efficacious abbreviate migratory erysipelas pneumonia meerschaum anniversary superintendent chrysanthemum rescind nautical deficiency pulmonary quarantine coincidence pre-eminent Malicious or facetious remarks were utterly abhorrent to the superintendent. The suicide's remains were borne on a bier to the morgue and embalmed. The capricious coquette contemned her suitor's offer. A guerilla war ensued from a seditious intrigue of avaricious vassals. That scimitar is a souvenir of a disastrous exploit therein. He condemned the recipe as not efficacious for erysipelas or pneumonia. An epitome of some chronicles about our antecedents is given in an encyclopædia. I prefer dahlias or fuchsias to chrysanthemums. A diminutive meerschaum pipe. 37 pharmacy blaspheme diphtheria asphyxiate hydrophobia autograph biography calligraphy amphibious phenomenon clique physique grotesque burlesque picturesque panacea avalanche lineaments conspirator frontispiece The major's autograph on the frontispiece of his biography was in strange calligraphy. The beaver is amphibious. At the pharmacy I got a panacea for diphtheria, hydrophobia, and other diseases. The lackey's grotesque physique is humorously portrayed in a burlesque play. All admonitions forbade blasphemy. The miners were asphyxiated by inhaling coal gas. An eclipse of the sun is a striking phenomenon. The avalanche was a picturesque sight. The clique of conspirators failed ignominiously. The sculptor has well represented his clear-cut lineaments. 38 eccentric authentic pneumatic spasmodic diplomatic antiseptic lymphatic calisthenic pyrotechnic hieroglyphic privilege sacrilege symptom thraldom martyrdom lucrative diarrhœa velocipede monotonous predecessor Authentic reports state that the ambassador, though eccentric, is yet diplomatic. Thraldom or martyrdom was once the penalty for professing Christianity. Pneumatic tires were not used on velocipedes. On Dominion Day the pyrotechnic display was superb. Calisthenic exercises, if not spasmodic, may eradicate certain ailments. The recent statutes give privileges to aliens. In rifling the church they were guilty of sacrilege. He obtained an authentic report on the use of arsenic in cosmetics for the complexion. Carbolic acid is an antiseptic. Describe the lymphatic gland. Hieroglyphics antedated the alphabet. My predecessor obtained a lucrative but monotonous post. An epidemic of diarrhœa raged with virulence in the army. 39 deodorize neutralize monopolize crystallize tranquillize delineation realization anticipation specification resuscitation heredity longevity ingenuity solemnity eccentricity eulogy prestige coercion procedure reparation Electricity deodorizes sewage. The patriarchs were remarkable for longevity. He displayed ingenuity in his stage delineations of the beau's eccentricities. During the requiem service and funeral obsequies the solemnity of the scene was impressive. The aborigines of Australia rank low in the scale of humanity. What people are our antipodes? The mal-contents were finally tranquillized. Acids and alkalies neutralize one another. Anticipation is often more pleasurable than realization. Learn how to resuscitate one apparently drowned. Specifications for the water conduits were drawn up with exactitude. Sugar crystallizes readily. 40 lacteal funereal ethereal corporeal cochineal effervesce acquiesce excrescent convalescent incandescent larynx pharynx baritone labyrinth strychnine vitriol seidlitz antidote mammal oleander Seidlitz powders effervesce. He lopped excrescent growths from his oleanders. Millions of incandescent lights made the scene almost ethereal. Funereal rites await all that is corporeal in man. All mammals are nourished by lacteal fluid. From the cochineal insect a beautiful dye is obtained. Both the larynx and pharynx are concerned in sound production. A baritone voice is intermediate between bass and tenor. Strychnine may be a nerve tonic. The intricate passages of the ear are called the labyrinth. Soft music is quiescent. During convalescence he was prohibited from severe exertion. I enquired for an antidote for vitriol. REVIEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS. abbreviate abhorrence aborigines abridgment accelerate accomplice accoutre acquiesce adjutant aggressor alimentary allegiance amateur amphibious anemone anonymous anthracite apostasy approximate armistice artificer assassin assimilate audacity auricle authentic avalanche avaricious asphyxiate avoirdupois banqueted baritone beauteous benefactor benefiting bulletin bumptious buoyant burlesque calcimine calligraphy capricious catastrophe celibacy chancellor chilblain chronicle cochineal coincidence competitive complainant complexion conciliatory condescension confidants conscientious contemptuous contiguous colleague corporeal corpuscle corroborate cotillion cotyledon courtesy crocheting crucifixion crystallize debauchery debilitate decisive deficiency delineation delirium dentifrice dexterous diaphragm diarrhœa dilapidate diphtheria diminutive discrepancy dysentery eccentricity ecstasy effervesce elasticity eliminate emaciate embezzle emphasis employee epilepsy episcopacy equestrian equinoctial etiquette exaggerate exhaustion exhilarate existence expedite exquisite exorbitant extempore facetious facilitate fastidious fraudulent fricassee funereal garrulous gesticulate gorgeous grandeur gratuitous grievance grotesque guarantee guillotine harangue hemorrhage hippopotamus homicide hydrophobia hypocrisy hysterics ignominious incandescent incendiary incision indefatigable influenza ingenious initiative instalment interference intersperse interstice irresistible irrevocable jonquil kerosene labyrinth licentious lineaments loathsome loquacious ludicrous malevolent malicious manœuvre maritime martyrdom marvellous massacre mausoleum mediocre meerschaum menagerie mercenary meridian microscope mignonette miscellaneous mistletoe monotonous mortgagee munificent mutinied mysterious nautical neuralgia nuisance nutritious obeisance obsequies obstinacy occurrence œsophagus omnivorous ostensible pageant palmistry panacea parachute paralysis parishioner pavilion pedagogue penitentiary pernicious perquisite pharmacy phenomenon philopena physique pictorial picturesque plebeian plebiscite pneumatic pneumonia precedence precision precocious pre-eminent prejudicial preliminary presumptuous privilege procedure proficient propitious puncheon pursuance quartette raillery recipient remediable repetition requiem requisite resuscitate reverential rheumatism rhinoceros sacrilege sagacity sanguinary sarsaparilla sauer-kraut scarlatina sceptical scrimmage scurrilous seditious semaphore seniority sepulchre simultaneous sinecure somersault souvenir specification spirituous steadfast stratagem strychnine stupefying sumptuous superintendent surcingle susceptible symptom syndicate synopsis tabernacle tarlatan technical teetotaler tempestuous tenacious theatrical tragedian tranquillity trousseau tyrannical unanimous upheaval variegated velocity verbosity vermilion vindictive witticism allege aqueduct aquiline arraign assuage bailiff balance biassed bigoted bologna bunion calibre carbine chamois chasm clique concise copse conduit corps corpse courier critic croquet crotchet curtsy dahlia decency decipher deficit depot despatch diocese discern eclipse efficacy elicit enmity ensign facile faucet fissure fraught frenzy fuchsia furlough guerilla hygiene illicit jugular lunacy malign meteor missive mucous navvy nicotine optical palisade plateau premier pyjamas recipe redoubt requite rescind reverie reynard rites routine salver seidlitz series solace species succumb suite sumac trait trapeze trivial typhus utensil vitriol weird RULES FOR SYLLABICATION. A syllable is a sound uttered with one impulse of the breath. The group of letters representing such a sound should never be separated in dividing words; _e.g._, re-bel´ (verb), reb´-el (noun), pres´-ent (noun), pre-sent´-ed. To divide a word into syllables, pronounce it slowly and correctly, and note the natural division into sounds. In writing, it is preferable to put the whole word _on one line_. When this cannot well be done, that part of the word left at the end of one line should suggest the part beginning the next line; _e.g._, _happiness_ should be divided--_happi-ness_, not _hap-piness_. RULES FOR SPELLING. 1. At the end of monosyllables with a short vowel sound, the letters _f_, _l_, or _s_ are usually double; _e.g._, muff, ball, pass. 2. Words ending in silent _e_ usually drop it on adding any suffix beginning with a vowel; _e.g._, come, coming; bride, bridal; love, lovable. EXCEPTIONS:--(i) Words ending in _ce_ or _ge_ retain the _e_ before the suffixes _able_ and _ous_, in order to keep the soft sound of _c_ or _g_; _e.g._, traceable, outrageous. (ii) Words ending in _ee_, _oe_, or _ye_ retain the final _e_ when _ing_ is added; _e.g._, freeing, shoeing, eyeing. 3. Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, if they end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it, usually double the final consonant before a vowel-suffix, _e.g._, clap, clapper; clan, clannish; nod, nodded; prefer, preferring. EXCEPTION:--When the derivative has the place of the accent changed, the final consonant is not doubled; _e.g._, prefer´, pref´erence. Note also, _gases_, _gaseous_, _transferable_, _woolly_. 4. Words ending in a single _l_ double it before a vowel-suffix; _e.g._, chisel, chiselled; revel, reveller; cancel, cancelling. But, _paralleled_. 5. Words ending in _y_ preceded by a consonant usually change the _y_ into _i_ when a suffix not beginning with _i_ is added; _e.g._, cry, cries, crying. EXCEPTIONS:--Dryly, dryness; shyly, shyness; slyly, slyness. Note also daily, gaily, gaiety, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, staid. 6. _ei_ or _ie_. When sounded like long _e_, _i_ comes before _e_ except after _c_; _e.g._, piece, deceit. But, _either_, _neither_, _plebeian_, _seize_, _leisure_, _weird_. When not sounded like long _e_, the order of the letters is always _ei_; _e.g._, skein, height. PUBLIC SCHOOL LEAVING. 1 actuary warranty accruing aggrieve indelible collectible codicil clerical implicit coercion obsolete obduracy cavilling repellent recurrent deterrent sullenness stubbornness statutory executrix appraisal legitimate rescinded rescission 2 coupon waiver vellum engross erasure issuing voucher lessor lessee felony nullify consols vendor annuity pleas marine tontine zephyr vestige salvage assigns vacillate oscillate irrigated deprecate desiccate mitigated litigation 3 elegy poesy lyrical couplet synonym homonym ellipsis metaphor paradigm italicize rhetorical allegorical ordnance ordinance colloquy soliloquy antithesis hyperbole dunning endorsed collateral purloined remittance acceptance 4 rabies subtler sentient consular succinct incipient æsthetic emanate permeate relegated licentiate depreciate excruciate disseminate narrator instigate promissor guarantor assignor consignee mortgagor plagiarist chirography phonography facsimile petit jury puisne judge knight-errant 5 oriel tenon newel mortise dovetail boudoir mullion stanchion buttress abutment colonnade escutcheon flotilla binnacle halyards forecastle pyramidal maelstrom arsenal reveille patrolled gymnastics silhouette supercilious 6 missal schism Genesis heretics perusing proselyte itinerary auspices nonpareil lacquered ensconced accountant personnel sustenance judiciary beneficiary depositary depository rendezvous proprietary commissary symmetrical connoisseur malfeasance discoloration maintenance complaisance presentiment 7 chiffon ruching chenille organdie chambray tarpaulin silesia mohair taffeta bandanna buckram valenciennes beryl carat emery pyrites sardonyx turquoise inertia fusible residue volatile calcium magnesia 8 oxygen hydrogen sulphate chloride molecule radially ambrosial febrile lesion cohesion sensory specific bronchial lachrymal polygon rhomboid trapezium reciprocal precipitate centripetal centrifugal scalene isosceles equitable acoustics dynamics corollary equilateral 9 anise hyssop jasmine spiræa syringa caraway hydrangea eczema biceps molars calibers bicuspid debauchee victuallers chyme cognac trachea cranium papilla chrysalis hellebore anæmia phthisic phthisis varicose paroxysm allopathic homœopathy 10 cocaine calomel lobelia copperas paregoric collodion anodyne osseous diagnose mortuary lymphatic panegyric morphine quassia sassafras condiments eucalyptus apocalypse eustachian belladonna ipecacuanha laryngitis peritonitis appendicitis 11 abettor coadjutor precursor laboratory prohibitory admonitory alluvial connubial centennial cylindrical rhetorical rhythmical collusion demurred agrarian patrician herculean sepulchral conscientious predilection reminiscence commissariat homogeneous embarrassment 12 moiety nucleus mussels mollusc cuisine pristine libertine sedative sediment abeyance prevalence dependence ascendency excrescence throes pallor orgies exorcise colossal analogous anomalous metaphysics psychology aide-de-camp physiognomy paraphernalia plenipotentiary pharmaceutical 13 psaltery psalmody hierarchy espionage plenteous mnemonics irascible porphyry equipoise fortuitous reversible transferable auricular auriferous succulent ameliorate deshabille dishevelled cinerary prescience saccharine boulevard troubadour tournament 14 astute abstruse falchion alchemy tubercles algebraical anatomical aspirate archives authentic halcyon harlequin clairvoyant connivance bourn breviary brougham bellicose captious capillary seriatim centipede composite charlatan iniquitous ubiquitous incorrigible irrepressible 15 corsair contour deify expiate embryo emissary deducible fallibility credibility debilitate defamatory equanimity hydraulic guttural critique technique hypotenuse hypothesis expatiate ingratiate illusory internecine iridescent putrescence 16 kraal khedive jeopardize laconically lithograph litigious pharisaical memoirs maniacal medallion parricide fratricide ostracized percussion vertebræ minutiæ oligarchy miscellany adolescent omniscient necropolis indigenous ingenuous methylated immaculate Mussulmans querulous quintessence 17 hybrid pillory placable precincts papyrus repertory spherical sedulous spermaceti prodigious promiscuous perspicacity Teutonic quixotic symphony sycophant superficies surveillance phrenologist phraseology polytechnic punctilious pseudonym surreptitious 18 viscid zodiac satiety zoology vacuum vagaries camellia facade pedagogy vibratory vicarious usurious vouchsafe vociferate nefarious voluptuous vicissitude vernacular consummate ventriloquist deliquescent extricate defalcate exchequer perforated cognizant apparition incarcerate 19 aviary callous guerdon piquant brusque flippancy aeronaut plausible aeroplane regrettable similarity contrariwise cuirass caitiff caisson cogitating tessellated pomegranate propagate immaterial acclamation subsidiary unparalleled cartilaginous 20 onerous libellous rancorous derelict tamarack deciduous calamitous minx sphinx chloral murrain vignette casually casualty orifice bacillus tattooed tasselled proboscis patrician dissimilar gherkin stoicism bagatelle whirligig beleaguer stomachic decoction SMALL DIFFICULT WORDS--_Use these words in sentences_. abyss acacia acme aerial alias alpaca annals axiom azure benign broncho cache cairn calyx caulk chaise chaos chary chronic cinque clique corse cote crucial cymbal cynic dais débris disc doily ecstasy elite elixir ellipse epoch facade facile falcon fiasco flaccid foci futile ghoul gist gluey gneiss groat guano gyves heresy holm idyl igneous irate ivied jargon lichen liege lien lithe llama lode lymph lyre Maori melee mirage morgue myrrh naive newel nymph ogre onyx orchid oust pageant placid plaguy plaice poise pygmy python qualm radii realm regime rhythm schism scion scroll sedge seethe sere sheik shoal Sioux sloyd sluice soiree sphinx steppe suave swarthy sylph sylvan synod theme theory thews thrall tierce trawl treatise trite tryst tutor umbel venial vial vicar viceroy virile viscera viscid visual vital vitiate vizier vogue vying waive weevil weird whiz whorl wiliness wince winch winze withal wraith wreak wroth wry THE BUILDING OF ENGLISH WORDS. The _root_ of a word is the shortest form in which it appears. Thus _tal_, meaning number, speech, is the root of _tale_, a number counted; _tale_, a story; _tell_, narrate; _toll_, something counted out; _talk_, discourse. The root of a word may undergo modification and become a _stem_. Thus _love_ is the stem of the root _lov-_, and to this stem are added such _inflections_ as _-est_, _-s_, _-d_, as loves, lovest, loved. Again, to the root of a word may be added a _prefix_ or _suffix_, thereby forming a new word called a _derivative_. If to the root _dar-_, dear, the prefix _en-_ be added, we get endear, and the same root with the suffix _-ling_ gives darling. As a rule, English prefixes and suffixes are added only to English roots. But there are many exceptions. Word-making is often effected by _compounding_. A _compound_ word is one made by uniting two words together, as _sea-lion_. =Compound Nouns= are formed in various ways:--(_a_) by uniting a noun with a noun: bridal = bride ale, daisy = day's eye, Gospel = God's spell or story; (_b_) noun with adjective: redbird, midnight, quicksilver, twilight = two lights; (_c_) noun with verb: bakehouse, godsend, grindstone, spendthrift; (_d_) noun with adverb: bystander, offshoot, uplift; (_e_) noun with preposition: afterthought, byword, onset; (_f_) verb with adverb: drawback, farewell, income, welcome. =Compound Adjectives= are numerous:--(_a_) Noun with adjective: barefoot, lily-white, purse-proud, sea-green, sky-blue; (_b_) noun with participle: heart-rending, sea-faring, sea-girt, way-laid, worm-eaten; (_c_) adverb with participle: bygone, everlasting, far-reaching, high-strung, ill-pleased, well-bred; (_d_) noun with noun: iron-side, lion-heart; (_e_) nouns with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, + _ed_: club-footed, gray-headed, tender-hearted, under-handed. =Compound Verbs= are few:--(_a_) Verb with noun: backbite, browbeat, henpeck, hoodwink, kiln-dry; (_b_) verb with adjectives: dumbfound, fulfil, whitewash; (_c_) verb with adverb: don = do on, doff = do off, outdo. =Compound Adverbs= are made by uniting (_a_) noun with noun: endways, sideways; (_b_) noun with adjective: always, breast-high, meanwhile, sometimes; (_c_) preposition with noun: outside, overboard; (_d_) adverb with preposition: hereafter, therein, whereupon. PREFIXES. A favourite way of building words is by the use of prefixes. Generally speaking, these are of English, French, Greek or Latin origin--it being understood in this connection that French is but a modified form of Latin. ENGLISH PREFIXES. =Inseparable prefixes= have no meaning in themselves and cannot stand alone. The most important are:-- =A-=, _on_: away, alive; _at_: ahead: _of_: akin. =And-=, _against_ (Greek anti-): answer (sweri-an, to declare). =Be-=, old form of _by_: betimes, bypath; in verbs: bedaub (daub all over), bewail (wail for), benumb (make numb). =For-=, intensifies the meaning, (thoroughly): forbear, forlorn, forswear, forbid (command against), forego. =Fore-=, _first_, _before_: foresight, forejudge. =Mis-=, _wrong_, _wrongly_: misdeed, miscall, mislead. =Un-=, _not_: unholy, unafraid. In verbs, it indicates the reverse of the simple verb: unbind, unfold, unmask. =With-=, _against_, (_from_): withstand, withers (of a horse), withhold. =Separable Prefixes.= =After=, _after_: aftergrowth, aftermath (= after the mowing), afterthought. =All= (old Eng. _al_), _all_: almost, alone. =Forth=, _forth_: forthcoming. =In= (French en), _in_: inborn, illusion, import, irruption; encase, enclose; entwine, embody, employ; enable = _to make_ able, embitter. =Off= or =of=, _off_, _from_: offal = what falls off, offspring. =On=, _against_, _towards_: onset, onslaught, onward. =Out= has a sense of direction or surpassing, (_beyond_): outcast, outpost, outrun, outshine; utter, utmost (_i.e._, outer, outmost). =Over=, _over_, _above_: overhead, overcoat, overturn, overspread, over-bold. =Through= = thorough: throughout, thoroughfare, thoroughbred, through-ticket. =Twi=, _two_, _double_: twice, twilight = double or doubtful light, twill, twin = double, twine, twist = two strands twisted. =Under=, _below_, _lower_: underhand, underlie, underneath, undertone. =Up=, _up_: upland, upshot, upbraid, uphold, uprise, upward. LATIN (AND FRENCH) PREFIXES. =A-=, =ab-=, (=ab-s-=), _away from_: avert, absent, ab-s-tract; Fr., avaunt. =Ad-=, (Fr. =a-=) (-d is often changed because of the influence of the following consonant), _to_: adapt, abbreviate, accord, affect, aggression, allude, annul, arrogate, attain; Fr., achieve, acquaint, amount. =Amb-= or =am-=, _around_, _round about_, (_both_): ambition (lit. _going about_, canvassing), ambiguous, ambidextrous, amputate (to cut around). =Ante-=, _before_: antedate, ante-room, anticipate; Fr., _an-_ in ancestor = antecessor. =Bis-= and =bi-=, _twice_, _two_: bias (= two-faced), biped, bisect, biscuit (= twice baked). =Circum-=, _around_: circumference, circuit, circulate, circumvent. =Cum-=, _with_, takes the forms com-, con-, col-, co-, cor-, under the influence of the letter following: compound, concord, collect, coöperate, correct, counsel. =Contra-=, _against_: contradict; Fr., controvert, counterfeit. =De-=, _down_, _from_: decline, deduct, decamp. It is negative in derange, deform, destroy; intensive in declare, deprave, despoil, desolate, desiccate. =Dis-=, =di-=, _asunder_, _separation_: disarm, diffuse, disown, divorce; Fr., _des-_, _de-_ in defer, defy, delay, descant. =Ex-=, =e-=, _out_, _out of_, _proceeding from_: exclude, exhale, ex-governor, extract, educe, elect, emanate, evade. =Extra-=, _beyond_: extraneous, extraordinary, extravagant. =In-=, _in_, _into_, _on_: infer, invade, invent. It also becomes il-, im-, ir-, before certain consonants, as illusion, improve, irrigate. =In-=, _not_: incapable, illiberal, impious, irrelevant, ignoble. =Inter-=, =intro-=, _among_, _between_, _within_: interfere, intervene, introspection. =Male-=, _bad_, _ill_, _wrong_: malcontent, malpractice, maltreat. =Mis-=, _ill_, _wrong_: misadventure, misalliance; Fr., mischief. =Non-=, _not_: nonage, nonentity, nonsense. =Ob-=, _toward_, _facing_, _against_: object, obstruct. It also becomes oc-, of-, op-: occur, offer, oppose. =Pene-=, _almost_: peninsula, penult. =Per-=, _through_, often intensive, _throughout_, _thoroughly_--and so _wrongly_: perspire, pervade; persist, perturb, pervert; pellucid, pilgrim (see _ager_). Fr. _par-_: pardon. =Post-=, _after_: postdate, posthumous, post-mortem, postscript. =Pre-=, _before_: precede, precursor, preëmpt, premature, premise, prevent. =Preter-=, _beyond_, _more than_: preterite (of past time), preternatural. =Pro-=, _before_, _for_, _forward_: proceed, proconsul, prologue, pronoun, provide; _por_-tend. Fr., _pur_: purchase, pursue. =Re-=, =red-=, _back_, _again_: rebel, recede, recover, redeem. =Retro-=, _backwards_: retroactive, retrograde, retrospect. =Se-=, =sed-=, _apart_: seclude, secrete, sed-i-tion (a going apart), segregate. =Sub-=, _under_, _from under_: subject, subtract. It also becomes suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, as in succor, suffer, suggest, supplant, suspend; subdivision (_i.e._, lower), summon (sub = slightly), surreptitious. =Super-=, _above_, _beyond_: superfine, supernatural, superposed; Fr., _sur-_, surname, surpass, surtout (= over all). =Trans-=, _across_: transcend, transient; tradition, traverse; Fr., _tres-_, trespass. =Ultra-=, _beyond_: ultramarine, ultra-radical, ultra-tropical. =Vice-=, _in place of_: vice-consul, vice-president, viceroy; vicar. GREEK PREFIXES. =A-=, =an-= (before vowels), _not_: a-nom-alous = ir-regular, an-archy, an-onym-ous, apathy, atheist; a-morph-ous = formless, an-aemia = bloodlessness, an-odyne = something that relieves pain. =Amphi-=, _on both sides_, _double_: amphibious, amphitheatre. =Ana-=, _up_, _back_, _anew_: anatomy, analysis, anagram, analogy, anathema. =Anti-=, _against_: antarctic, antidote, antipathy, antipodes, Antichrist, anticlimax. =Apo-=, _from_, _away from_, _off_: apology, apostle, apostrophe, aphelion, apogee (gē = earth), apostasy. =Arch-=, _chief_: archangel, archbishop, archfiend, archi-tect. =Auto-=, _self_: autocrat, autograph, automobile, autonomy, automatic, aut-opsy. =Cata-=, _down_, (_thoroughly_): cataract, catastrophe, catechise, catalogue, (a complete numbering). =Dia-=, _through_, (_between_): diagonal, diagram, dialogue, diapason, diaphragm. =Dis-=, =di-=, _twice_, _doubly_: dissyllable, di-phthong, dilemma. =Dys-=, _ill_, _bad_: dysentery, dyspepsia. =Ec-=, =ex-=, _out_, _out of_: ec-centric, ec-lipse, ec-stasy, exegesis, exodus, exorcise. =En-=, _in_: energy, emblem, emphasis, empiric, encomium, encyclic, endo-gen. =Epi-=, _upon_, _to_: epidemic, epigram, epistle, epitaph, ep-hemeral, ep-och. =Eu-=, _well_: eucharist, eulogy, euphemism, euphony, ev-angel = good news. =Exo-=, _outside_, _without_: exo-gen, exoteric, exotic. =Hemi-=, _half_: hemicycle, hemisphere, hemi-stich. =Hyper-=, _over_, _beyond measure_: hyperbole, hypercritical, hypertrophy. =Hypo-=, _under_: hypocrite, hypodermic, hypothesis, hyp-hen (= one). =Meta-=, _after_, _between_, (_changed for_): metaphor, metathesis, metamorphosis, metonymy, met-hod = after a way (hodos). =Para-=, _beside_, _near by_, _contrary to_: parable, paradox, parallel, parish, parody, par-helion. =Peri-=, _around_, _near_: period, perimeter, perigee (gē = earth), perihelion. =Pro-=, _before_, _for_: problem, prologue, prophet = interpreter. =Syn-=, _with_, _together_: synagogue, syntax, syl-lable, sym-pathy, sy-stem. WORD-BUILDING BY THE USE OF SUFFIXES. Suffixes, sometimes called _affixes_ or _postfixes_, are even more numerously employed in English than are prefixes, and, indeed, have a greater modifying power over the words to which they are attached. They consist of a letter or letters, syllable or syllables appended to the end of words or roots, and, like prefixes, are borrowed mainly from old English, Latin (French) and Greek. ENGLISH SUFFIXES. =Nouns.=--The most important are:-- =-ard=, =-art=, denoting habit, or possession of a quality in an excessive degree: braggart, coward, drunkard, laggard, reynard, sluggard, wizard. =-craft=, strength, skill, cunning: woodcraft, priestcraft, witchcraft. =-d=, =-t=, =-th=, suffixed to roots: flood (from the root of flow), seed (sow); drift (drive), drought (dry), flight (fly); death (die), birth (bear), sloth (slow), health (heal). =-dom=, authority, dominion, quality, condition: earldom, kingdom, christendom, Saxondom, wisdom, freedom, serfdom. =-en=, gives a diminutive meaning: chicken (little cock), kitten, maiden. =-er=, denotes agent: instrument; belonging to (of places): brazier, farmer, fuller, hater, leader, saw(y)er, writer; grater, heater; Londoner. =-hood=, (=-head=), condition, order, collection: brotherhood, childhood, Godhood, knighthood, manhood, priesthood, wifehood; Godhead. =-ing=, (participle) act of, result of act: farthing (fourth), dwelling, feeling, riding. It is collective in clothing, shipping. =-kin=, diminutive: bodkin, firkin, lambkin, mannikin. =-le= or =-l=, diminutive, means: bundle, handle, runnel, saddle (= little seat), satchel, sickle. =-ling=, diminutive, sometimes contemptuous: darling, duckling, firstling, gosling, hireling, nestling, seedling. =-lock=, state: wedlock. =-ness=, forms abstract nouns from adjectives, quality, state: goodness, holiness, weakness. =-ock=, diminutive: bullock, hillock, paddock (= a little park), Pollock (= little Paul). =-m=, or =-om=, forms nouns from verbs: bloom (from blow), gloom (glow), seam (sew), team (tow). =-red=, state, sometimes collective, quality: hatred, kindred; Mildred (mild in counsel), Ethelred (noble in counsel). =-ric=, office, dominion: bishopric. =-ship=, state, office: clerkship, fellowship, horsemanship, lordship, stewardship, worship (= worthship). =-stead=, place: bedstead, homestead, instead. =-ster= denotes an agent, (originally a woman), a person who does something with skill or as an occupation: spinster, chorister, huckster, maltster, songster, tapster, roadster; baxster (bake-ster), brewster, webster (the woman who weaves). It is depreciative in: gamester, punster, oldster, trickster, youngster. =-th=, =-t=, state, quality, act, number in order: dearth, filth, mirth, wealth, worth, theft, tenth. =-ther=, =-der=, or =-ter= denotes an agent: father, mother, brother, sister; bladder (blow), rudder (row), laughter, water (wet), winter (wind). =-wright=, work or workman: millwright, playwright, shipwright, wheelwright. =-ward=, keeper: hayward, steward (= sty-keeper), woodward. =-y=, =-ie=, diminutive: baby, lassie, Tommy, Willie. =Adjectives.=--Some of the more important are:-- =-ed=, =-d=, the past participle ending, possession: honored, landed (possessing lands), talented. =-en=, participial ending, also denotes material: drunken, given, hewn (= hewen), molten, river; flaxen, golden, silken, silvern, oaken, wooden; heathen (= belonging to the country). =-erly=, =-ern=, direction, section: southerly, eastern. =-fast=, firm: rootfast, shamefaced (= shamefast), steadfast. =-fold=, times: fourfold, manifold. =-ful=, full: artful, hopeful, needful, sinful. =-ish=, similarity, pertaining or belonging to, somewhat: boyish, brutish, foolish, slavish, English, French, Irish, Scottish, Scotch, Welsh; blackish, whitish. =-le=, weakens the root: brittle, fickle, little. =-less=, without: bloodless, childless, fadeless, toothless. =-like=, =-ly=, like: childlike, Godlike, ghastly (= ghostly), womanly. =-ow=, modern form of old Eng. _-u_: callow, fallow, narrow, yellow. =-right=, straight (= direct): downright, forthright, upright. =-some=, like, full: blithesome (showing gladness), burdensome, gamesome, gladsome, irksome, winsome (wyn = joy). =-teen=, ten: thirteen, etc. =-ty=, tens: thirty, etc. =-ward=, course, direction: awkward (awk = Icelandic afug, back foremost), cityward(s), landward, westward. =-wise=, way, manner: lengthwise, likewise, nowise. The word _ways_ is often substituted: endways, sideways. =-y=, =-ey=, like, of the nature of, covered with: bloody, crafty, dusty, mighty, stormy, tricky. VERB AND ADVERB SUFFIXES are much fewer and less important than those used to form nouns and adjectives. The following may be noted:-- =Verbs.=-- =-en=, is causative, make: cheapen, deepen, gladden, quicken. =-er=, denotes frequency, (energy): chatter, linger, spatter (spot), splutter, sputter (spout), waver, whimper (whine). =-le=, also denotes frequency, sometimes energy: handle, jingle (chink), joggle, shuffle (shove), sparkle, startle, tickle, tipple, whittle. =Adverbs.=--Certain suffixes occur which have already been given, as:-- =-ly=, manner: awkwardly, falsely, nobly. =-wise=, manner: crosswise, otherwise. =-ward=, direction: hitherward. LATIN (AND FRENCH) SUFFIXES. LATIN SUFFIXES, alike numerous and important, have in perhaps the majority of cases taken on a French form. For although, prior to the Norman Conquest, English had been but slightly influenced from foreign sources, yet Norman French, the language of the Conquerors, survived long enough to produce an impression on the language of England. =Noun Suffixes.=--The most important of these are:-- =-acy=, =-cy=, rank, office, state: abbacy, bankruptcy, captaincy, magistracy, papacy, tenancy. =-ade=, state, place of or for: blockade, collonade, promenade, serenade. =-age=, makes an abstract or collective noun, act, state: beverage, bondage, courage, homage, marriage, tonnage, vintage, cordage, hermitage, plumage, village. =-al=, pertaining to, possessing, act of: animal (anima = breath of life), canal, cardinal, hospital, withdrawal. =-an=, belonging to: American, artisan, Christian, librarian, pagan, publican, chaplain, captain. =-ance=, =-ence=, } form abstract nouns, the act of: abundance, diligence, =-ancy=, =-ency=, } repentance, consistence, pliancy, clemency. =-and=, =-end=, that which is to be: memorand-um, -a, agend-a, multiplicand; dividend, legend, minuend, subtrahend. =-ant=, =-ent= (participle), one who (does): assistant, combatant, lieutenant, litigant, agent, client, patient, regent. =-ar=, one who (is or does): scholar, vicar. =-ary=, place for: apiary, granary, library, seminary. It also designates a trade, profession, business: actuary, commissary, lapidary, notary, secretary; incendiary, voluptuary. =-ate=, agent, state, office: advocate, consulate, curate, legate, postulate, protectorate, pontificate. =-ce=, =-ice=, form abstract nouns: benefice, device, justice, palace, service. =-cle=, =-cel=, diminutive: corpuscle, parcel. =-ee=, (Fr. form of =-ate=), person to whom: assignee, employee, grantee, legatee, trustee, vendee. =-el=, =-le=, form diminutives: chapel, libel, buckle, castle. =-er=, =-eer=, =-ier=, one who (does): mariner, auctioneer, pioneer, brigadier. =-er=, place: larder, saucer. =-ern=, place: cavern, cistern, tavern. =-ery=, =-ry=, place: cemetery, foundry, laundry, nunnery, surgery. =-ery=, =-ry=, condition, quality, collection, production: slavery, bravery, treachery, finery, peasantry, carpentry, poetry. =-ess=, feminine agent: empress, governess, sorceress. =-et=, =-let=, diminutive: coronet, floweret, lancet, puppet, ticket, bracelet, chaplet, eaglet; etiquette (= a little ticket). =-icle=, diminutive: article, icicle, particle. =-ion=, =-sion=, =-tion=, action, process, state, result: action, legislation, mansion, opinion, position, rebellion. =-ive=, who or that which (does or is): fugitive, native, representative. =-men=, =-me=, =-ment=, denoting result accomplished, instrument, state; regimen, regime, amendment, document, ornament, banishment. =-mony=, quality, state, act: acrimony, matrimony, sanctimony, testimony, ceremony. =-on=, =-one=, denotes greatness: clarion, flagon, million, trombone. It appears as _-oon_ in balloon, dragoon, saloon. =-or=, agent, quality, act: emperor, governor, ardour, behaviour, savor, clamour. =-sel=, diminutive: damsel (= little dame), morsel. =-t=, =-ot=, agent, having passion for: prophet, patriot, zealot. =-ter=, person who: master, minister. =-tor=, =-trix=, agent: actor, competitor, pastor, executrix, testatrix. =-tude=, condition, quality: altitude, fortitude, servitude, multitude. =-ty=, quality, state of: charity, docility, frailty, poverty, vanity. =-ule=, =-cule=, diminutive: globule, spherule, animalcule, molecule. =-ure=, =-ture=, act of, thing done: capture, departure, architecture, manufacture, creature. =-y=, condition, collection: victory, company, family, society. =Adjective Suffixes.=--The Latin (and French) suffixes are used extensively to form adjectives. The following may be noted:-- =-able=, able, capable of: amiable, arable, capable, considerable, friable (= easily crumbled), lovable, portable. =-aceous=, containing, like: argillaceous (clayey), crustaceous (with crust-like shell), farinaceous (_far_, corn), herbaceous. =-al=, pertaining to: ancestral, bestial, communal, final, legal, tidal, vernal. =-an=, pertaining to, belonging to: Arabian, civilian, human, partisan, sylvan. =-ant=, =-ent=, (be)-ing, (do)-ing: abundant, cognizant, defiant, errant, observant, mordant, verdant, adjacent, consistent, convalescent, crescent, diffident, effervescent. =-ar=, like, belonging to: angular, circular, lunar, secular. =-ary=, pertaining to: binary (double), capillary, honorary, military, sanitary, tributary, visionary. =-ate=, having the quality expressed by the root: delicate, deliberate, fortunate, intricate, obdurate. =-atic=, pertaining to: aquatic, fanatic (_fānum_, temple), lunatic. =-esque=, like, partaking of: arabesque, burlesque, grotesque, picturesque. =-ible=, able: credible, divisible, edible, flexible, frangible, tangible, visible. =-ic=, pertaining to, like: domestic, gigantic, hectic, lyric, metallic, poetic. =-ical= (-ic + al), pertaining to: angelical, chemical, nautical, theatrical. =-id=, quality: acid, candid, limpid, morbid, sordid. =-il=, pertaining to: civil. =-ile=, like =-able=, =-ible=: docile, ductile, fragile, mobile, prehensile, versatile. =-ile=, like =-il=: hostile, infantile, juvenile, mercantile, senile. =-ine=, pertaining to, partaking of: adamantine, alkaline, aquiline, canine, clandestine, divine, feline, saline. =-ive=, inclined to, tending to: abusive, cohesive, corrective, determinative, fugitive, plaintive, relative, seductive. =-ite=, like =-ate=: definite, exquisite, favourite. =-lent=, full of, having (to excess): corpulent, fraudulent, opulent, truculent, violent (vi-s = force). =-ory=, inclined to, pertaining to: amatory, accessory, advisory, illusory, prohibitory, sensory, valedictory. =-ose=, containing, abounding in (often to excess): bellicose, comatose, globose, grandiose, jocose, verbose. =-ous=, like =-ose=: ambitious, arduous, assiduous, bulbous, furious, piteous, poisonous, omnivorous, riotous. =-und=, inclined to, possessing: jocund, moribund, rotund, rubicund. =Verb Suffixes.=--These are few:-- =-ate=, originally past participle suffix, as _am-āt-us_, loved: celebrate, donate, eradicate, perforate, vaccinate. =-fy=, make: beautify, fructify, modify, notify, revivify. =-ish=, make, do: admonish, cherish, establish, finish, relish. GREEK SUFFIXES. Although not numerous, Greek suffixes are important in English word-making. They are used principally in making nouns. =Nouns=:-- =-asm=, quality, that which: enthusiasm, sarcasm (= flesh-tearing). =-ast=, one who (does): elegiast, enthusiast, gymnast, symposiast. =-ic= (=-ics=), an art, science: logic, music, phthisic (asthma), physic (science of medicine), ethics, physics, politics, statics, tactics. =-isk=, diminutive: asterisk (= little star), obelisk (little spit or pillar). =-ism=, act of, result, state, doctrine: atheism, baptism, criticism, euphemism, socialism, schism, syllogism, Anglicanism, stoicism. =-ist=, denotes practice, occupation: apologist, chemist, copyist, elegist, eulogist, Hebraist, organist. =-ma=, =-m=, result produced: asthma, diorama, dogma, drama, apothegm, theorem. =-sis=, act of, result: analysis, emphasis, genesis, periphrasis, synthesis. =-sy=, like =-sis=: apostasy, epilepsy, hypocrisy, idiosyncrasy, palsy (= paraly-sis), poesy. =-t=, =-te=, one who (does or is): apostate, comet (= long-haired), planet (= wanderer), poet (= maker). =-ter=, (=-tre=), place of, instrument: center, meter, philter (love-potion), theatre (_theā-_, see). =-y=, denotes quality, state, science: autonomy, botany, geography, geometry, logomachy, melancholy, monarchy, philosophy, theology, theory. =Adjectives=:-- =-ac=, pertaining to: cardiac, elegiac, hypochondriac, Syriac. =-ic=, belonging to, like; aromatic, athletic, authentic, despotic, frantic, Hebraic, hypnotic, idiotic, monarchic, polytechnic, theoretic. =Verbs=:-- =-ize= (=-ise=), do, make or cause to be: baptize, criticise, dogmatize, Hellenize, ostracize, proselytize, theorize. It is often attached to stems not derived from Greek: anglicize, authorize, Judaize, botanize, fertilize, naturalize, pulverize, scrutinize, terrorize. ENGLISH ROOT-WORDS AND DERIVATIVES. The native force of English was such that it came to be a highly developed language, possessing a copious vocabulary and a rich literature in prose and verse. Indeed, the English quite surpassed their Norman conquerors in learning and literary culture. It is this English that lies at the foundation of the English of to-day, and some attention may well be given to old English root-words. =Āc=, an _oak_, gives us oak, acorn, Acton. =Bac-an=, to _bake_: baker, baxter (female baker), batch. =Ban-a=, a _slayer_: bane, baneful, henbane. =Bēat-an=, to _stroke_: beat, bat, battle, beetle, batter. =Beorg-an=, to _shelter_: bury, burrow, burgh, harbour, harbinger. =Bēr-an=, to _bear_: bear, birth, bairn, breed, brood, bier, barrow, brother, bird. =Bēt-an=, to _make good_: better, best, boot (to boot). =Bind-an=, to _bind_: band, bond, bondage, bundle. =Bit=, to _bite_: bit, beetle, bait, bitter. =Blāw-an=, to _puff_: bladder, blain, blast, blister, blot, bloat. =Blōw-an=, to _blossom_: blow, bloom, blossom, blade. =Brec-an=, to _break_: break, breakers, brake, bracken, breach. =Brēow-an=, brew, brewer, broth, bread. =Būg-an=, to _bend_: bow, elbow, bough, bight. =Byrn-an=, to _burn_: burn, brown, brimstone, brand, brandy, brindled. =Catt=, a _cat_: catkin, kitten, caterpillar, caterwaul. =Cēapi-an=, to _buy_: cheap, cheapen, chap, chaffer, Chapman. =Cen-an=, to _produce_: kin, kindred, kind, kindle. =Cēow-an=, to _chew_: chew, cheek, cud. =Clēow-an=, to _split_: cleave, cleaver, cleft, clover (split grass). =Clifi-an=, to _stick to_: clip, cleave (together). =Cnāw-an=, to _know_: ken, know, knowledge. =Cnot-ta=, a _knot_: knot, knit, net. =Cunn-an=, to _know_, _be able_: can, con, cunning, uncouth. =Cweth-an=, to _say_: quoth, bequeath, bequest. =Cwic=, _alive_: quick, quicken, quickset, quicksilver. =Dæ-an=, to _divide_: deal, dole, dale, dell. =Dēm-an=, to _judge_: deem, doom, doomsday, king-dom. =Dēor=, _dear_, dearth, darling, endear. =Dōn=, to _act_: do, don, doff, deed. =Drag-an=, to _draw_: drag, draw, dray, draft, drain, dredge, draggle, drawl. =Drīf-an=, to _push_: drive, drove, drift, adrift. =Drinc-an=, to _soak_: drink, drench. =Drīp-an=, to _drip_: drip, drop, droop, dribble, driblet. =Dryge=, _dry_: dry, drought, drugs (dried plants). =Far-an=, to _go_: far, fare, welfare, ferry, ford. =Fēower=, _four_: farthing, firkin, fourteen, fortnight, forty. =Flēog-an=, to _flee_: fly, flight, flea, fledged. =Flēot-an=, to _float_: float, fleet, afloat, flotsam. =Fōd-a=, _food_, _feed_: food, fodder, foster, father, forage. =Fōn=, [P.P. gefangen], to _catch_: fang, finger, new fangled. =Frēon=, to _love_: friend, friendship. =Gal-an=, to _sing_: gale, yell, nightingale. =Gang-an=, to _go_: gang, gangway, ago. =Gnag-an=, to _bite_: gnaw, gnat, nag (to tease). =Graf-an=, to _dig_, _cut_: grave, engrave, graft, groove, carve. =Grīp-an=, to _seize_: grip, gripe, grasp, grab, grope. =Gyrd-an=, to _surround_: gird, girdle, garden, yard, vineyard. =Hæl-an=, to _heal_: hale, holy, hallow, health, hail, whole, wholesome, wassail. =Hebb-an=, to _raise_: heave, heaven, heavy, (heave-offering). =Hlāf=, _bread_, _loaf_: loaf, lord (hlāford, loaf-keeper), lady (hlœfdīge = loaf-kneader). =Licg-an=, to _lie_: lie, lay, layer, lair, outlay. =Loda=, _guide_: lead, lodestar, lodestone. =Māg-an=, to _be able_: may, main, might, mighty. =Māw-an=, to _cut_: mow, math, aftermath, mead, meadow (mown spot). =Mōn-a=, _moon_: month, moon, (moonshiner). =Nasu=, _nose_: nose, nasal, nostril, nozzle. =Penn-an=, to _shut up_: pen, pin, pound, impound. =Pīc=, _point_: pike, peak, picket, pike (a fish), peck, pecker. =Rēaf=, _clothing_, _spoil_: rob, robber, reave, bereave, reever, robe. =Scēap-an=, to _form_: shape, ship, scape (landscape). =Scēot-an=, to _throw_: shoot, shot, shut, sheet, shutter, shuttle, scud. =Scer-an=, to _cut_: shear, share, shire, scar, scare, score, sharp, short, shirt, skirt, shred, scrip, scrap. =Scuf-an=, to _push_: shove, shovel, shuffle, scruffle, sheaf, scoop. =Sitt-an=, to _sit_: sit, set, seat, settle. =Slē-an=, to _strike_: slay, slaughter, slog, sledge. =Slīp-an=, to _slip_: slop, slipper, sleeve. =Snīc-an=, to _crawl_: sneak, snake, snail. =Stede=, _place_: stead, instead, homestead, steady, steadfast. =Stici-an=, to _stick_: stick, stitch, stake, stock, stockade, stock-still. =Stīg-an=, to _climb_: stair, stile, stirrup, sty. =Styr-an=, to _direct_: steer, stern, steerage. =Sweri-an=, to _declare_: swear, answer (and-, _against_), forswear. =Tæc-an=, to _teach_: teach, teacher, token, taught. =Tell-an=, to _account_: tell, tale, talk, toll, teller. =Tēon=, to _draw_: tow, tug. =Thæc=, _roof_: thatch, deck. =Tred-an=, to _walk_: tread, treadle, trade, tradesman. =Trūwa=, _good faith_: true, truth, troth, betroth. =Twā=, _two_: twain, twelve, twenty, twig, twine, twist. =Wana=, _lacking_: wan, wane, want, wanton. =Wef-an=, to _weave_: weaver, web, woof. =Warū=, _defense_: war, wary, aware, ward, guard, guardian. =Wit-an=, to _know_: wit, wise, wisdom, wistful, witness. =Wraest-an=, to _wrest_: wrest, wrestle, wrist. LATIN WORDS AND DERIVATIVES. English and the French of the Norman conquerors continued to live side by side for about two centuries, neither materially affecting the other. About 1300 an extensive borrowing of literary (Parisian) French words began, and during the next two hundred years the majority of the thousands of French words we now use were taken over into English. Latin words began to be used in England while yet there was no English language; many came in with the introduction of Christianity. This borrowing has gone on steadily ever since. As has just been said, English borrowed extensively from literary French. Now, as French is only Latin in a corrupt form, it is often impossible to determine whether a particular word was taken directly from Latin or French. It is estimated that one-fourth of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin. The Latin stem or stems have been indicated, as, acr-, _acrid_; audīt-, _auditor_. The letters (Fr.) occurring after a word indicate that the Latin stem has been modified in passing through the French into the English language. =Ac-=, _sharp_--=āc-er= (acr-) _sharp_; =ăc-us=, _needle_, =ac-uo=, _I sharpen_: acid, acerbity, acrid, acrimony, acute, acu-men, eager (Fr. _aigre_, sharp, sour), vin-egar (Fr. _vin_, wine, + _aigre_), acetic. =aed-es=, _a building_; =aedi-fic-āre= (see _facio_), _to build_ (_up_): edi-fice, edi-fy. =aes=, _money_--=aes-tim-are= _to value_: estim-ate, in-estim-able, esteem, aim (Fr.). =ăger= (agr-), _field_, _country_; =per-agr-are=, _to travel through_: agr-arian, per-egr-inate, pil-gr-im (Ital. pellegrino = peragr-), agri-culture (see _colo_). =ăg-o= (=ag-ito=), _I drive_, _perform_; =act-us=, _performed_: ag-ent, co-g-ent, agitate, act-ion, actor, act-ive, ag-ile, ex-act, transact, amb-ig-uous. =ali-us=, _other_; =al-ter=, _the other_: ali-en, alienate, inalienable, ali-as, ali-bi (= else-where); alter, alternate, altercation, sub-alter-n. =ăl-tus=, _high_: alt-ar, altitude, ex-alt, ali-ment, ali-mony, alto (Ital.). =ăm-o= (amāt-), _I love_; =amī-cus=, _friend_: am-ity, amor-ous, amatory, amour, amic-able, ami-able, in-imic-al, en-emy and enamoured (Fr.). =anim-a=, _air_, _breath of life_; =anim-us=, _mind_: anim-al, anim-ate, anim-osity, anim-advert (see _verto_), un-anim-ous, equ-anim-ity (_aequus_), animalcule. =ann-us=, _year_: ann-als, ann-uity, anni-versary (_verto_), annual, per-enn-ial. =antiqu-us= (=anticus=), _ancient_: antique, antiquary, antiquity, antic. =apt-us=, _fitted_, _suitable_; =in-ept-us=, _senseless_: apt, aptitude, ad-apt, in-ept. =aqua=, _water_: aqu-atic, aqueous, aquarium, aque-duct (_duco_). =arbiter=, (arbitr-), _umpire_: arbiter, arbitrate, arbitra-ment, arbitrary. =ar-=, _join_--=ar-ma=, _fittings_, _arms_; =ar-tus=, _joint_: arm, armour, army, armament, article, articulate; armada and armadillo (Span.), armi-stice (_sto_). =ar-s= (same root as above), _skill_: art, artisan, artist, artifice (_fac-_), in-ert. =audi-o= (audīt-), _hear_; =aur-is=, _ear_; =ob-oedi-o=, (_hearken to_), _obey_: audience, ob-edi-ence, audit, auditor, audit-orium, audible, aur-al, aur-icle, aurist. =Bell-um=, old form duellum, _war_: bellicose, belli-ger-ent, re-bel, revel (Fr.). =bĕnĕ=, _well_, =bŏnus=, _good_: bene-dic-tion, beni-son; bene-factor, bene-ficent, benefit (_facio_); bene-vol-ent (_vŏlo_); beni-gn, boon and bounty (Fr.). =bis=, =bi=, _twice_; =bini=, _two by two_: bi-cycle, bi-ennial, bi-sect, bi-weekly, bis-cuit (_twice baked_), bin-ary, combine. =brev-is=, _short_: brevity, brief (Fr.), breviary, ab-breviate. =Caballus=, _a nag_: through Fr., caval-ier, cheval-ier, cavalry, chivalry. =căd-o= (cĭd-), _I fall_; =căs-us=, _a fall_: cad-ence, c(h)a-nce, de-cad-ence, de-cay, de-cid-uous, in-cident, cas-e, casu-al, cas-cade. =caed-o= (caes-), _I cut_; =in-cīd-o=, (in-cīs-) _I cut in_: de-cide, incisive, precise. =camp-us=, _plain_, _field_: encamp, campaign, champion and champaign (Fr.). =cand-=, _be white_, _glow_--=cand-idus=, _white_; =in-cend-o= (cens-), _kindle_: candor, candid, candidate, candle, in-candescent, incend-iary, incense. =can-o= (cant-), =cant-o= (cantāt-), _I sing_: can-orous, cant-icle, canto, cant. =căp-io=, (capt-), =ac-cip-io= (cept-), _take_, _receive_: capacity, capt-ive, caption, captious, re-cip-ient, de-ceive and re-ceipt (Fr.), re-cipe, ac-cept, precept, cap-able, sus-cept-ible, cape. =căpŭt= (căpĭt-), _head_: cape (headland), capital, capitol, capit-ulate, captain, chapter (Fr. _chapitre_), catt-le and chattel (Fr.); pre-cipit-ate. =căro= (carn-) _flesh_: carnal, in-carn-ate, carnat-ion; through Fr. and Ital. =car-us=, _dear_; =cāritas=, _dearness_, _love_: charity, cherish (Fr. _cher_ = _cār-_). =cast-us=, _pure_; =castīgo= (castigāt-), _punish_: castigate, chaste. =caus-a=, _cause_; -cūs- in verbs: cause, causal, causation, ac-cuse, accusation. =cav-us=, _hollow_: cave, cavern, cavity, con-cave, cage and cajolery (Fr.). =ced-o= (cess-), _go_, _yield_, _leave off_: cede, accede, cease, cessation, proceed. =cens-eo=, _I assess_, _judge_: census, censor, censure. =cent-um= _hundred_: cent, century, centurion, centenary, centi-grade. =cern-o= (crēt-), _I distinguish_, _decide_; =cert-us=, _fixed_: dis-cern, dis-cri-minate, discreet, con-cern, decree, se-crete, secret-ary, certain, certi-ficate. =circ-um=, _around_; =circ-us=, _circle_: circle, circular, circuit (_ĭ-_), circum-spect. =cīvi-s=, _citizen_; =cīvi-tas=, _state_, _city_: civic, civilize, civilian, city and citadel. =clam-o=, (clamāt-), _I cry out_: claim, exclaim, declamation. =claud-o=, (claus-), _I shut_; in compounds, -clūdo (clūs-): clause, close, ex-clude. =clīv-us=, _slope_; =in-clīno= (clīnāt-), _bend_: de-clivity, in-clination, declension. =colo=, (cult-), _I till_, _revere_; =colon-us=, _farmer_: colony, cult, culture. =cōmmodus=, _convenient_: commodity, incommode, accommodate. =cōpia=, _plenty_: copious, copy, cornucopia. =cŏr= (cord-), _heart_: cord-ial, con-cord, dis-cord, record, core, cour-age (Fr.). =cŏrōn-a=, _garland_, _crown_; =corolla= (lit. _little crown_) _chaplet_: crown, coronal, coronet, coronation, coroner, corolla, corollated, corollary. =corpus= (corpŏr-), _body_: corps, corpse, corporal, corporate, corpus-cle. =crēd-o= (crēdit-), _I trust_, _believe_: credential, credit, ac-credit, creed, credible, incredulous, recreant (Fr.). =crĕ-o= (creāt-), _produce_, =crēsc-o= (crēt-), _grow_, creator, cresc-ent. =crĕm-o= (crĕmāt-), _I burn_: cremate, cremationist, crematory. =crux= (crŭc-), _cross_: crucial, crucify, excruciating, crusade (Span.), cross, cruise. =cŭp-id-us=, _desiring_: cupidity, covet (Fr.), covetousness. =cūra=, _care_; =cūr-o= (cūrāt-) _care for_: cur-ious, cure, curate, curacy, curé (Fr.), accurate, procure, se-cure = sure (Fr.), (sē = _without_). =curr-o= (curs-), _I run_: cur-rent, cursive, in-cur, suc-cor; course. =Damnum=, _loss_; =damn-o= (damnāt-), _condemn_: damn, condemnation, indemnity, dam-age (Fr.). =dēbe-o= (dēbit-), _I owe_: debit, debt (Fr.), debenture. =decem=, _ten_: December (orig. the _tenth_ month), decim-al, decennial. =dĕc-et=, _it is becoming_; =dĕc-us= (dĕcŏr-), _ornament_: dec-ent, decor-um. =dens= (dent-), _tooth_: dental, dentist, dentition, in-dent, tri-dent. =dĕ-us=, _God_: deity, de-ist, deify, deiform. =dīc-o= (dĭct-), _say_; =dĭc-o= (dĭcāt-), _proclaim_: dictum, diction, diction-ary, dictate, indict, verdict (_vērus_), ab-dicate, predicate. =dĭ-es=, _day_: dial, diary, diurnal = journal (Fr.), ad-journ (Fr.), meri-dian. =dign-us=, _worthy_; =dign-itas=, _worth_: dignity, dainty (Fr.), dignify, in-dign-ant, condign, deign and dis-dain (Fr.). =disc-o=, _I learn_; =dŏce-o= (doct-) _I teach_: disciple, docile, doctor, doct-rine. =do= (dăt-), =dōn-o= (dōnāt-), _I give_, _present_: data, date, dative, donor, donate, add (= _ad_ + _do_), render (Fr.; _re-_, back), dotal, dowry (Fr.), dowager. =dŏl-eo=, _I grieve_; =dŏl-or=, _grief_, _pain_: dole (= grief), doleful, dolor, dolorous, condole, in-dolent. =dŏm-o= (dŏmĭt-) _I subdue_; =dŏmin-us=, _lord_, _master_: in-domitable, dominant. =dŏm-us=, _house_: domestic, domicile. =dormi-o= (dormīt-), _I sleep_: dormitory, dormant and dormer (Fr.). =duc-= _lead_--=duc-o= (dŭct-); =ēdŭc-o= (educāt-), _I rear_; =dux= (dŭc-), _leader_: re-duce, ductile, conduct, conduit (Fr.), deduction, traduce, education. =duo=, _two_: dual, duel (see _bellum_), double (Fr.; _duplus_), doublet, duplex. =Ĕm-o= (empt-), _I buy_; =ex-emp-lum=, _example_: pre-empt, ex-emption, exemplify, per-emptory, sample (Fr.), redeem, ransom (Fr.; _red-imo_). =ĕs-se=, _to be_; =ab-s-ens= (absent-), _being away_; =fŭtūrus= _about to be_: ess-ence (lit., _being_, _existence_), present, ent-ity, futurity, inter-est. =Făber= (făbr-), _workman_; =fabric-a=, _workshop_: fabric, fabricate, forge (Fr.). =făci-es=, _form_, _face_: facial, efface, super-ficies = sur-face (Fr.), façade (Fr.). =făci-o=, (fact-), _I make_; =ef-fĭci-o= (effect-); =făcil-is=, easy: fact, fact-ion, fashion (Fr.), factor, pro-fici-ent, affect, defection, suffice, feat (Fr.), feature, facile, feasible (Fr.), faculty, artificer. =fall-o=, (fals-), _I deceive_: fallacy, infallible, false, fail and fault (Fr.). =fānum=, _temple_; =fēstus=, _festal_: fane, fanatic, pro-fane, festive. =fā-=, _speak_--=fāri= (fāt-, fān-), _to speak_; =fā-bula=, _tale_; =fā-ma=, _a report_: in-fant, infantry, pre-face, fate, fatality, fable, affable, fabulous, infamous. =fē-=, _produce_--=fēmina=, _a woman_; =fēlix=, _happy_: feminine, female, felicity. =fend-=, _strike_, _fend_--occurs in compound verbs, _e.g._, =de-fend-o=, (-fens-), _ward off_: defend, offend, offence, fence, in-fes-t. =fĕr-o=, (lāt-), _I bear_; =fertilis=, _productive_: fertile, in-fer, differ, elated. =fĭd-es=, _faith_; =fĭdēlis=, =fid-us=, _trusty_; =foed-us= (foeder-), _treaty_: fidelity, infidel, diffident, feder-al, defy, af-fi-ance, fi-ancé, faith, fealty. =fīlius=, _son_, (=fīlia= _daughter_): filial, affiliate, Fitz- (Fitzedward) (Fr.). =fing-o=, (fĭct-, fĭg-), _I fashion_, _make up_: figment, figure, fictile, fiction, effigy; through Fr., feign, feint, faint. =fīnis=, _end_; =fīni-o= (fīnīt-), _I end_: fine, con-fine, final, finable, finical, affinity, infinitude; through Fr., finance, finish, finesse. =firm-us=, _steadfast_; =firm-o= (firmat-), _I strengthen_, _strength_: firm, confirmation, affirmative, firmament (lit. _support_), farm (through Ang. Sax.). =flagr-o= (flagrāt), _I burn_; =flam-ma=, _flame_: flagrant, inflame, flambeau (Fr.). =flect-o= (flex-), _I bend_: in-flect, flex, flex-ible, flexor, flexion, flexure. =flōs= (flōr-), _flower_; =floresc-ĕre=, _to blossom_: flora, florid, florist, florescent. =flu-o= (flux-), _flow_; =fluct-us= _a wave_: flu-ent, fluid, influence, flux, fluctuate. =fŏli-um=, _leaf_; =fŏliāt-us= _leaved_: foliage, folio, foil (Fr.), trefoil, portfolio. =fōns= (font-), _a spring_: font, fount, fountain (Fr.), fontal. =fōrm-a=, _shape_; =form-o (formāt-)=, _I shape_: form, formal, formula, perform. =forti-s=, _steadfast_, _brave_: forti-tude, fortify; through Fr., comfort, effort, force, forte, fort, fortress. =frag-=, =frang-o= (fract-), _I break_: fragile, fragment, fracture, in-fringe. =frāter=, _brother_: fraternal, fraternity, fratricide (_caedo_), friar (Fr.). =frīgidus=, _be cold_; =frīger-are=, _make cold_: frigidity, refrigerate, refrigerant. =frons= (front-), _forehead_: front, frontal, affront, effrontery and frontier. =frūg-=, =fru-i= (fruct-), _to enjoy_; =frūg-es=, =fructus=, _fruit_; =frugi=, _useful_: fructify, frugi-ferous, frugi-vorous, fruit, fruition, frugal. =fŭgi-o= (fŭgit-), _I flee_: fugitive, refuge, subterfuge, febrifuge (_febris_, fever). =fulge-o= (fuls-), _shine_; =fulmen=, _lightning_: refulgent, fulminate. =fŭnd-o= (fūs-), _I pour_; =fū-tilis=, _vain_: re-fund (= pay back), fusible, refuse, confuse, effusion, confound and foundry (Fr.), fount (of type), futile. =fund-us=, _bottom_; =fund-āre= (fundāt-), _to found_: fundament = foundation (Fr.), pro-fundity; Fr., profound, (to) found, (to) founder, fund, refund. =fung-i= (funct-), _perform_: de-funct, function (Fr.) perfunctory. =Gĕl-=, =gelid-us=, _icy cold_; =gĕl-āre= (gelāt-), _to congeal_, =glacies=, _ice_: gelid, gelatine, glacier, glacial, jelly (Fr.). =gĕn-= (_birth_)--=gĕn-us= (gĕnĕr-), (_birth_), _race_; =gen-s= (gent-), _nation_; =gigno= (genit-), _give birth_: general, generate, congener, gentle, gentile, congenital, ingenious, genius, gender (Fr.), ingenuous. =gĕr-o= (gĕst-), _bear_: belli-gerent, gesture, di-gest, register and jest (Fr.). =grăd-i= (gressus), _to walk_, _go_; =grăd-us=, _a step_: gradi-ent, gradation, e-gress, gradual, degrade, aggressive, degree (Fr.). =grandis=, _great_: grand, grandee (Span.), grandeur (Fr.), grandiose. =gran-um=, _a grain_: granule, granary, granite, ingrain, garner and grange. =grātus=, _acceptable_; =grātia=, _favour_; =grātiae=, _thanks_; =gratul-āri=, _to congratulate_: gratitude, grateful, gratify, ingratiate, grace ("say grace" = _ăgĕre grātiās_), gracious, gratis, gratuitous, gratulation, agree (Fr.). =grăvis=, _heavy_: gravity, grave (= serious; Fr.), aggravate, grief. =grĕx= (grĕg-), _a flock_: gregarious, e-greg-ious, aggregation. =Hăbe-o= (hăbit-), _I have_; in compounds -hibeo, =prohibeo=, _prevent_; =habilis=, _suitable_: habit, habitude, exhibit, prohibitive, able (Fr.). =haere-o= (haes-), _I stick_: ad-here, in-her-ent, hesit-ate. =hēres= (hērēd-), _heir_: hered-ity, heir (Fr.), co-heir, in-her-it (Fr.), heir-loom. =hŏmo= (hŏmĭn-), _man_; =humān-us=, _human_; =humus=, _ground_; =humil-is=, _lowly_: homi-cide, inhumanity, ex-hume, humility, humble and homage (Fr.). =hŏspes= (hŏspĭt-), _host_, also _guest_; =hŏspĭti-um=, _inn_; =hŏstis=, _enemy_: hospital (= hostel, hotel, Fr.; hence) hostelry, hostler; host (army), hostile. =Idem=, _same_; =item=, _likewise_; =ĭ-terum=, _a second time_; =iterāre=, _to repeat_: identity, identify, item, itemize, iterate, reiteration. =impero= (imperāt-), _I command_; =imperium=, _rule_: imperative, empire (Fr.). =insŭla=, _island_: insular, pen-insula, insulate = isolate (Fr.), isle (Fr.). =in-teg-er=, _whole_ (= in-tac-t; from _tag-_, see _tango_): integer, entire (Fr.). =intellego= (intellect-), _I understand_: intelligent, intellect, intellectualism. =īra=, _anger_, =irāsc-i=, _to be angry_: irate, iracund, irascible, ire (Fr.) =ĭ-=, _go_--This root is found in =ĕo= (ĭt-), _I go_; =ī-tio=, =ĭ-tus=, _a going_; =iter= (ĭtĭner-), _a going_, _march_; =ĭn-ĭ-tium=, _a beginning_: amb-ĭ-ent, amb-ĭ-tion, se(d)-ĭ-tion (sē = _apart_), adit, exit, circuit, itinerant, initial. =Jac-=, _throw_--=jăcĭo= (ject- in compounds), _I throw_; =jăct-ūra=, =jăculātio=, _casting_; =jac-ēre=, _to lie (down)_: jactitation, abject, project, adjective, rejection, conjecture, ejaculation; adjacent, circumjacent; through Fr., jet (= jut), jetty, jetsam, gist and joist (from _jacēre_). =jŏcus=, _jest_; =jŭcundus=, _pleasant_: jocose, jocular, joke, jocundity, juggler and jeopardy (_jeu parti_ = even chance) (Fr.). =jūdex= (jūdic-), _a judge_; =jūs= (jūr-), _right_; =jūrāre=, _to swear_; =justus=, _just_; judicial, prejudice, justice; Fr., judge, jury, jurist, injury, adjust. =jŭg-um=, _yoke_; =jung-o= (junct-), _I join_; =juxta=, _near to_: jugular, conjugal, conjugate, juncture, adjunct, conjunction, juxtaposition; through, Fr. join, joiner, joint. =jŭvĕnis=, _young_: juvenile, juvenescent, junior, rejuvenate. =jūv-o= (jūt-), _I aid_: adjutant, co-adjutor, aid and aide (Fr.). =Lāb-=, _glide down_--=lapsus=, _a gliding_, _fall_: lapse, collapse, elapse, relapse. =laed-o= (laes-), _strike_, _hurt_; =col-līdo= (-līs-), _dash together_: collide, elide. =lătu-s= (lătĕr-), _side_: lateral, collateral, multilateral, equilateral (_aequus_). =laud-o= (laudāt-), _I praise_; =laus=, _praise_: laud, laudable, laudatory, laudation. =lăv-o= (lăvāt) _I wash_; =lăvanda= _(things) to be washed_; =lŭ-ĕre=, _wash_: lavatory, al-luv-ial, pollution, dilute, lave, lavender, laund-ry, de-luge. =lag-=, =langue-o=, _to be_ =languid-us=, _faint_, _dull_; =lax-us=, _open_, _loose_: languor, languid, lax, laxity, relaxation; through Fr. lease, leash, release. =lēx= (lēg-), _law_; =lēg-o= (lēgāt-), _I send_, _depute_; =collēga=, _colleague_: legal, leal, loyal (Fr.), legitimate, legate, legatee, legacy, allegation, college. =lĕg-o= (lĕct-), _I choose_, _read_; =lĕg-i= _legion_: legible, legend, lecture, lection = lesson (Fr.), elegant, legionary, coil and cull (_colligo_). =lĕvis=, _light_, =lĕv-o= (lĕvāt-), _I raise_, _lighten_: levity, levant, elevator, alleviate. =lĭber= (lĭbr-), _book_; =lĭbēll-us=, _pamphlet_: library, libel, libellous. =līber=, _free_; =līber-o= (līberāt-), _set free_: liberal, liberty, libertine, liberate. =lībra= (dimin. =libella=), _a balance_; =libr-o= (lībrāt-), _I balance_: equi-librium, level (Fr.), libration, deliberate. =lĭg-o= (lĭgāt-), _I tie_: ligature, ligament; through Fr., league, liable, lien. =līnquo=, (rĕ-lĭct-), _I leave_: de-linquent, derelict, relinquish, relic. =līn-um=, _flax_; =līnea=, _a thread_: line, lineal, lineament, delineate, linen. =lĭqu-ere=, _be moist_; =lĭquid-us=, _flowing_: liquid, liquidation. =littera=, _a letter_: literal, literature, illiterate, obliterate, letter (Fr.). =lŏc-us=, _a place_; =lŏc-o= (lŏcāt-), _I place_: local, allocate = allow (Fr.). =long-us=, _long_: longitude, elongated, prolong = purloin (Fr.), lunge (Fr.). =lŏqui= (lŏcut-), _to speak_; =lŏqu-ax=, _talkative_: loquacious, eloquent, colloquial. =luc-=: this root is seen in =lūx= (lūc-), =lumen= (lūmin-), _light_; =lūna=, _moon_: lucidity, luminary, luminous, lunatic, illustration. =Mag-=: this root appears in =magn-us=, _great_, =maior=, _greater_, =maxim-us=, _greatest_, and =magister=, _master_: magnitude, magnify, magn-animous, majority, maximum, maxim, magnate, mayor and master (Fr.). =male=, _badly_; =malus=, _bad_: mali-gn (see _gĕn-_), malignant, male-volent, malice and malady (Fr.); malediction, malefactor, etc. =măne-o= (mans-), _I remain_: per-manent, im-manent, remnant, mansion (_staying_ (-place)), manse, manor and menial (Fr.). =măn-us=, _hand_; =mand-o= (mandāt-), _entrust_: manual, manacle, mandate, emancipate, commend, manu-mission (_mitto_); through Fr., amend, command, maintain (_teneo_), manœuvre (Fr. _œuvre_ = _opera_, work). =măre=, _sea_: marine, mariner, maritime. =māter=, _mother_; =materia=, _stuff_, _matter_: maternal, material, matron. =mĕd-eri=, _to heal_; =medic-us=, _physician_: medical, re-medy. =medi-us=, _middle_: medium, mediocre, mediator, mean and means (Fr.). =mĕmor=, _mindful_; =mĕmŏro= (mĕmŏrāt-), _I recount_: memory, memorandum. =mens= (mĕnt-), _mind_; =re-min-isci=, _I remember_: mental, reminiscent, comment. =mĕre-o= (mĕrit-), _I deserve_: merit, meritorious. =merx= (merc-), _wares_; =mercor= (mercāt-), _I purchase_; =merces= (mercēd-), _hire_: merchant, mercantile, market = mart, mercenary. =mēt-iri= (mens-), _to measure_: mensuration, dimension, measure (Fr.). =miles= (mīlĭt-), _soldier_: military, militant, militia. =mille=, _thousand_: mile, millesimal, million and millimetre (Fr.), etc. =mōns= (mŏn-), _mountain_: mount and mountain (Fr.), promontory. =mĭnu-o= (mĭnut-), _lessen_; =minor=, _less_; =minister=, _servant_: minu-end, minute, diminutive, minority, minimum, ministry, ministration, minstrel (Fr.). =mīr-āri= (mīrāt-), _to wonder at_: miracle, Fr., mirage, mirror, marvel. =misce-o= (mixt-), _I mix_: mixture, promiscuous, miscellaneous. =mitto= (mĭss-), _I send_: com-mit, missile, mission, dismissal, manu-mit. =mŏd-us= and =modul-us=, _a measure_; verb stems =mŏderāt-=, =mŏdul-āt-=: modesty, modal, modify, moderate, modulation; (Fr.), model, mode = mood. =mōles=, _mass_: mole (_i.e._, dam), molecule, demolish, demolition. =mŏne-o=, (mŏnĭt-), _I warn_; =monstr-um=, _warning_, _prodigy_: monu-ment, monition, remonstrate, admonish and monster (Fr.). =morbus=, _disease_; =mors= (mort-), _death_: morbid, mortal, mortify. =morde-o= (mors-), _I bite_: mordant, mordacious, morsel (Fr.), remorse. =mōs=, _custom_, pl. =mōres=, _manners_: moral, moralize, morose, demure (Fr.). =mŏve-o= (mōt-), _I move_; =mobilis=, _movable_: movement, motion, remote, motive, mobile (Fr.), mobility, mob (= Lat. _mobĭlĕ_), move (Fr.). =mūni-o= (munīt-), _I fortify_; =mūr-us=, _a wall_: muniment, munition, mural, intra-, extra-mural, ammunition. =mūnis=, _obliging_; =mūnus= (mūner-), _service_, _gift_; =municeps=, _citizen_: munificent (_facio_), immunity, remuneration, municipal. =mūt-o= (mūtāt-); =mūtu-us=, _borrowed_: mutable, per-mutation, commute. =Nāsc-i= (nāt-), _to be born_: nasc-ent, natal, nativity, nation, nature, cognate. =nāvis=, _ship_; =nauta=, _sailor_: naval, navy, nautical. =nect-o= (nex-), _I bind_: con-nect, nexus, an-nex, annexation. =nĕg-o= (nĕgāt-), _I deny_: negation; deny, re-negade (Span.). =neuter= (neutr-), _neither_: neuter, neutrality, neutralize. =nō-=, _older_; =gnō-=, _know_; =nobilis=, _noble_; =nōtus=, _well known_; =nō-men= (nōmĭn-), _name_; =ignōr-āre=, _not to know_; nobility, i-gnoble (i = _in_, not), en-noble, notice and notify, notion, notorious, noun (Fr.), nominal, ignomin-ious, nominate, nomina-tive, denominator, ignorant. =nŏce-o=, _I harm_; =nox-ius=, _hurtful_: in-noc-ent, innocuous, noxious, nuisance. =norma=, _a rule_; root nō- as in _nōtus_: normal, abnormal, enormous. =nota=, _a mark_; =nŏt-o=, (nŏtāt-), _I mark_: note and notable (Fr.), notary. =nŏvus=, _new_; =nuntius=, _news_: novel and novice (Fr.), in-nov-ation, denunciate, an-nunciation = announcement (Fr.), pronounce (Fr.). =nox= (noct-), _night_: noct-urnal, equi-nox, equinoctial. =nūbĕre= (nupt-), _to marry_: con-nubial, nuptial. =nutri-o= (nutrīt-), _I nourish_; =nutrix= (nutrīc-), _a nurse_: nutri-ent, nutri-ment, nutritious; through Fr., nurse, nursling, nourish, nurture. =Ŏculus=, _eye_: ocular, oculist, ocellus. =omnis=, _all_: omnibus, omni-scient, omnipotent. =ŏnus= (ŏnĕr-), _burden_: onerous, ex-onerate. =ops=, _means_; =ōptimus=, _best_: opulent, optimist, optimates. =ŏpus= (ŏpĕr-), _work_; =ŏpĕra=, _service_: operate, operative, co-operation, opera. =opt-o= (optāt-), _I desire_: option, adopt, adoptive, optative. =ordo= (ordĭn-), _order_, _row_; =ordĭn-o= (ordĭnāt-), _I set in order_; =orno= (ornāt-), _I deck_: ordinal, extra-ordinary, ordination, co-ordinate, in-subordination, orna-ment, ad-orn, ornate; through Fr., order, ordain. =oriens=, _rising_ (=sōl oriens=, _the east_); =orīgo= (orīgĭn-), _source_: orient, orientalist, orientation, origin (Fr.), originality. =ōs= (ōr-), _mouth_; =ōr-o= (ōrāt-), _I speak_, _pray_; =ōmen= (omin-), _token_: oral, or-acle, o-rotund, ori-fice (_facio_), os-cul-ation, adore, oration = orison. =ōvum=, _egg_; =ōvātio=, _an ovation_: oval, ovary, ovi-form, ovi-parous (_pario_). =Paenīt-ēre=, _to be sorry_: through Fr., penitent, repentance, penance. =pāgus=, _country district_: pagan, page (boy) and peasant (Fr.). =par=, _equal_: parity; through Fr., pair, peer, compeer, dis-parage, um-pire. =păro= (părāt-), _make ready_: com-par-able, ap-paratus, pre-paration; through Fr., repair, reparation, comparison, parry, parade, para-sol (Port.). =pār-ēre=, _be visible_: ap-parent; through Fr., appear, peer (= to peep). =pars= (part-), _part_; =partīt-us=, _divided_: partitive, partition, participate (_căpio_); through Fr., part, parcel, partner, parse. =pătēre=, _to be open_; =pandĕre= (pans-, pass-), _to extend_: patent, paten, patella = pail (Fr.), expand; through Fr. pass, passage, pace, pan. =pater= (patr-), _father_; =patria=, _fatherland_; =patricius=, _patrician_: paternal, patron, patrimony, patrician, ex-patriate. =păt-i= (pass-), _to suffer_: patient, com-pat-ible, passion, compassion, passive. =paucus=, _few_, _little_; =pauper=, _poor_: paucity, pauperism; through Fr., poverty, poor, im-poverish. =pectus= (pectŏr-), _breast_: pectoral, expectorate, para-pet (Ital. _petto_, breast). =pecunia=, _money_; =peculium=, _personal property_: pecuniary, im-pecunious, peculiar, peculation. =pell-o= (puls-), _beat_, _drive_; =pulso= (pulsāt-), _push_, _strike_: com-pel, re-pellent, ex-pulsion, pulse, pulsation. =pend-ēre= (pens-), _to hang_ (1); =pĕnd-ĕre= (pens-), _to weigh_, _pay_ (2); =pŏndus= (pŏnder-), _weight_: (1) pendent, pendant (Fr.), im-pending, pendulous, pendulum, de-pend; (2) ex-pend, spend, dis-pense, compensate, recompense (Fr.), compendium, suspension, pensive, poise (Fr.); ponder (Fr.). =pēs= (pĕd-), _foot_; =ex-pedi-o= (expĕdīt-), _I set free_: pedal, ped-estrian, pedestal (Span.), expedite, impediment. =ping-o= (pĭct-), _I paint_: pig-ment, picture, pictorial, depict, paint (F.). =pĭus=, _dutiful_: pious, piety = pity (Fr.). =plăc-ēre=, _to be pleasing_; =plāc-āre= (plācāt-), _to quiet_: placid, com-placent, complaisance (Fr.), please and pleasure (Fr.), placable, placate. =planta=, _a plant_, _sole_: sup-plant, plantation, plantain (Fr.). =planus=, _level_: plane; through Fr., plain, plan, explain; piano (_soft_; Ital.). =plaud-o= (plaus-), _I clap_ (=ex-plōdo=): plaudit, ap-plause, plausible, explode. =ple-o= (plēt-), _I fill_; =plēnus=, _full_: de-plete, complement; expletive. =plĭc-āre= (plĭcĭt-), _to fold_; =plect-ĕre= (plex-), _I weave_: du-plicate, implicit, complex; through Fr., ply, reply, display, triplet; replica (Ital.). =plumbum=, _lead_: plumbago; through Fr., plumb, plummet, plunge. =plūs= (plūr-), _more_: plus, plural, plu-perfect, surplus (Fr.). =poena=, _punishment_; =pūni-o= (pūnīt-), _I punish_: through Fr., penal, penalty, pain, punitive, impunity, punish. =pōno= (pŏsit-), _I place_: post-pone, deponent, posit, opposite, expositor, depositary; through Fr., posture, position, post, compost, compound. =pŏpulus=, _people_; =pūblicus=, _of the people_: popular; public, publish. =porta=, _gate_; =portus=, _harbour_; =portāre=, _to carry_: through Fr., port, porte, portal, porter, import, etc., portly, deportment, port-cullis, op-portune. =posse=, _to be able_; =potens= (_able_): potent, potential, possible. =praeda=, _booty_; =prehendo= (prehens-), _I seize_: predatory, depredation, prehensile, apprehend, apprentice, prey and prison (Fr.). =prĕc-āri= (prĕcāt-), _to pray_: precarious, deprecate, pray and prayer (Fr.). =prem-o= (prĕss-), _I press_: through Fr., re-prim-and, compress, print. =prĕtium=, _price_: through Fr., precious, depreciate, appraise, price = prize. =pri-=, _before_--=prior=, _former_; =prīmus=, _first_; =prin-ceps= (prīncĭp-), _chief_: prior, prime, primal, primitive, principal, pristine; through (Fr.), primate, primer, premier, primrose, prince, principle. =prŏbus=, _good_; =prŏb-o= (prŏbāt-), _I test_: probity, probable, approve. =prŏpĕ=, _near_; =proximus=, _nearest_: propinquity, approximate, approach (Fr.). =pung-o= (punct-), _I prick_, _pierce_: pungent, puncture, expunge, compunction; through Fr., punctual, punctuate, point, poignant. =purus=, _clean_, _pure_; =purg-o= (purgāt-), _cleanse_; =put-o= (putāt-), _trim_, _reckon_: purify, puritan, purge, am-putate (_am-_ = about), compute, deputy (Fr.). =Quaer-o= (quaesīt-), _I seek_ [=-quīro= (-quīsīt-) in compounds]: query, acquire, inquisition, exquisite, quest and inquest (Fr.), question. =qualis=, _of what kind_; =quantus=, _how great_: quality, quantity. =quăti-o=, _I shake_; =-cŭtio= (-cuss-) in compounds: dis-cuss, quash (Fr.). =quŏtus=, _what number?_: quota, quotidian (_dies_), quote and quotient (Fr.). =Rādix= (rādīc-), _root_: radicle, eradicate, radish and radical (Fr.). =răpi-o= (răpt-), _carry off_; =răp-ax= (răpāc-), _grasping_: rapac-ious, rapt, rapture; through Fr., rapine, ravine, rapid, ravishing, ravenous. =rĕg-o= (rect-), =regn-o=, _I rule_, _direct_; =rex=, _king_; =rēgula=, _a rule_; =rĕg-io=, _district_: reg-ent, regnant, regi-men, cor-rig-ible, rector, rectitude, di-rect, rectangle, regal, regalia, regular, region; through Fr., regime, regiment, reign, rectify, dress (Lat. _di-rect-_), rule (Lat. _rēgula_). =rēs=, _thing_: through Fr., real, realty, realize, republic; rebus. =rīd-ere= (_rīs-_), _to laugh_: de-ride, derision, ridi-cule and ris-ible (Fr.). =rīpa=, _river bank_: riparian, river (Fr. _rivière_), ar-rive (Fr.). =rīvus=, _a brook_: rivulet; through Fr., rival, de-rive, derivation. (For river and arrive see _ripa_). =rog-o= (rŏgāt-), _I ask_: ar-rogant, ab-rogate, interrogation, de-rogatory, (Fr.). =rŏta=, _a wheel_; =rŏt-ula=, dimin.; =rŏt-undus=, _round_: rot-ary, rotate, rotunda, Fr., roll, rowel, roulette (all from _rotula_), roué, round. =rumpĕre=, _to break_; =ruptus=, _broken_: rupture (Fr.), ab-rupt, e-rupt-ive, dis-ruption, bank-rupt (bank = bench, table of money changer); through Fr., rout (lit. a division), route and rut (= a path). =Săcer= (săcr-), _sacred_; =sacr-āre=, =sanc-īre=, _consecrate_: sacrifice, sacrilege, sacerdotal, sacrament, de-secration, sanctity, sanctuary, saint (Fr.). =sal=, _salt_: salary (_i.e._, salt-money), saliferous; through Fr., saline, salad, sauce (= _salsus_, salted). =săli-o= (sălt-), _I leap_ (-silio, -sult-, in compounds): sali-ent, re-sili-ent, ex-ultant, saltation, in-sult, de-sultory; through Fr., sally, assail, assault. =salv-us=, _safe_; =sălus= (sălūt-), _health_, _greeting_: salubrious, salute; through Fr., salvation, salvage, save, salutary, saviour (Lat. _salvator_). =sānus=, _sound_; =sān-āre= (sānāt-), _to heal_: sane, sanitary, sanatorium. =săpor=, _taste_; =săpi-o=, =săp-ĕre=, _have taste_, _be wise_: sapi-ent, sapor-ific, in-sip-idity, savour and sage (Fr.). =satis=, _enough_; =satur=, _full_: satisfy (Fr.), satiate, asset (Fr.). =scando= (scans-), _I climb_; =scāla=, _stairs_: a-scend, scale; scan, e-scalade. =sci-o=, _I know_; =scĭentia=, _knowledge_; =conscius=, _privy to_: science (Fr.), nescient, scientific, conscious, prescience (Fr.), sciolist. =scrīb-o= (script-), _I write_: scribe (Fr.), scripture, manu-script, conscription. =sĕc-o= (sĕct-), _I cut_: secant, sectile, section (Fr.), segment, bisect. =sĕde-o= (sĕss-), _I sit_; =as-sĭdeo=, _sit by_: sedentary, sediment, sedate, sedative, as-siduous, as-sessor, pos-session, subside, re-sidue (Fr.), supersede. =sĕnĕx=, _old man_: senile, senior, senate, seignorial (Fr.). =senti-o= (sēns-), _I feel_: sentient, sentiment; through Fr., sentence, sense. =sĕquor= (sĕcut-), _I follow_; =secundus=, _following_; =secta=, _a party_, _school_; =socius=, _companion_: con-sequent, sequence, sequel; through F., obsequies, obsequious, execute, suit, suite, second, social. =sĕr-o= (sert-), _I join_, _compose_: series, assert, desert, exert, insert, concert. =servo= (servāt-), _I save_: con-serve, conservator, preservation, conservatory. =servus=, _a slave_; =serv-īre=, _to serve_: servile, servant, sergeant, serf, service. =signum=, _mark_, _sign_; =sign-o= (signāt-), _I mark_, _seal_: signal, signet, signature, signatory, significant, assign-ment, re-signation (_a signing back_). =similis=, _like_; =simul=, _together_; =simul-o= (simulāt-), _I pretend_: similar and similitude (Fr.), as-similate, simul-taneous, simulate, assembly (Fr.). =sōl=, _sun_: solar, sol-stice (= _sol-stit-ium_; _stare_) (Fr.), para-sol (_par-_, ward off). =sŏlidus= (and =soldus=), _firm_; also _a gold coin_ (_military pay_): solidify and solder (Fr.), solidarity (Fr.), consolidate, con-sols, soldier (Fr.). =sōlus=, _alone_: through Fr., sole, solitude, solitary, solitaire, de-solate, solo. =solv-o= (sŏlūt-), _I loose_, _pay_: solvent, ab-solve, soluble (Fr.), dis-solute. =somnus=, =sopor=, _sleep_: in-somnia, somnolence, somn-ambulist, sopori-fic. =sŏn-āre=, _to sound_: consonant, sound, sonor-ous, sonnet, per-son, unison (_unus_). =sparg-o= (spars-), _I scatter_, _sprinkle_: sparse, di-sperse, a-spersion. =spĕci-o= (spect-), _I look_; =su-spici-o= (suspect-), _look up_, _mistrust_; =species=, _appearance_: speci-men, specious and specify (Fr.), spectacle and spectre (Fr.), aspect, spectator, despise and spite (= de-spite) (Fr.). =spēr-o= (sperāt-), _I hope_: desperate, despair and prosper (Fr.). =spīr-o= (spirāt-), _I breathe_; =spīrĭtus=, _breath_: a-spirant, inspire, conspiracy. =stāre= (stăt-), =sĭst-ĕre=, _stand_; =stătu-o=, _I set_: di-stant, extant, substance (Fr.), station, stable, insist, obstacle and e-stablish (Fr.); state and statue (Fr.), statute, rest (= remainder), armi-stice and sol-stice (Fr.). =stern-ĕre= (strāt-), _to spread_, _extend_, _cover_; consternation, prostrate, stratum, stratify, street (through Ang. Sax.). =string-o= (strĭct-), _I draw together_: stringent, strain and strait (Fr.), strict, stricture, district, stress (Fr.). =strŭ-ĕre= (struct-), _to build_: con-struct, structure, construe, destroy (Fr.). =sūm-o= (sumps-), _I take_, _use_; =sumptus=, _expense_: as-sume, sumptuous. =super=, _above_; =super-āre=, _to overcome_; =supremus=, =summus=, _topmost_: superb (Fr.), superior, supernal, insuperable, supremacy, sum and summit. =surg-o= (surrect-), _I rise_ (see _rĕgo_): through Fr., in-surgent, surge = source, resource, resurrect. =Tag-= (_touch_)--=tang-o= (tact-), _I touch_, =in-tĕger=, _whole_: tangent, con-tingent, tangible, con-tag-ion, intact, disintegration, contiguous, tact (Fr.). =tĕg-o= (tect-), _I cover_: tegmen, tegument, protective. =tempt-o= (temptāt-), _I try_, _test_: at-tempt (Fr.), temptation, tentative (Fr.). =tempus= (tempor-), _time_; =temper-o= (temperāt-), _I regulate_; =tempes-tas=, _season_: temporal, temporize (Fr.), tense (n; Fr.), temper (Fr.), tempest (Fr.). =tend-o= (tent-, tens-), _stretch_; =tenuis=, _thin_: tendency, extent, intend, tense (adj.), tension, attend, pretence, ostentation, tenuity, extenuate. =tĕne-o= (tent-), _I hold_: per-tinent, tenable (Fr.), tenet, tenant (Fr.), sus-tenance, tenor, abs-tain (Fr.), detention, continue and retinue (Fr.). =ter-o= (trīt-), _rub_, _wear away_; =tribul-āre=, _to afflict_: trite, attrition, detriment, contrite, tribulation. =terra=, _land_: terrestrial; through F., terrace, in-ter, tureen, territory. =testis=, _a witness_; =testor= (testāt-), _I bear witness_: testify (Fr.), testimony, attest, detest, testament, testator. =tex-o= (text-), _I weave_: text (Fr.), texture, textile, pretext and tissue (Fr.). =tōrque-o= (tŏrt-), _I twist_: torment and torture (Fr.), tortuous, contort, extortionate, torch and tortoise (Fr.). =trăh-o= (tract-), _I draw_; =tract-o= (tractāt-), _I handle_: sub-trahend, tract, tractable, abs-tract; through Fr., trait, por-tray, re-treat, train, trail. =trēs=, =tria=, _three_: trinity (Fr.), ternary, ter-centenary, triangle, tri-dent. =trĭbu-ĕre=, _to give_, _pay_; =trĭbūtum=, _payment_: at-tribute, re-tributive, tribute. =tueri= (tuit-), _to see_, _watch_: tuition, in-tuitive, tutor, tutelage, tutelary. =tŭm-ēre=, _to swell_; =tuber=, _swelling_: tumid, tubercle, protuberant. =Ultra=, _beyond_: =ultimus=, _farthest_: outrage (Fr.), ulterior, ultimate. =und-o= (undāt-), _overflow_: ab-undant, abound (Fr.), inundate. =ungu-o= (unct-), _I anoint_: unguent = ointment (Fr.), unction, unctuous. =ūnus=, _one_: unit, union (Fr.), unite, unique (Fr.), uni-son (_sonus_, sound). =ūt-ī=, _to use_; =usus=, _use_; =utilis=, _useful_: utensil (Fr.), usury (Fr.), utility. =Vād-o= (vās-), _I go_: invade, evasion, pervasive, vade mēcum (lit. _go with me_). =văle-o=, _am strong_; valid, valour, value, convalesce, prevail. =vānus=, _empty_: through Fr., vain, vanish, vaunt. =vĕh-o= (vĕct-), _I carry_: vehicle, vehement, in-veigh and invective (Fr.). =vĕll-o= (vuls-), _I pluck_, _tear_: con-vulse, convulsive, divulsion, revulsion. =vēlum=, _cover_, _veil_; =vēl-o= (vēlāt-), _I cover_: (Fr.), re-veal, revelation, unveil. =vĕni-o= (vĕnt-), _I come_: con-vene, convenient, intervention; through Fr., con-vent, covenant, venture, re-venue. =verbum=, _word_: verbal, verb (Fr.), verbose, verbiage (Fr.), proverb. =vert-o= (vers-), _I turn_: version, adverse, versatile. =vērus=, _true_; =vērax=, _truthful_: veracious; very, verify, aver, verdict. =vĭa=, _way_: de-vious, deviate, trivial (Fr.), impervious; through Fr., convey. =vĭcis=, _alternation_: vicarious, vicar (Fr.), vicissitude, vice-regal. =vĭde-o= (vīs-), _I see_; =vīs-o= (visit-), _go to see_: e-vident, provident, prudent, visage and vision (Fr.), invidious = envious (Fr.), visual (Fr.), visitation. =vĭge-o=, _am vigorous_; vigour, vigil (Fr.), vegetate. =vĭnc-o= (vĭct-), _I conquer_: convince, invincible and vanquish (Fr.), victor. =vir=, _man_; =virtus=, _worth_, _valour_: virile and virtue (Fr.), virago, trium-vir. =vita=, _life_; =vīvus=, _living_: vital, vivid, vivacity, vivify (Fr.). =vŏco= (vŏcāt-), _I call_; =vox= (vōc-), _voice_: ad-vocate, vocation, revoke (Fr.). =vŏl-o=, _am willing_: bene-volent, voluntary, volunteer (Fr.), volition. =volv-o= (vŏlūt-), _I roll_; =vōlumen=, _a roll_: de-volve, voluble (Fr.), evolution. =vŏr-o=, _I swallow up_: de-vour (Fr.), voracious, carni-vorous. =vŏve-o= (vōt-), _I vow_: vote (Fr.), votive, votary, devotion, devout (Fr.). =vulgus=, _the people_: vulgar, divulge, vulgate. GREEK ROOT-WORDS AND DERIVATIVES. To Greek, also, English is indebted for a considerable number of words, especially in the language of science and medicine; for the ancient physicians were commonly Greeks. Since the great revival of Greek studies in England in the 16th Century, Greek literature and art have exerted an enormous influence upon English thought and literature. =Agō=, _I lead_: strat-egy. =a-dam-as= (= in-dom-itable), _steel_: adamant, diamond (= Fr. _diamant_). =aēr=, _air_: air (Fr.), aerial, aerate. =athlos=, _a contest_: athlete. =aesthēsis=, _perception_, _feeling_: aesthetic, an-aesthesia. =akouō=, _I hear_: acoustics. =akros=, _top_: acro-bat, acropolis. =allos=, _other_: allo-path, par-allel. =anemos=, _wind_: anemometer. =angelos=, _messenger_: angel, ev-angel. =anthropos=, _man_: anthropoid, anthropology, mis-anthrope. =arktos=, _a bear_: arctic, antarctic. =archē=, _beginning_, _rule_; =arch-=, (prefix), _chief_: archetype, an-archy, archangel. =aster=, =astron=, _a star_: asterisk, astrology, dis-aster (Fr.), astral (Lat.). =autos=, _self_: auto-crat, auto-graph, auto-matic, auto-nomy. =Ball-o=, _I throw_; =bolē=, _throwing_: dia-bol-ical, hyper-bole. =bapto=, _dip_: baptise. =barus=, _heavy_; =baros=, _weight_: barytone, barograph, barometer. =basis=, _a going_, _foundation_: base (Fr.), basis, basement. =biblion= (dimin. of =biblos=), _book_; bible, biblio-graphy, biblio-mania. =bios=, _life_: amphi-bious, bio-logy. =botane=, _herbage_, _a plant_: botany. =bronchos=, _windpipe_: bronchial. =Character=, _a mark_: character. =cheir=, _hand_: chiro-graphy, chiro-mancy, chiro-pod-ist, chir-urgeon. =chīlio-= (_e.g._ =chilio-pous=), _thousand_: kilo-gramme and kilo-metre (Fr.). =chlōros=, _green_: chlorate, chlorine. =cholē=, _bile_: choler, melancholy. =choros=, _a dance in a ring_, _chorus_: chorus, choral, choir (Fr.). =chriō=, _anoint_: Christ, chrism (holy oil). =chronos=, _time_: chronic, chronicle, chronometer, ana-chronism. =Daimōn=, _divinity_, _spirit_: demoniac. =deka=, _ten_: decade, deca-logue. =demos=, _the people_: demo-crat, dem-agogue, epi-demic. =derma= (dermat-), _skin_: epi-dermis, hypo-dermic, pachy-dermatous. =despotēs=, _lord_: despotic, despotism. =diaita=, _mode of living_: diet (Fr.). =diskos=, _quoit_: disc, dish and desk. =dogma=, =doxa=, _opinion_: dogma, dogmatic, heterodox. =dosis=, _a giving_; =dotos=, _given_: dose, anti-dote, an-ec-dot-al. =draō=, _I do_: dra-ma, drastic. =dromos=, _running_: dromedary, hippo-drome, aero-drome. =dunamis=, _power_, _force_: dynamic. =Eidos=, _form_; =eidōlon=, _image_; =idea=, _form_, _look_ (all from =id-=, see): ideograph, idol, kal-eido-scope. =eikōn=, _image_: icon, iconoclast. =electron=, _amber_: electric, electrify. =ergon=, _work_; =en-ergeia=, _energy_: organ-ize, en-ergetic, metall-urgy. =ethnos=, _nation_: ethnic, ethnology. =eu=, _well_; as a prefix: eucharist, euphony, euphemism, ev-angel. =Gamos=, _marriage_: mono-gamous. =gaster= (gastr-), _stomach_: gastric. =gen-=, _beget_--=genos=, _race_; =genesis=, _origin_: genea-logy, genesis, genetic. =gē=, _the earth_: ge-o-graphy, ge-o-logy, ge-o-metric. =glōssa= (=glōtta=), _tongue_: glossary, glottis, epiglottis, poly-glot. =gnō-sis=, _knowledge_: gnome, gnostic. =gōnia=, _angle_: diagonal, pentagon. =grapho=, _write_; =gramma=, _writing_: graphic, epi-graphy, grammar. =gumnos=, _naked_; =gumnazo=, _I exercise_: gymnasium, gymnastic. =gunē= (gunaiko-), _a woman_: gyn-archy, gynaeco-logy, miso-gynist. =Haima= (haimato-), _blood_: hemal, hematite, hemorrhage, an-aemia. =hairesis=, _a taking_: heresy (Fr.). =heteros=, _other_: hetero-dox, hetero-geneous. =hex=, _six_: hex-agon, hexameter. =hēlios=, _sun_: heliacal, peri-helion. =hēmera=, _day_: ep-hemeral. =hieros=, _sacred_; =hiereus=, _priest_: hierarchy, hieratic, hiero-glyph. =hippos=, _horse_: hippo-drome. =historeō=, _I enquire_: history (shortened in) story. =(h)odos=, _way_: ex-odus, epis-ode, met-hod, peri-od. =homos=, _same_; =homoi-os=, _like_: homo-centric, homo-geneous, hom-ily (_ilē_, throng), homoeo-pathic. =(h)orizo=, _define_, _bound_: horizon. =hudōr=, _water_; hydrant, hydr-aulic, hydro-gen. =Idios=, _private_, _peculiar_; =idiōtēs=, _private person_: idiom, idiot. =ion=, _violet_; =iōdēs=, _dark-colored_: iodide, iodine. =isos=, _equal_: iso-sceles, iso-thermal. =Kakos=, _bad_: cacography, cacophony. =kalos=, _beautiful_: calligraphy, callis-thenics (_sthenos_, strength). =kaluptō=, =kruptō=, _I conceal_: apo-calypse, eu-calyptus, crypt. =kaustos=, _burnt_; =kautērion=, _a branding_: caustic, cautery, cauterize. =kīneō=, _I move_; =kīnētikos=, _for moving_: kinetics, kinematics. =kosmos=, _order_, _ornament_, _universe_: cosmetic, cosmic, cosmo-gony. =krateō=, _am strong_, _rule_: auto-crat, demo-cracy, aristo-crat. =kri-=, _to separate_; =krisis=, _a separating_, _deciding_: crisis, critic. =kuklos=, _wheel_: cycle, cyclic, cyclone. =Lab-=, _take_; =lēpsis=, _a taking_: syl-lable, epi-lepsy, cataleptic. =legō=, _I pick out_, _say_; =lexis=, _speech_; =logos=, _discourse_, _reason_: ec-lectic (_ek_, out of), lexi-con, dialect, logic. =leipō= (lĭp-), _I leave_: el-lipsis, ec-lipse. =lithos=, _stone_: lithia, lithograph. =luō=, _I loose_; =lusis=, _a loosing_: ana-lyze, dia-lysis, paralytic, (palsy is a contraction of paralysis). =Mania=, _madness_: mania, maniac, Anglo-mania. =math-=, _learn_; =mathēma=, _learning_: mathematics, philo-math, poly-math. =martus= (martur-), _a witness_: martyr. =mega= (megal-), _large_; as a prefix: mega-cephalous (_kephalē_, head), megalithic, megaphone. =melas= (melan-), _black_: melancholy. =melos=, _song_: mel-ody (_ōdē_). =metron=, _a measure_: metre, symmetry, diameter, geometric. =mēchanē=, Lat. _māchina_: mechanic, mechanism. =mikros=, _small_: microbe (_bios_), micro-cosm, micro-scope. =mīseo=, _I hate_: misanthrope. =mnē-mon-euō=, _I remember_: mnē-monics, a-mnē-sty (_a_ = not). =monos=, _alone_, _one_: monad, mon-arch, monk (Ang. Sax.), monastery, monopoly. =morphē=, _shape_: a-morphous, morph-ology, meta-morphose. =mousa=, _muse_: music, museum. =mūthos=, _a tale_, _legend_: myth. =Naus=, _a ship_: nausea, nautilus, aëro-naut (_nautēs_, sailor.) =nekros=, _dead_: necro-polis. =neuron=, _cord_, _nerve_: neural, neur-algia (_algos_, pain), neuritis. =nomos=, _a law_: eco-nomy (_oikos_), astro-nomy, anti-nomian. =Ōdē=, _a song_: ode, hymnody, parody. =oikos=, =oikia=, _house_; =oikēsis=, _inhabiting_, _dwelling_: eco-nomy (Lat. _oeconomia_), di-ocese (= _di-oikesis_), parish (_paroikia_, Fr. _par-oisse_). =onoma= (=onuma=), _name_: syn-onym. =op-=, _see_; =optika=, _pertaining to sight_; =oph-thalmos=, _eye_: op-tics, optician, syn-opsis, synoptic, my-opia. =organon=, _an instrument_: organic. =orthos=, _right_, _straight_: ortho-doxy, ortho-graphy. =osteon=, _a bone_: oste-itis, osteo-pathy. =oxus=, _sharp_: oxy-gen, oxy-tone, par-oxysm. =Pais= (paid-), _a child_; =paideia=, _training_, _learning_: ped-agogue, pedant. =pan= (pant-, pas-), _all_: pan-acea (_akos_, remedy), pan-oply, (_hopla_, arms), pan-orama (_(h)oraō_, see). =păthos=, _suffering_, _feeling_: pathology, pathetic, sympathy. =pauo=, _I stop_; =pausis=, _cessation_ (Lat. _pausa_): pause and pose. =pente=, _five_: pent-agon, pentameter, penta-teuch (_teuchos_, book), Pente-cost [_pentecostē_ = fiftieth (day)]. =petra=, _a rock_; =petros=, _a stone_: petrify and pier (Fr.), Peter, petrology, petroleum, petrescent. =plassō=, _I mould_, _fashion_: plastic, plasm, proto-plasm (_prōtos_, first). =pleura=, _a rib_: pleurisy, pleuritic. =plēgē=, =plēxis=, _a blow_, _stroke_: plague (Lat. _plāga_), apoplexy, pleximeter. =pneuma=, _air_; =pneumon=, _lungs_: pneumatic, pneumonia, pneumatomer. =poieō=, _I make_: poet (Lat. _poēta_). =polis=, _a city_; =polītēs=, _citizen_; =politeia=, _government_: metro-polis, polity, politic, police. =polus=, _many_, poly-gon. =pous= (pod-), _a foot_: poly-pus, polyp, antipodes. =praktos=, _done_: practice. =prōtōs=, _first_: prot-agonist, protomartyr, prototype, protoplasm. =pur=, _fire_: pyre, pyrites, pyro-latry (= worship), pyrotechnics. =pōleō=, _I sell_: biblio-pole, mono-poly. =phagein=, _to eat_: sarcophagus (_sarx_, flesh). =phainō= (phan-, phēn-, phas-), _I show_: phan-tom, phan-tasm, phant-asy = fancy (Fr.), phen-omenon, phase. =pherō=, _I bear_; =phora=, _a carrying_: peri-pher-y, meta-phor, phos-phorus (_phōs_), sema-phore, (_sēma_, sign). =phēmi=, _I say_: eu-phem-ism, blas-pheme (_blapsis_, injury), pro-phet. =philos=, _dear_, _friend_: phil-tre, philo-sophy. =phōnē=, _a sound_: phonic, phonetic, phono-graph, eu-phony, caco-phony, sym-phony. =phōs= (phōt-), _light_: phos-phor, photo-graph, photometer. =phrasis=, _speech_: phrase, peri-phrasis, para-phrase, phraseology. =phrēn=, _the midriff_, _mind_: frenzy and frantic (Fr.), phrenology. =phusis=, _nature_; =phuton=, _a plant_: physi-cal, physics, physi-o-logy, meta-physics, neo-phyte. =Rheō=, _flow_; =rheuma=, _a flow_; =rhuthmos=, _regular motion_: cata-rrh, rheumatic, rhythm. =rhētor=, _orator_: rhetoric, rhetorician. =Sarx= (sark-), _flesh_: sarcasm. =sitos=, _food_: para-site. =skopeo=, =skept-omai=, _look at_, _consider_; =skop-os=, _watcher_, _mark_, _aim_: scep-tical, scope, hor-o-scope (_hōrā_, season), epi-scop-al, bishop [_epi-scop-os_]. =sophos=, _wise_: sophist, philosophy. =stă-=, _stand_; =sta-sis=, _a placing_; =statos=, _placed_: ec-sta-sy, sy-ste-m (_sun_, together), static, hydro-statics, apo-state. =stellō= (stol-), _I send_: apo-stle (= _apostolos_; _apo_, away), epi-stle. =stichos=, _a line_: di-stich, hemi-stich. =stratos=, _army_: stratagem, strategy. =strophē=, _a turning_: strophic, anti-strophe, apo-strophe, catastrophe. =sphaira=, _a ball_: sphere, atmo-sphere. =schizō=, _split_: schism, schist. =schole=, _leisure_, _school_: scholastic. =Tax-is=, _arrangement_; =tak-tos=, _ordered_: syn-tax, taxi-dermist. =taphos=, _a tomb_: epi-taph (_epi_, upon). =temno=, _I cut_; =tomē-=, =tom-os=, _a cutting_: ana-tomy, tome (Fr.), a-tom. =technē=, _art_: tech-nic, technology. =tele=, _afar_: tele-phone. =theos=, _God_: theism, theo-cracy. =thermos=, _hot_: thermal, isothermal, thermo-meter, thermo-dynamics. =the-=, _place_; =thesis=, _a placing_; =thema=, _proposition_; =thē-kē=, _case_, _chest_: thesis, theme, hypo-thesis, epi-thet, ana-thema. =topos=, _a place_: topic, topography, u-topia, (u = _ou_, not--_i.e._, land of No-place). =toxicon=, _poison_: toxin, anti-toxin, intoxicate. =Zēlos=, _emulation_: through Fr., zeal. =zōon=, _animal_: zo-diac (_zōdion_, dimin.), zo-ology. WORDS, PHRASES AND NOTEWORTHY SAYINGS. From the Greek, Latin and Modern Languages. _A bas_ (Fr.). Down, down with. _ab initio_ (L.). From the beginning. _ab ovo_ (L.). From the egg, from the beginning. _ad captandum vulgus_ (L.). To attract or please the rabble. _ad infinitum_ (L.). To infinity. _ad libitum_ (L.). At pleasure. _ad nauseam_ (L.). To disgust or satiety. _ad rem_ (L.). To the purpose, or point. _ad valorem_ (L). According to the value. _aequo animo_ (L.). With an equable mind, with equanimity. _affaire d' amour_ (F.). A love affair. _affaire d'honneur_ (F.). An affair of honor; a duel. _affaire du coeur_ (Fr.). An affair of the heart. _a fortiori_ (L.). With stronger reason. _à la mode_ (Fr.). According to the custom or fashion. _alter ego_ (L.). My other self. _alma mater_ (L.). Gracious mother; the college of which one is a graduate. _amende honorable_ (Fr.). Satisfactory apology; reparation. _amor patriae_ (L.). Love of country. _amour propre_ (Fr.). Self-love; vanity. _anno domini_ (L.). In the year of our Lord. _ante meridiem_ (L.). Before noon. _a posteriori_ (L.). Reasoning from effect to cause. _a priori_ (L.). Reasoning from cause to effect. _apropos_ (Fr.). Suited to the occasion. _argumentum ad hominem_ (L.). An argument to the individual man, _i.e._, to his interests and prejudices. _ars est celare artem_ (L.). It is true art to conceal art. _ars longa, vita brevis_ (L.). Art is long, life is short. _artium magister_ (L.). Master of Arts. _au contraire_ (Fr.). On the contrary. _au courant_ (Fr.). Fully acquainted with matters. _au fait_ (Fr.). Well acquainted with; expert. _aurea mediocritas_ (L.). The golden or happy mean. _au revoir_ (Fr.). Adieu until we meet again. _autant d'hommes, autant d'avis_ (Fr.). So many men, so many minds. _aut Cæsar aut nullus_ (L.). Either Cæsar or nobody. _aut vincere aut mori_ (L.). Either to conquer or to die; death or victory. _Baccalaureus in artibus_ (L). Bachelor of Arts (B.A.). _beau ideal_ (Fr.). An ideal beauty. _beau monde_ (Fr.). The fashionable world. _bel esprit_ (Fr.). A person of wit or genius; a brilliant mind. _bête noire_ (Fr.). A black beast; a bugbear. _bis dat qui cito dat_ (L.). He gives twice who gives quickly. _bon ami_ (Fr.). Good friend. _bon jour_ (Fr.). Good day; good morning. _bon soir_ (Fr.). Good evening. _Cacoethes loquendi_, _scribendi_ (L.). An itch for speaking, writing. _carpe diem_ (L.). Enjoy the present day; improve the time. _carte blanche_ (Fr.). A white card; full power. _casus belli_ (L.). The occasion or cause of war. _cela va sans dire_ (Fr.). That goes without saying. _c'est à dire_ (Fr.). That is to say. _ceteris paribus_ (L.). Other things being equal. _chacun à son goût_ (Fr.). Every one to his taste. _chère amie_ (Fr.). A dear (woman) friend. _chef d'œuvre_ (Fr.). A masterpiece. _ci devant_ (Fr.). Formerly; heretofore. _comme il faut_ (Fr.). As it should be. _compagnon de voyage_ (Fr.). A travelling companion. _con amore_ (It.). With love; very earnestly. _corrigenda_ (L.). Corrections to be made. _coup d'état_ (Fr.). A sudden decisive blow in politics; a stroke of policy. _coup de grace_ (Fr.). A finishing stroke. _cui bono?_ (L.). For whose advantage? to what end? _cuisine_ (Fr.). A kitchen; cookery. _cul de sac_ (Fr.). The bottom of a bag; a place closed at one end. _cum grano salis_ (L.). With a grain of salt; with some allowance. _Debut_ (Fr.). First appearance. _de gustibus non est disputandum_ (L.). There is no disputing about tastes. _dei gratiâ_ (L.). By the grace of God. _de jure_ (L.). From the law; by right. _de mortuis nil nisi bonum_ (L.). (Say nothing but good of the dead.) _de novo_ (L.). Anew. _deo adjuvante_ (L.). God assisting. _deo gratias_ (L.). Thanks to God. _Deo volente_ (L.). God willing. _de profundis_ (L.). Out of the depths. _dernier ressort_ (Fr.). A last resource. _desipere in loco_ (L.). To jest or be jolly at the proper time. _de trop_ (Fr.). Too much or too many; not wanted. _Dieu et mon droit_ (Fr.). God and my right. _Dieu vous garde_ (Fr.) God protect you. _docendo discimus_ (L.). We learn by teaching. _dolce far niente_ (It.). Sweet doing-nothing; sweet idleness. _dulce et decorum est pro patriâ mori_ (L.). It is sweet and glorious to die for one's country. _dum spiro, spero_ (L.). While I breathe I hope. _Ecce homo_ (L.). Behold the man! _édition de luxe_ (Fr.). A splendid and expensive edition of a book. _élite_ (Fr.). A select body of persons. _emeritus_ (L.). Retired after long service. _en avant_ (Fr.). Forward. _en déshabillé_ (Fr.). In undress. _en masse_ (Fr.). In a body. _en rapport_ (Fr.). In harmony; in agreement. _en route_ (Fr.). On the way. _en suite_ (Fr.). In company; in a set. _entente cordiale_ (Fr.). Cordial understanding. _entreé_ (Fr.). Entry; a side dish. _entre nous_ (Fr.). Between ourselves. _e pluribus unum_ (L.). One out of many; one composed of many. _esprit de corps_ (Fr.). The animating spirit of a collective body, as a regiment. _et cetera_ (L.). And the rest. _et tu, Brute!_ (L.). And thou also, Brutus! _eureka_ (Gr.). I have found it. _exceptio probat regulam_ (L.). The exception proves (or tests) the rule. _exceptis excipiendis_ (L). The due exceptions being made. _exempli gratiâ_ (L.). By way of example. _ex pede Herculem_ (L.). From the foot we recognize him as a Hercules; we judge of the whole from the specimen. _experientia docet stultos_ (L.). Experience instructs fools. _extra muros_ (L.). Beyond the walls. _ex uno disce omnes_ (L.). From one judge of all the rest. _Facile princeps_ (L.). Easily pre-eminent; indisputably the first. _facilis est descensus averni_ (or _averno_) (L.). The descent to avernus (or hell) is easy. _fait accompli_ (Fr.). A thing already done. _faux pas_ (Fr.). A false step. _festina lente_ (L.). Hasten slowly. _fiat justitia, ruat cælum_ (L.). Let justice be done though the heavens should fall. _fiat lux_ (L.). Let there be light! _fidei defensor_ (L.). Defender of the faith. _fide non armis_ (L.). By faith, not by arms. _fides Punica_ (L.). Punic or Carthaginian faith; treachery. _fidus Achates_ (L.). Faithful Achates; a true friend. _finem respice_ (L.). Look to the end. _finis coronat opus_ (L.). The end crowns the work. _flagrante delicto_ (L.). In the commission of the crime. _fortiter in re_ (L.). With firmness in acting. _fortuna favet fortibus_ (L.). Fortune favors the bold. _Garçon_ (Fr.). A boy; a waiter. _gardez bien_ (Fr.). Take good care. _gaudeamus igitur_ (L.). So let us be joyful. _Gloria in Excelsis_ (L.). Glory to God in the highest. _Gloria Patri_ (L.). Glory be to the Father. _gnothi seauton_ (Gr.). Know thyself. _grace à Dieu!_ (Fr.). Thanks to God! _grand merci_ (Fr.). Many thanks. _Hoi polloi_ (Gr.). The many; the vulgar; the rabble. _homo sum; humani nihil a me alienum puto_ (L.). I am a man; I count nothing human indifferent to me. _honi soit qui mal y pense_ (O. Fr.). Evil be to him who evil thinks. _hors de combat_ (Fr.). Out of the struggle; disabled. _humanum est errare_ (L.). To err is human. _Ibidem_ (L.). At the same place (in a book). _ich dien_ (Ger.). I serve. _id est_ (L.). That is; contracted to _i.e._ _impedimenta_ (L.). Baggage. _imperium in imperio_ (L.). A government or rule within another. _index expurgatorius_ (L.). A list of prohibited books. _in esse_ (L.). In being; in actuality. _in extenso_ (L.). At full length. _in extremis_ (L.). At the point of death. _infra dignitatem_ (L.). Below one's dignity. _in loco parentis_ (L.). In the place of a parent. _in medias res_ (L.). Into the midst of things. _in memoriam_ (L.). To the memory of; in memory. _in perpetuum_ (L.). For ever. _in posse_ (L.). In possible existence; in possibility. _in præsenti_ (L.). At the present moment. _in propria persona_ (L.). In one's own person. _in re_ (L.). In the matter of. _in situ_ (L.). In its original situation. _in statu quo_ (L.). In the former state. _inter alia_ (L.). Among other things. _inter nos_ (L.). Between ourselves. _in toto_ (L.). In the whole; entirely. _intra muros_ (L.). Within the walls. _in vino veritas_ (L.). There is truth in wine; wine discloses the secrets of the breast. _ipse dixit_ (L.). He himself said it; a dogmatic assertion. _ipsissima verba_ (L.). The very words. _ipso facto_ (L.). In the fact itself. _Jacta est alea_ (L.). The die is cast. _jeu de mots_ (Fr.). A play on words. _jeu d'esprit_ (Fr.). A display of wit; a witticism. _jure divino_ (L.). By divine law. _juste milieu_ (Fr.). The golden mean. _Labor omnia vincit_ (L.). Labor conquers everything. _laissez faire_ (Fr.). Let alone; suffer to have its own way. _lapsus calami, -- linguae, -- memoriae_ (L.) A slip of the pen, tongue, memory. _lares et penates_ (L.). Household gods. _laudator temporis acti_ (L.). One who praises the past. _le beau monde_ (Fr.). The fashionable world. _le jeu n'en vaut pas la chandelle_ (Fr.). The game is not worth the candle; the object is not worth the trouble. _lése majesté_ (Fr.). High treason. _l'homme propose, et Dieu dispose_ (Fr.). Man proposes and God disposes. _limæ labor et mora_ (L.). The labour and delay of the file; the slow and laborious polishing of a literary composition. _loco citato_ (L.). In the place cited. _lusus naturæ_ (L.). A sport or freak of nature. _Ma chère_ (Fr.). My dear (fem.). _ma foi_ (Fr.). Upon my faith. _magnum bonum_ (L.). A great good. _magnum opus_ (L.) A great work. _mal à propos_ (Fr.). Ill timed. _mal de mer_ (Fr.). Sea-sickness. _mal de tête_ (Fr.). Headache. _mauvaise honte_ (Fr.). False modesty. _mauvais goût_ (Fr.). Bad taste. _medio tutissimus ibis_ (L.). In a medium course you will be safest. _mega biblion, mega kakon_ (Gr.). A great book is a great evil. _me judice_ (L.). I being judge; in my opinion. _memento mori_ (L.). Remember death. _mens sana in corpore sano_ (L.). A sound mind in a sound body. _menu_ (Fr.). A bill of fare. _meum et tuum_ (L.). Mine and thine. _mirabile dictu_, (_visu_) (L.). Wonderful to relate, (to see). _modus operandi_ (L.). Manner of working. _mon ami_ (Fr.). My friend (masc.). _mon cher_ (Fr.). My dear (masc.). _more suo_ (L.). In his own way. _multum in parvo_ (L.). Much in little. _mutatis mutandis_ (L.). The necessary changes being made. _Necessitas non habet legem_ (L.). Necessity has no law. _née_ (Fr.). Born; maiden name. _nemine dissentiente_ (L.). No one dissenting; without a dissenting voice. _nemo me impune lacessit_ (L.). No one assails me with impunity. _ne plus ultra_ (L.). Nothing further; perfection. _nihil ad rem_ (L.). Nothing to the point. _nihil quod tetigit non ornavit_ (L.). He touched nothing without embellishing it. _nil admirari_ (L.). To be astonished at nothing; not to lose mental balance. _nil desperandum_ (L.). There is no reason for despair. _n'importe_ (Fr.). It matters not. _noblesse oblige_ (Fr.). Rank imposes obligations. _nolens volens_ (L.). Willing or unwilling. _nolle prosequi_ (L.). To abandon prosecution. _nom de guerre_ (Fr.). A war name; a pseudonym; a pen name. _nom de plume_ (Fr.). A pen name. (Incorrect for _nom de guerre_.) _non compos mentis_ (L.). Not of sound mind. _non omnia possumus omnes_ (L.). We cannot, all of us, do everything. _non sequitur_ (L.). It does not follow. _nota bene_ (L.). Mark well. _Obiit_ (L.). He, or she, died. _œuvres_ (Fr.). Works. _omnia vincit amor_ (L.). Love conquers all things. _on dit_ (Fr.). They say; people say. _onus probandi_ (L.). The burden of proof. _ora et labora_ (L.). Pray and work. _o tempora! o mores!_ (L.). Alas for the times! Alas for the manners! _otium cum dignitate_ (L.). Ease with dignity. _Pace_ (L.). Not to give offence to. -- _pace tua_, with your consent. _palmam qui meruit ferat_ (L.). Let him who has won the palm wear it. _par excellence_ (Fr.). By way of eminence; preëminently. _pari passu_ (L.). With equal pace; step for step. _particeps criminis_ (L.). Accomplice in a crime. _parvenu_ (Fr.). An upstart. _passim_ (L.). Everywhere. _pax vobiscum_ (L.). Peace be with you. _per capita_ (L.). By the head; on each person. _per se_ (L.). By itself considered; of itself. _poeta nascitur, non fit_ (L.). A poet is born, not made. _pour prendre congé_ (Fr.). To take leave. _prima facie_ (L.). On the first face; at first sight. _pro aris et focis_ (L.). For our altars and hearths. _pro bono publico_ (L.). For the good of the public. _pro patria_ (L.). For native land. _protégé_ (Fr.). One protected by another. _Quantum mutatus ab illo_ (L.). How changed from what he once was. _quantum sufficit_ (L.). As much as suffices; a sufficient quantity. _quelque chose_ (Fr.). Something; a trifle. _quid pro quo_ (L.). Something in return; an equivalent. _quod erat demonstrandum_ (L.). Which was to be proved. _quot homines, tot sententiae_ (L.). Many men, many minds. _Raison d'être_ (Fr.). The reason for a thing's existence. _rara avis_ (L.). A rare bird. _recherché_ (Fr.). Choice, elegant. _reductio ad absurdum_ (L.). Reduction to an absurdity. _requiescat in pace_ (L.). May he, she, rest in peace. _resurgam_ (L.). I shall rise again. _revenons à nos moutons_ (Fr.). Let us return to our sheep; let us return to our subject. _ruat cælum_ (L.). Let the heavens fall. _Sang froid_ (Fr.). Cold blood. _sans peur et sans reproche_ (Fr.). Without fear and without reproach. _sans souci_ (Fr.). Without care. _sartor resartus_ (L.). The tailor patched or mended. _sauve qui peut_ (Fr.). Let him save himself who can. _savoir faire_ (Fr.). The knowing how to act; tact. _séance_ (Fr.). A sitting. _semper idem;--paratus_ (L.). Always the same, always ready. _sic semper tyrannis_ (L.). Ever so to tyrants. _sic transit gloria mundi_ (L.). Thus passes away the glory of this world. _similia similibus curantur_ (L.). Like things are cured by like. _si monumentum quæris, circumspice_ (L.). If you seek his monument, look around you. _sine die_ (L.). Without a day being appointed. _sine qua non_ (L.). An indispensable condition. _sola nobilitas virtus_ (L.). Virtue the only nobility. _spero meliora_ (L.). I hope for better things. _splendide mendax_ (L.). Nobly untruthful; untrue for a good object. _sponte suâ_ (L.). Of one's own accord. _suaviter in modo, fortiter in re_ (L.). Gentle in manner, resolute in deed. _sub judice_ (L.). Under consideration (by the court). _sub rosa_ (L.). Under the rose, privately. _sub voce_ (L.). Under such or such a word. _sui generis_ (L.). Of its own peculiar kind. _summum bonum_ (L.). The chief good. _suum cuique_ (L.). Let everyone have his own; honor to whom honor is due. _Tant mieux; tant pis_ (Fr.). So much the better; so much the worse. _tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis_ (L.). Times change, and we with them. _tempus fugit_ (L.). Time flies. _tenax propositi_ (L.). Tenacious of purpose. _terra firma_ (L.). Solid earth. _terra incognita_ (L.). An unknown country. _tête-à-tête_ (Fr.). Face to face; in close conversation. _to kalon_ (Gr.). The beautiful. _toujours prêt_ (Fr.). Always ready. _tour de force_ (Fr.). A feat of strength or skill. _tout-à-fait_ (Fr.). Wholly; entirely. _tout ensemble_ (Fr.). The whole taken together. _Ubi bene, ibi patria_ (L.). Where it is well, there is one's country. _Ultima Thule_ (L.). The utmost boundary or limit. _un fait accompli_ (Fr.). An accomplished fact. _ut infra; ut supra_ (L.). As below; as above. _Vade mecum_ (L.). Go with me; a constant companion. _vae victis_ (L.). Woe to the vanquished. _veni, vidi, vici_ (L.). I came, I saw, I conquered (Caesar's laconic message to the senate when he overcame Pharnaces, king of Pontus.) _verbatim et literatim_ (L.). Word for word and letter for letter. _verbum sat sapienti_ (L.) A word is enough for a wise man. _vérité sans peur_ (Fr.). Truth without fear. _via media_ (L.). A middle course. _vĭcĕ_ (L.). In the place of. _vice versa_ (L.). The terms being exchanged. _videlicet_ (L.). To wit, namely (viz.). _vi et armis_ (L.). By force of arms. _vincit omnia veritas_ (L.). Truth conquers all things. _vis à vis_ (Fr.). Facing. _viva voce_ (L). By the living voice; orally. _vive le roi_ (Fr.). Long live the king. _voila_ (Fr.). Behold; there is; there are. _vox et præterea nihil_ (L.). A voice, and nothing more; sound but no sense. _vox populi, vox Dei_ (L.). The voice of the people is the voice of God. _vulgo_ (L.). Commonly. _Zeitgeist_ (Ger.). The spirit of the times. ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS IN COMMON USE. _a_ or _@_.--At. _A.B._--Bachelor of Arts. _Abp._--Archbishop. _a/c._ or _acct._--Account. _A.D._ (_L. Anno Domini_).--In the year of our Lord. _A.D.C._--Aide-de-camp. _Adj._--Adjective. _Adjt._--Adjutant. Ad lib., or _Ad libit._ (_L. Ad libitum._)--At pleasure. _Adm._--Admiral. _Adv._--Adverb; Advocate. _Advp._ or _avoir._--Avoirdupois. _Advt._--Advertisement. _Ae._ or _Aet._ (_L. aetatis_).--Of age; aged. _A.F. & A.M._--Ancient Free and Accepted Masons. _Ala._--Alabama. _Ald._--Alderman. _Alg._--Algebra. _Alta._--Alberta. _A.M._--(_L. ante meridiem_), before Noon. Master of Arts. _Amt._--Amount. _Anon._--Anonymous. _Ans._--Answer. _A.O.U.W._-- Ancient Order of United Workmen. _Ap._ or _Apr._-- April. _A.R.A._--Associate of the Royal Academy. _Arith._--Arithmetic. _Ariz._--Arizona. _Ark._--Arkansas. _A.S._ or _Ang. Sax._--Anglo-Saxon. _Asst._--Assistant. _Astron._--Astronomy. _Atty._, _Atty. Gen._--Attorney; Attorney General. _Aug._--August. _Ave._--Avenue. _b._--born. _B.A._--Bachelor of Arts. _Bal._--Balance. _Balt._--Baltimore. _Bart._ or _Bt._--Baronet. _B.A.Sc._--Bachelor of Applied Science. _Bbl._ or _bbl._--Barrel. _B.C._--Before Christ. British Columbia. _B.C.L._--Bachelor of Civil Law. _B.D._--Bachelor of Divinity. _Bk._, _Bkk._--Book; Books. _B.LL._--Bachelor of Laws. _B.M._--Bachelor of Medicine. _B. Mus._--Bachelor of Music. _Bot._--Botany. _Bp._--Bishop. _B. Paed._--Bachelor of Pedagogy. _Brig. Gen._--Brigadier General. _Brit._--Britain; British. _Bro(s)._--Brother(s). _B.Sc._--Bachelor of Science. _Bt._--Bought. _Bu._ or _bu._--Bushel. _C. Cap._ (_L. Caput._).-- Ch., chap., chapter. _C.A._--Chartered accountant. _Cal._--California. _Can._--Canada. _Capt._--Captain. _C.B._--Cape Breton. Commander of the Bath. _C.C._--County Clerk. County Commissioner. Church Clerk. _C.E._--Civil Engineer. _C._ or _Cent._--Hundred. _Cf._ or _cf._ (_L. confer_).--Compare. _Chem._--Chemistry. _Cin._--Cincinnati. _C.J._--Chief Justice. _C.M._--Common meter. _C.M.G._--Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. _C.N.R.(O.)_--Canadian Northern Railway (of Ontario). _Co._--Company. County. _c/o._--In care of. _C.O.D._--Cash (or collect) on delivery. _Col._--Colonel. _Coll._--College. _Colo._--Colorado. _Comp._--Compound. _Conn._ or _Ct._--Connecticut. _Conj._--Conjunction. _Con._ (_L. contra_).--Against; in opposition. _Cor._--Corner. Corinthians. _Corp._--Corporal. _Cor. Sec._--Corresponding Secretary. _C.P.R._--Canadian Pacific Railway. _Cr._--Credit. Creditor. _Ct(s)._ Cent(s). Connecticut. _Cur._ or _Curt._--Current; this month. _Cwt._--Hundredweight. _d._--Penny or pence. Died. _D._--Five hundred. _D.A.G._--Deputy Adjutant General. _Dak._--Dakota. _D.C._--District of Columbia. _D.C.L._--Doctor of Civil Law. _D.D._--Doctor of Divinity. _D.D.S._--Doctor of Dental Surgery. Doctor of Dental Science. _Dec._--December. _Deg._--Degree. _Del._--Delaware. _Dep._--Deputy. _Dept._--Department. _Dis._ or _Disct._--Discount. _Dist._--District. _D.Mus._--Doctor of Music. _Do._ (_Ital. ditto_).--The same. _Dol._, _Dols._, _$._--Dollar(s). _Doz._--Dozen. _Dr._--Debtor. Doctor. Drachm. _D.Paed._--Doctor of Pedagogy. _D.R.A._--Dominion Rifle Association. _D.Sc._--Doctor of Science. _D.V._ (_L. Deo volente_).--God willing. _D.V.S._--Doctor of Veterinary Science. _12 mo._--Duodecimo (folded in 12). _Dwt._--Pennyweight. _E._--East, eastern. _ea._--each. _Ed._--Editor; edition. _Edin._--Edinburgh. _Edwardus Rex_ (King Edward). _E.E._--Electrical Engineer. _e.g._ (_L. exempli gratia_).--For example. _E.I._--East Indies. _Emp._--Emperor; Empress. _Eng._--England; English. _Esq._ or _Esqr._--Esquire. _et al._ (_L. et alii_)--And others. _etc._ or _&c._ (_L. et cetera_).--And the rest; and so forth. _Ex(x)._--Example(s). _Exec. Com._--Executive Committee. _E._ and _O.E._--Errors and omissions excepted. _F._, _Fahr._--Fahrenheit. _Feb._--February. _Fig._--Figure. Figurative. _Fla._--Florida. _F.O.B._--Free on board. _Fr._--Franc. France. French. _F.R.A.S._--Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. _F.R.C.P._--Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. _F.R.C.S._--Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. _F.R.G.S._--Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. _F.R.S._--Fellow of the Royal Society. _F.R.S.C._--Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. _Fri._--Friday. _Ft._--Foot. _Fut._--Future. _Ga._--Georgia. _Gal._--Gallon. _G.B._--Great Britain. _G.C.M._--Greatest common measure. _Gen(l)._--General. _Geog._--Geography. _Geol._--Geology. _Geom._--Geometry. _G.R._ (_L. Georgius Rex_).--King George V. _G.R. et I._--George, King and Emperor. _Ger._--German, Germany. _Gov._--Governor. _G.M._--Grand Master. _G.P.O._--General Post Office. _Gr._--Greek, Gross. Grain. _gr._--Gramme. _H.B.C._--Hudson's Bay Company. _H.B.M._--His (Her) Britannic Majesty. _Hdkf._--Handkerchief. _Hf. bd._--Half-bound. _Hhd._--Hogshead. _H.I.H._--His (Her) Imperial Highness. _Hist._--History. _H.M.S._--His majesty's service, or ship. _Hon._--Honorable. _H.P._ or _h.p._--Horse power. _H.R.H._--His (Her) Royal Highness. _I._--Island. _Ia._--Iowa. _Ib._ or _Ibid._ (_L. ibidem_).--In the same place. _Id._--the same. _i.e._ (_L. id est_).--That is. _I.H.S._ (originally _Gr. Iēs_(ous); usually looked upon as standing for Jesus, hominum Salvator). _Jesus_, Saviour of men. _Ill._--Illinois. _In._--Inch(es). _Incog._ (_Ital. Incognito_).--Unknown. _Ind._--Indiana. _Inst._--Instant; the present month. _Int._--Interest. _Introd._--Introduction. _I.O.F._--Independent Order of Foresters. _I.O.G.T._--Independent Order of Good Templars. _I.O.O.F._--Independent Order of Oddfellows. _I.O.U._--I owe you; an acknowledgement for money. _Isl._--Island. _Ital._--Italic; Italian. _J._--Judge, Justice. _JJ._--Justices. _Jam._--Jamaica. _Jan._--January. _J.C._--Jesus Christ. _J.H.S._--See I.H.S. _J.P._--Justice of the Peace. _Jr._, _Jun._--Junior. _Kan._--Kansas. _K.C._--King's Counsel. _K.C.B._--Knight Commander of the Bath. _K.C.M.G._--Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George. _Ken._ or _Ky._--Kentucky. _K.G._--Knight of the Garter. _Kilog._--Kilogramme. _Kilom._--Kilometre. _K.L.H._--Knight of the Legion of Honour. _K.M._--Knight of Malta. _Knt._ or _Kt._--Knight. _K.P._--Knight of St. Patrick. _K.T._--Knight of the Thistle. Knight Templar. _L._--Fifty. Lake. _L._, _l._ or _£_ (_L. libra_).--Pound or pounds (sterling). _La._--Louisiana. _Lat._--Latin. Latitude. _L._, _lb._--Pound (weight). _l.c._ (_L. loco citato_).--In the place quoted. Lower case. _L.D.S._--Licentiate of Dental Surgery. _Lex._--Lexicon. _L.I._--Long Island. _Lib._ (_L. liber_).--Book. Liberal. _Lieut._--Lieutenant. _Lieut. Col._--Lieutenant Colonel. _LL.B._--Bachelor of Laws. (_LL._ is written because the word is plural.) _LL.D._--Doctor of Laws. _L.M._--Long Metre. _loc cit._--see l.c. _Lon(g)._--Longitude. _L.S._--Place of the seal. _L.S.D._ (_L. Libræ, Solidi, Denarii_).--Pounds, shillings, pence. _Lt._--see Lieut. _Ltd._--Limited. _M._--(_L. mille_), thousand. (_L. meridies_), noon. Mile. _M._ (_Fr. Monsieur_).--Sir. _m._--metre, minute. _M.A._--Master of Arts. _Ma._ or _Minn._--Minnesota. _Maj._--Major. _Man._--Manitoba. _Mar._--March. _Mass._--Massachusetts. _Math._--Mathematics. _Max._--Maximum. _M.B._--Bachelor of Medicine. _Mch._--March. _M.D._--Doctor of Medicine. _Md._--Maryland. _Mdlle._ or _Mlle._--Mademoiselle. _Mdse._--Merchandise. _M.E._--Mining, Military, Mechanical Engineer. Methodist Episcopal. _Me._--Maine. _Mem(o)._--Memorandum or memoranda. _Messrs._ or _MM._--Messieurs, Gentlemen. _Mex._--Mexico. _Mfg._--Manufacturing. _Mfr._--Manufacturer. _Mgr._--Monsignor. Manager. _Mich._--Michigan. _Mil. Acad._--Military Academy. _Min._--Minute. _Minn._--See _Ma._ _Miss._--Mississippi. _M.L.A._--Member of the Legislative Assembly. _mm._--Millimetres. _Mme._--Madame. _Mo(s)._--Month(s). Missouri. _Mon._--Monday. Montana. _M.P._--Member of Parliament. _M.P.P._--Member of Provincial Parliament. _Mr._--Master (pronounced Mister). _M.R.C.P._--Member of the Royal College of Physicians. _M.R.C.S._--Member of the Royal College of Surgeons. _Mrs._--Mistress. _MS(S)._--Manuscript(s). _Mt._--Mount; Mountain. _Mus. B(ach)._--Bachelor of Music. _Mus. D(oc)._--Doctor of Music. _N._--Noon. North. Number, Noun, Neuter. _N.A._--North America. _N.B._--New Brunswick; (_L. Nota Bene_), note well, take notice. _N.C._--North Carolina. _N.D(ak)._--North Dakota. _N.E._--New England. North-east. _Neb._--Nebraska. _Nem. con._ (_L. nemine contradicente_)--No one contradicting; unanimously. _Nem. Dis._ (_L. nemine dissentiente_)--No one dissenting. _Net._, _Nett._--Free from all deductions. _Neut._--Neuter. _Nev._--Nevada. _New Test._, _N.T._--New Testament. _N.F._, _Nfd._--Newfoundland. _N.H._--New Hampshire. _N.J._--New Jersey. _N. Lat._--North Latitude. _N. M(ex)._--New Mexico. _N.N.E._--North North-East. _No._ (_L. numero_).--Number. _Nom._--Nominative. _Nov._--November. _N.P._--Notary Public. _N.S._--Nova Scotia. New style. _N.S.W._--New South Wales. _N.W.M.P._--North-West Mounted Police. _N.Y._--New York. _O._--Ohio. _Ob._ (_L. obiit_).--He (she) died. _Obt._--obedient. _Oct._--October. _O.H.M.S._--On His Majesty's Service. _O.K._--"All correct." _Old Test._, _O.T._--Old Testament. _O.T._--Oklahoma Territory. _Ont._--Ontario. _Ore._--Oregon. _Oz._--ounce. _P._, _p._, _pp._--Page; pages; participle. _Pa._--Pennsylvania. _Par._--Paragraph. _Parl._--Parliament. _Pay't._--Payment. _P.C._--Police Constable. Privy Council. _Pd._--Paid. _P.E.I._--Prince Edward Island. _Penn._--See _Pa._ _Per an._ (_L._ _Per annum_).--By the year. _Per ct._ or _cent._--By the hundred. _Phar._--Pharmacy. _Ph.D._--Doctor of Philosophy. _Phm. B._--Bachelor of Pharmacy. _Pk._--Peck. _Pkg(s)._--Package(s). _Pl._, _Plur._--Place. Plural. _P.M._ (_L. Post Meridiem_).--afternoon. Post Master. Past Master. Police Magistrate. _P.M.G._--Postmaster-general. _P.O._--Post office. _P.O.O._--Post office order. _Pop._--Population. _P.P._--Parish Priest. _P.P.C._ (_Fr._ _Pour prendre congé_).--To take leave. _P.Q._--Province of Quebec. _Pres._--President. _Prin._--Principal. _Prof._--Professor. _pr(s)._--Pair(s). _Pro tem._ (_L._ _Pro tempore_).--For the time being. _Prox._ (_L._ _proximo_).--Next, or of the next month. _P.S._ (_L._ _post scriptum_).--Postscript. _Pt._--Part. Pint. Point. Port. _Pte._--Private. _P.T.O._--Please turn over. _Pub._--Publisher. _Pwt._--See Dwt. _Q._--Query; question. _Q.E.D._ (_L._ _Quod erat demonstrandum_).--Which was to be proved. _Q.E.F._ (_L._ _quod erat faciendum_).--Which was to be done. _Q.M._--Quarter-master. _Q.M.G._--Quarter-master-general. _Qr._--Quarter. Quire. _Qt._--Quart. _Qto._--Quarto; folded in four. _Qu._--See _Q._ _Que._--Quebec. _Q.V._ (_L._ _quod vide_).--Which see. _R._ (_L._ _recipe_)--Take. _R._ (_L._ _Rex_; _regina_).--King; Queen. _R._--River. Rod. Rood. _R.A._--Royal Academy or Academician. Royal Artillery. Rear Admiral. _R.C._--Roman Catholic. _R.C.P._--Royal College of Physicians. _R.D._--Rural Dean. _R.E._--Royal Engineers. _Rec'd._--Received. _Rec. Sec._--Recording Secretary. _Rem._--Remarks. _Rev(d)._--Reverend. _R.G.S._--Royal Geographical Society. _R.I._--Rhode Island. _R.I.P._ (_L._ _requiescat in pace_).--May he (she) rest in peace. _R.M._--Royal Mail. _R.N._--Royal Navy. _R.S.V.P._ (_Fr._ _Répondez s'il vous plait_).--Answer, if you please. _Rt. Hon._--Right Honorable. _R.W._--Right Worthy. _R.W.G.M._--Right Worshipful Grand Master. _Ry._--Railway. _S._--Saint. South. Sunday. Sun. _s._--Second or seconds. Shilling. _S.A._--South America. South Australia. South Africa. _Sask._--Saskatchewan. _Sat._--Saturday. _S.C._--South Carolina. _Sc._ (_L._ _scilicet_).--To wit; namely. _Scot._--Scotland. _S.D(ak)._--South Dakota. _S.E._--South-east. _Sec._, _Secy._--Secretary. _Sen._, _Senr._, _Sr._--Senior. _Sept._--September. _Serg._, _Sergt._--Sergeant. _S.G._--Solicitor General. _Shak._--Shakespeare. _S.J._--Society of Jesus. _Soc._, _Socy._--Society. _Sig._ (_L._ _Sigillum_).--Seal. _S. Lat._--South latitude. _S.M._--Short meter. _Sol. Gen._--See S.G. _Sov(s)._--Sovereign(s). _S.P.C.A._--Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. _Sp. gr._--Specific gravity. _Sq._, _Square._--Sq. ft., in., m., yd(s) = square foot (feet), inch(es), mile(s), yard(s). _Sr._--Senior. _SS._--Saints. _S.S._--Sunday (Sabbath) School. _S.S._--Steamship. _S.S.E._--South-south-east. _St._--Saint. Street. Strait. _Ste._ _Sainte._--A woman saint. _S.T.D._--Doctor of Sacred Theology. _Ster._, _stg._--Sterling. _Str._--Steamer. Street. _Sun._--Sunday. _Supt._--Superintendent. _Surg._--Surgeon. _Surv. Gen._--Surveyor General. _s.v._ (_L._ _sub voce_)--Under the word. _S.W._--South-west. _Syn._--Synonym. _T._, _Ter._--Territory. _Tel._--Telegram. Telephone. _Tenn._--Tennessee. _Tex._--Texas. _Th._, _Thurs._--Thursday. _T.O._--Turn Over. _Tp._--Township. _Tr._--Transpose. _Treas._--Treasurer. _T.T.L._--To take leave. _Tu._, _Tues._--Tuesday. _U.K._--United Kingdom. _Ult._ (_L._ _ultimo_)--Last, of the last month. _Unit._--Unitarian. _Univ._--University. _U.S.A._--United States of America. United States Army. _U.S.N._--United States Navy. _V._ (_L._ _vide_).--See. _Vs._ (_L._ _versus_).--Against. _V.A._--Vice-Admiral. _Va._--Virginia. _Vb._--Verb. _V.C._--Vice-Chancellor. Vice-Consul. Victoria Cross. _Ven._--Venerable. _Vet._--Veterinary. _V.G._--Vicar-General. _v.g._ (_L._ _verbi gratia_).--For example. _Vice-Pres._, _V.P._--Vice-President. _vid._ (_vide_).--See. _Vis(c)._--Viscount. _viz._ (_L._ _videlicet_).--To wit; namely. _Vol._--Volume. _vs._--See _V._ _V.S._--Veterinary Surgeon. _Vt._--Vermont. _Vul(g)._--Vulgate (Latin version of the Bible). _W._--West. _W.A._--West Australia. _Wash._--Washington. _Wed._--Wednesday. _w.f._--Wrong font (of type). _Wis._--Wisconsin. _W.I._--West Indies. _Whf._--Wharf. _W. Long._--West longitude. _W.S.W._--West-south-west. _Wt._--Weight. _W. Va._--West Virginia. _Wyo._--Wyoming. _X_. _Xt._--Christ. _Xmas._--Christmas. _yd._--Yard. _Ye._--The. _Y.M.C.A._--Young Men's Christian Association. _Y.W.C.A._--Young Women's Christian Association. _Yrs._--Years. Yours. _Zool._--Zoology. TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. Bold text is denoted by =equal signs=. Breves and macrons are accurately represented (ă ĕ ā ē etc). Letter e with a dot above is represented by ė. Letters a and u with a diaeresis underneath are shown as a̤ ṳ (using Unicode combining diacritical). Obvious punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources. Except for those changes noted below, all misspelling in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained. Pg 42. '--un' replaced by 'un--'. Pg 53. 'an add' replaced by 'and add'. Pg 55. 'easier' is out of order, but has not been moved. Pg 71. 'un ' replaced by 'un-- '. Pg 88. 'always, ' inserted before 'a̤l´wāys'. Pg 88. 'length, ' inserted before 'len_g_´th'. Pg 88. 'orphan, ' inserted before 'or´-phan'. Pg 88. 'several, ' inserted before 'sev´ėr-al'. Pg 144. 'brethren, ' inserted before 'breTH´-_ren_'. Pg 144. 'cemetery, ' inserted before 'cem´-ē-ter-y'. Pg 144. 'February, ' inserted before 'Feb´rṳ-a-ry'. Pg 144. 'history, ' inserted before 'his´-to-ry'. Pg 144. 'pumpkin, ' inserted before 'pum_p_´-kin'. Pg 150. ' e' replaced by ' --e'. Pg 169. 'suppliant' replaced by 'supplicant'. Pg 181. 'carabine' replaced by 'carbine'. Pg 213. 'innalienable' replaced by 'inalienable'. Pg 237. 'Cincinatti' replaced by 'Cincinnati'. Pg 240. 'Oklohama' replaced by 'Oklahoma'. Pg 241. 'Pa.' replaced by 'See _Pa._'. End of Project Gutenberg's The Alberta Public School Speller, by Anonymous *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 48877 ***